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Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is an endemic disease in Latin America, and the clinical outcome worsens when a patient has HIV co-infection. In these patients, the immune response is complex and cytokines profile variable. We evaluate Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine profile in VL/HIV patients from Brazilian high endemic area. In this cross-sectional study, the serological cytokines production was compared with clinical and epidemiological traits of the VL/HIV, VL and HIV patients. VL/HIV patients are predominantly male (89.2 %) with relapses in 35.5 % of the cases. There is higher serum levels of IL-6 (p = 0.006) and IL-10 (p < 0.001) in VL/HIV patients. Furthermore, there is a moderate or strong positive correlation in the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α (Rho = 0.635, p < 0.001), IL-10 and IFN-γ (Rho = 0.523, p < 0.001), IL-6 and IL-10 (Rho = 0.506, p < 0.001), IL-2 and IL-4 (Rho = 0.506, p < 0.001). Then, VL/HIV patients who died during VL treatment (p = 0.033), patients with oedema (p = 0.011), and patients with jaundice (p = 0.019) had statistically high levels of IL-6. In conclusion, VL/HIV patients have production or reduction of specific cytokines, highlights IL-6 and IL-10., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)