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Among the various renewable energy-based technologies, photovoltaic panels are characterized by a high rate of development and application worldwide. Many efforts have been made to study innovative materials to improve the performance of photovoltaic cells. However, the most commonly used crystalline panels also have significant potential to enhance their energy yield by providing cooling and cleaning solutions. This paper discusses the possibility of introducing a dedicated direct-water cooling and cleaning system. As assumed, detailed schedules of the operation of the developed direct water cooling and cleaning system should be fitted to actual weather conditions. In this context, different cooling strategies were proposed and tested, including different intervals of opening and closing water flow. All tests were conducted using a dedicated experimental rig. 70 Wp monocrystalline panels were tested under laboratory conditions and 160 Wp polycrystalline panels were tested under real conditions. The results showed that introducing a scenario with a 1-min cooling and a 5-min break allowed for proving the panel's surface temperature lower than 40 °C. In comparison, the temperature of the uncooled panel under the same operating conditions was close to 60 °C. Consequently, an increase in power generation was observed. The maximum power increase was observed in July and amounted to 15.3%. On the other hand, considering selected weeks in May, July, and September, the average increase in power generation was 3.63%, 7.48%, and 2.51%, respectively. It was concluded that the division of photovoltaic installation allows reasonable operating conditions for photovoltaic panels with a lower amount of energy consumed to power water pumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of solar systems, in particular photovoltaic panels, is typically low. Various environmental parameters affect solar panels, including sunlight, the ambient and module surface temperatures, the wind speed, humidity, shading, dust, the installation height, etc. Among others, the key players are indeed solar irradiance and temperature. The higher the temperature is, the higher the short-circuit current is, and the lower the open-circuit voltage is. The negative effect of lowering the open-circuit voltage is dominant, consequently lowering the power of the photovoltaic panels. Passive or active cooling systems can be provided to avoid the negative effect of temperature. This paper presents a prototype of an active cooling system dedicated to photovoltaics. The prototype of such a system was developed at the AGH University of Kraków and tested under laboratory conditions. The proposed system is equipped with air fans mounted on a plate connected to the rear part of a 70 Wp photovoltaic panel. Different configurations of the system were tested, including different numbers of fans and different locations of the fans. The artificial light source generated a irradiation value of 770 W/m2. This value was present for every variant tested in the experiment. As observed, the maximum power generated in the photovoltaic panel under laboratory conditions was approx. 47.31 W. Due to the temperature increase, this power was reduced to 40.09 W (when the temperature of the uncooled panel surface reached 60 °C). On the other hand, the power generated in the photovoltaic panel equipped with the developed cooling system was approx. 44.37 W in the same conditions (i.e., it was higher by 10.7% compared to that of the uncooled one). A mathematical model was developed based on the results obtained, and simulations were carried out using the ANSYS Workbench software. After the validation procedure, several configurations of the air cooling system were developed and analyzed. The most prominent case was chosen for additional parametrical analysis. The optimum fan orientation was recognized: a vertical tilt of 7° and a horizontal tilt of 10°. For the tested module, this modification resulted in a cost-effective system (a net power increase of ~3.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential energy of compressed air represents a multi-application source of power. Historically employed to drive certain manufacturing or transportation systems, it became a source of vehicle propulsion in the late 19th century. During the second half of the 20th century, significant efforts were directed towards harnessing pressurized air for the storage of electrical energy. Today's systems, which are based on storing the air at a high pressure, are usually recognized as compressed air energy storage (CAES) installations. This paper aims to provide an overview of different technologies that take advantage of the energy accumulated in the compressed air. Particular attention is paid to the CAES installations that are working as electrical energy storage systems (EESs). These systems, developed originally as large capacity (>100 MWe) and fuel-based installations, may soon become fully scalable, highly efficient, and fuel-free electrical energy storage systems. To present this opportunity, a thorough review encompassing previous and up-to-date advancements in their development was carried out. In particular, CAES concepts, such as diabatic (D-CAES), adiabatic (A-CAES), and isothermal (I-CAES), are described in detail. This review also provides the detailed characteristics of the crucial elements of these configurations, including compressors, expanders, air storage chambers, and thermal storage tanks. Knowledge of these components and their role allows us to understand the main challenges behind the further development of the mentioned CAES setups. Apart from the CAES systems that are designed as EES systems, this paper describes other prospective technologies that utilize the energy of pressurized air. Accordingly, compressed air cars and their key elements are explained in detail. Moreover, the technology renowned as wave-driven compressed air energy storage (W-CAES) is described as well, indicating that the utilization of pressurized air represents a viable option for converting ocean energy into electrical power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the United Nations, one of the sustainable development goals is to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Among other options, these goals can be achieved by developing and introducing micro-scale combined heat and power systems powered by renewable energy sources, including solar and biomass energy. Considering renewable energy-powered cogeneration technologies, the most promising are steam/vapor turbines, Stirling engines, and thermoelectric generators. This paper focuses on the selected operational aspects and retrofitting optimization of the prototypical micro-cogeneration system powered by a biomass-fired batch boiler and operating according to the modified Rankine cycle. The existing installation was tested, and the amount of energy transferred from the oil to the condensate and steam and the efficiency of the evaporator and the superheater were determined. A retrofitting optimization aimed at maximizing the piston engine's power output was conducted based on the results. In particular, it was shown that the system's power output might be as high as 9 kWe. Moreover, the analyzed system featured a high energy utilization factor of 97.9% at optimal operating conditions. In general, it was shown that the micro-scale steam Rankine system may successfully serve as an alternative technology for micro- and distributed cogeneration systems. As a technology supplied with renewable biomass energy and operating on a cheap and environmentally friendly working medium (water), it fits very well into the idea of sustainable energy system development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]