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Simple Summary: Adults of the long-horned beetle Monochamus alternatus transmit a small worm, called the pinewood nematode, which causes pine wilt disease. A beetle subspecies in Taiwan (abbreviated 'T') has two generations a year (bivoltinism) due to facultative diapause, whereas another subspecies in Japan (abbreviated 'J') has a one- or two-year life cycle due to obligate diapause. T, with two infection periods a year, will cause more severe disease epidemics if it is introduced into Japan. Inter-subspecies hybridization is expected to inhibit the expression of bivoltinism because many hybrids induce diapause. To predict the effects of introducing T into Japan, the present study investigated copulation duration and the effects of the mating order of males on egg fertilization. The results indicated that a single copulation for more than 65 s supplied sufficient sperm to fertilize a lifetime production of eggs. When T females mated with a T male, the incidence of larval diapause for offspring was 0.15 and increased to 0.31 after females remated with a J male. Consequently, the proportion of second-male sperm used by T females was estimated to be 0.20. The effects of introducing T populations into Japan on the severity of disease epidemics were also discussed. Adults of the pine sawyer Monochamus alternatus are the primary vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causative agent of pine wilt disease. A sawyer subspecies in Taiwan (abbreviated 'T') has two generations a year (bivoltinism) due to facultative diapause, whereas another subspecies in Japan (abbreviated 'J') has a one- or two-year life cycle due to obligate diapause. T, with two infection periods a year, will cause more severe disease epidemics than J if it is introduced into Japan. Inter-subspecies hybridization may inhibit the expression of bivoltinism because many F1 hybrids induce diapause. To predict the effects of introducing T into Japan, the present study investigated copulation duration and late-male sperm precedence to fertilize eggs. The results indicated that a single copulation for more than 65 s supplied sufficient sperm to fertilize a lifetime production of eggs. The incidence of larval diapause was 0.15 for the offspring of T females that mated with a T male and increased to 0.292–0.333 after remating with a J male, while the incidence of larval diapause was 0.900–1.000 for hybrids from T females mated with a J male. Consequently, the estimated proportion of second-male sperm used by T females was 0.185–0.217. The effects of introducing T populations into Japan on the severity of disease epidemics were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The life history traits of Uroteuthis edulis, an economically important loliginid squid in the East China Sea (ECS), have always attracted attention, especially its migration. Understanding the early transport process and influencing factors is a prerequisite for grasping population recruitment and dynamics. To address this, this study used statolith microchemical information and particle tracer experiments to indicate changes in individual habitats and simulate early transport processes, respectively. The results showed that there were differences in early transport trajectories between spring stock and summer stock. Velocity, salinity, and temperature were the key environmental variables affecting early transport for spring stock, while mixed-layer depth (MLD), velocity, and chlorophyll a concentration (Chla) were the key environmental variables for summer stock. These results are related to the dominant characteristics of ocean currents during early transport, which in turn affects the growth and development status of paralarvae. This study provides scientific guidance for understanding population dynamic processes and the sustainable development of resources. Uroteuthis edulis (U. edulis) is an important economic loliginid resource in the East China Sea (ECS). Its flexible life history traits enable the population to quickly adapt to changes in habitat. Understanding the early transport process helps us to grasp the habitat requirements of populations at key life history stages. In this study, particle tracing was used to simulate the early transport trajectories (within 120 days). The gradient forest method (GFM) and generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) were used to analyze the key environmental variables that affect the early transport trajectories and the impact of environmental factors on the transport process, respectively. The results showed that spring stock tracers were transported to the northeast of the release area (Pengjiayu water) and the Pacific side of Japan. Summer stock tracers were transported to the north and northeast of the release area (Zhoushan island). Current velocity, salinity, and temperature were key environmental variables that affected the trace element ratios of spring stock at early life history stages. Mixed-layer depth (MLD), velocity, and chlorophyll a concentration (Chla) were key environmental variables for summer stock. Zonal velocity was positively correlated with the trace element ratio for spring and summer stock (0.14–0.16 m/s), while the meridional velocity showed an opposite correlation. The physical driving mechanisms of the Kuroshio warm current (or the Taiwan warm current) and the Yangtze River determine the paralarva retention location during early transportation. The differences in the dominant factors of the water environment in the retention area may affect the paralarva physiological functions and food availability. This study provides a scientific basis for a comprehensive understanding of the migration characteristics of U. edulis with different stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This comprehensive review explores how Taiwan, Japan, and the Philippines manage the threat of swine transboundary animal diseases (TADs), focusing on foot and mouth disease (FMD), classical swine fever (CSF), and African swine fever (ASF). The challenge at hand is the effective control and prevention of these diseases, crucial for safeguarding the swine industry and food security in Asian islands. This study examines varied government strategies, such as mass vaccination, zoning, and intensive surveillance, employed by these islands. Taiwan successfully eradicated FMD through widespread vaccination, Japan effectively controlled CSF re-emergence in wild boars, and the Philippines utilized a zoning strategy for FMD eradication. Despite these successes, the persistent threat of an ASF pandemic, particularly in the Philippines, underscores the need for tailored and unified approaches in transboundary disease control. The lessons gained from these past experiences contribute to global efforts to manage TADs, emphasizing the importance of multi-sectoral and multi-institutional cooperative strategies for the benefit of society's health and food security. Swine transboundary diseases pose significant challenges in East and Southeast Asia, affecting Taiwan, Japan, and the Philippines. This review delves into strategies employed by these islands over the past two decades to prevent or manage foot and mouth disease (FMD), classical swine fever (CSF), and African swine fever (ASF) in domestic pigs and wild boars. Despite socio-economic differences, these islands share geographical and climatic commonalities, influencing their thriving swine industries. Focusing on FMD eradication, this study unveils Taiwan's success through mass vaccination, Japan's post-eradication surveillance, and the Philippines' zoning strategy. Insights into CSF in Japan emphasize the importance of wild boar control, whereas the ASF section highlights the multifaceted approach implemented through the Philippine National ASF Prevention and Control Program. This review underscores lessons learned from gained experiences, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of swine disease management in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]