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Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) has been confirmed as one of the pathogenesis underlying vascular cognitive impairment. A series of pathological changes, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, are involved in this pathophysiology and contribute to cognitive impairment and neuropathological alterations. The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) of Buqi Huoxue Tongnao (BQHXTN) prescription possesses a remarkable clinical efficacy for treating patients with CCH, but still lacks a scientific foundation for its pharmacological mechanisms. To investigate the role and underlying mechanism of the effects of BQHXTN on CCH both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we established a two-vessel occlusion (2-VO) induced CCH model in Sprague-Dawley rats, an oxygen-glucose deprivation model in BV2 cells, and a steatosis cell model in L02 cells to reveal the underlying mechanisms of BQHXTN by behavioral test, histopathological analysis and the detection of pro-inflammatory cytokine, apoptotic factors and reactive oxide species. Donepezil hydrochloride and Buyang Huanwu decoction were used as positive drugs. Compared with the 2-VO group, BQHXTN treatment at three doses significantly enhanced the memory and learning abilities in the Y-maze and novel object recognition tests. The hematoxylin-eosin staining indicated that BQHXTN protected against hippocampal injury induced by CCH. Of note, in both in vivo and in vitro experiments, BQHXTN prominently inhibited the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, cleaved-caspase 3, and iNOS by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway, consequently exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant effects. Moreover, it provided the first initial evidence that BQHXTN treatment mitigated dyslipidemia by increasing the LXRα/CYP7A1 expression, thereby delaying the neuropathological process. In summary, these findings firstly revealed the pharmacodynamics and mechanism of BQHXTN, that is, BQHXTN could alleviate cognitive impairment, neuropathological alterations and dyslipidemia in CCH rats by activating PI3K/AKT and LXRα/CYP7A1 signaling pathways, as well as providing a TCM treatment strategy for CCH. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocolloids (Nc) are widespread in natural water environment, whereas the potential effects of Nc on dissemination of antibiotic resistance remain largely unknown. In this study, Nc collected from the Yellow River in Henan province was tested for its ability to influence the conjugative transfer of resistant plasmid in aqueous environment. The results revealed that the conjugative transfer of RP4 plasmid between Escherichia coli was down-regulated by 52%–91% upon exposure to 1–10 mg/L Nc and the reduction became constant when the dose became higher (20−200 mg/L). Despite the exposure of Nc activated the anti-oxidation and SOS response in bacteria through up-regulating genes involved in glutathione biosynthesis and DNA recombination, the inhibition on the synthesis and secretion of extracellular polysaccharide induced the prevention of cell-cell contact, leading to the reduction of plasmid transfer. This was evidenced by the decreased bacterial adhesion and lowered levels of genes and metabolites relevant to transmembrane transport and D-glucose phosphorylation, as clarified in phenotypic, transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis of E. coli. The significant down-regulation of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and TCA cycle was associated with the shortage of ATP induced by Nc. The up-regulation of global regulatory genes (kor A and trb A) and the reduction of plasmid genes (trfAp , trb Bp, and traG) expression also contributed to the suppressed conjugation of RP4 plasmid. The obtained findings remind that the role of ubiquitous colloidal particles is nonnegligible when practically and comprehensively assessing the risk of antibiotic resistance in the environment. [Display omitted] • Ubiquitous Nc at 1−10 mg/L decreased plasmid transfer frequency by 52%–91%. • GSH biosynthesis inhibition driven by Nc caused oxidative stress and SOS response. • Cellular contact prevention and energy depletion led to plasmid transfer reduction. • Plasmid encoding genes were down-regulated due to energy shortage caused by Nc. • The practical findings benefits to better risk understanding of antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying jumping locomotion into autonomous mobile robot is an effective way for improving abilities to overcome barriers and pass through complex terrains. In this paper, based on the designed structural framework for bio-inspired quadruped jumping robot, dynamic model is established by utilizing port-Hamiltonian with dissipation (pHd) method, and a passivity-based control strategy for the robot joints trajectory tracking is presented. First, morphology and biomimetics knowledges of frogs (a kind of animals with excellent jumping skill) motivate us to complete a bio-inspired jumping robot framework based on frog's motion mechanism and body structure with torsional springs as energy storage device. Then, combining system passivity and dissipation, port-Hamiltonian method is utilized to build a dynamic model for expressing the relationship of energy and force in the designed robot. Jumping process analysis of different stages is also designed for ensuring the robot to complete taking-off and landing stages successfully. Next, with the definition of extending feasible robotic joint trajectory by La Salle invariant set principle, interconnection and damping assignment passivity-based control (IDA-PBC) method is exerted to obtain a trajectory controller for realizing smoothly and stably trajectory tracking in joint space. At last, simulation results show the reasonableness of the designed framework. By comparing our method with state-feedback and sliding mode control, effectiveness of the dynamic model and trajectory controller is also verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to sustainable diet has mitigated climate risks and improved human health. With the rapidly increasing demand for food and high carbon mitigation pressure, food consumption in rural China has emerged as a pivotal factor in the transition process. Although diet-related carbon footprint (DCF) has been widely discussed worldwide, little is known about intra-group differences in DCFs, particularly in rural regions. Additionally, a sustainable transition pathway is unclear because of the trade-offs between DCF, nutritional quality, and affordability. In this study, inequality in intra-rural food consumption and the associated carbon footprints of different food categories were revealed based on the latest and most updated social household survey data. Future transition pathways encompassing DCFs, affordability, and nutrition were comprehensively considered. The results revealed stark intragroup differences in the DCF of rural residents, and the consumption of animal-based food exhibited a more pronounced level of inequality than plant-based food. Compared with other groups, high-income households had a higher per capita DCF, larger emission share from animal-based food, and lower share from plant-based food. Based on future sustainable transition analysis, fully adopting optimized dietary patterns can reduce the DCF by 2.28–48.84% and improve nutritional quality, especially in low-income populations (16.98–38.62%). However, regardless of the transition pathway, affordability for low-income groups needs to be considered, which may hinder sustainable transitions in the future. Our study has implications for sustainable dietary transitions in rural areas, which will bring co-benefits to both humans and the environment. • The study reveals disparities in carbon footprints within various food categories at the household level. • A pronounced intra-discrepancy is evident in the diet-related carbon footprint among rural residents. • Increased attention is warranted for low-income households in fostering sustainable transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas catalytic hydrochlorination (HDC) is the crucial purifying technology for eliminating of the greenhouse fluorochloroalkanes. Development of Pd/C catalyst for HDC is a challenge due to their weak interaction. In this work, defective carbon support materials were developed via oxidation treatment, where the optimum temperature is at 150 °C. Characterization results reveal that the formation of C-O group is the main defect structure on carbon support without destroying the textural properties, strengthening the interaction of carbon with palladium, and then promoting the adsorption and dispersion of palladium species. In comparison with Pd/C, the more oxidized palladium species and higher palladium dispersion appears on the defective carbon supported Pd-based catalyst, exhibiting an excellent catalytic activity with the total productivity of fluorochloroolefins and fluorinated alkenes up to 80%. The results provide the effective way to obtain the highly efficient Pd-based catalysts in hydrochlorination reaction. [Display omitted] • Strong Pd-carbon interaction realized via constructing defective carbon. • The formation of C-O defect structure with the oxidation treatment at 150 °C. • The defective carbon promotes the high dispersion of palladium. • The strong metal-support interactions improve the catalytic hydrochlorination performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ionic liquid (IL, [DMAPA]HSO 4) was used to catalyze hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of sewage sludge (SSL), the study discussed how residence time and liquid-phase circulation influence the characteristics of the hydrochar. The decarboxylation process in IL-catalyzed HTC led to lower hydrochar yield but higher higher heating value (HHV). And the secondary hydrochar formation promoted by IL favored the system for high energy feedback (EF), but iron was involved in the secondary hydrochar formation. At the optimum hydrothermal time (90 min), the EF reached 124 % and the removal efficiencies of Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn were 66 %, 73 %, 96 %, and 90 %, respectively. Functional groups on organic acids (COO–), amides (C O), and polysaccharides (C–O–C) in the SSL were sequentially removed during the IL-catalyzed HTC process, while cross-linking and graphitization occurred, resulting in higher ignition temperatures and lower metal contents. However, multiple cycles of the liquid phase resulted in a decrease in the catalytic properties of IL, resulting in low EF hydrochar with high metal content and functional group intensity. Catalytic graphitization is the key to obtaining hydrochar with high HHV and low metal content. Therefore, future development of catalysts is needed to facilitate the dehydration, decarboxylation and graphitization process of HTC. • IL-catalyzed HTC of SSL achieves high-energy feedback while removing metals. • The more funtional groups there are, the higher the metal content of the hydrochar. • IL-catalyzed deoxygenation and denitrification leads to graphitization process. • Graphitization increases ignition temperature and reduce metal content. • Liquid phase circulation verifies the role of hydrochar structures. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional online evaluation methods for the mechanical/thermal behaviour of lithium-ion batteries fall short in terms of efficiency and accuracy, especially under extreme conditions coupling high-temperature and fast charging/discharging. This paper proposes an electrochemical/thermal/mechanical analytical model for prismatic lithium-ion batteries to assess their temperature, stress, deformation, and gas evolution. An electrochemical submodel is formulated, covering the lithium intercalation/deintercalation, solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) decomposition/regeneration, and electrolyte decomposition. A thermal submodel is created to simulate heat transfer between the cell and its environment, considering reaction and Joule heating as heat sources. A mechanical submodel is developed to reveal the effects of nonlinear elastic constitutive properties and the mechanical/thermal/electrical states on cell deformation and stress, incorporating the reaction gas evolution. A coupled multidisciplinary analytical model is formed, using the state variables of temperature, stress, and deformation to link the submodels. The model's performance was validated against numerical and experimental results under high-temperature charge/discharge cycle conditions, demonstrating efficiency at the level of seconds, temperature errors below 0.6 %, and pressure errors below 4.6 %. The advantages in efficiency, accuracy, and applicability highlight its excellent prospects in energy storage and electric vehicle applications. This paper proposes an electrochemical/thermal/mechanical analytical model for prismatic lithium-ion batteries to assess their temperature, stress, deformation, and gas evolution. The temperature/pressure/SOC-dependent cell deformation is analyzed based on the nonlinear elastic property. [Display omitted] • A mechanical/thermal analytical model for prismatic lithium-ion cells is proposed. • The model integrates submodels of electrochemistry, heat transfer, and mechanics. • The mechanical submodel incorporates a nonlinear elastic constitutive equation. • The approach evaluates the state evolution in temperature, stress, and deformation. • The accuracy is validated by high-temperature charge/discharge cycle experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

a -axis-oriented AlN(100) films are identified as promising candidates for surface acoustic wave devices owing to their high transversal-acoustic velocity. Achieving uniform films across a wafer scale is crucial for enhancing device performance and minimizing manufacturing costs. In this study, we employ radio-frequency magnetron sputtering to deposit AlN(100) films on 2-in Si(100) wafers. We further examine the influence of various process parameters on the nonuniformity of film thickness and structural properties, including crystallite size, microstrain, and dislocation density. The optimization of parameters leads to the selection of a gas flow ratio of N 2 :Ar = 4:7, a sputtering power of 160 W, and a substrate temperature of 350 °C. Under these optimized conditions, the AlN films not only demonstrate a preferred (100) orientation and remarkable crystallinity, as indicated by a full width at half maximum of the X-ray diffraction peak of just 0.03°, but also achieve an optimal film thickness nonuniformity of 1.66 %. Our results offer valuable insights for the wafer-scale fabrication of AlN(100) films, potentially enhancing industrial production yields and reducing costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ionic liquid-catalyzed sludge hydrothermal achieves 6–15 % energy recovery. • More than 75% of Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, and Cd is removed by ionic liquid. • Ionic liquid promotes production of fixed carbon and small molecule polymers. • Ionic liquid leads to mesopore collapse and graphitization of hydrochar. An ionic liquid (IL, [DMAPA]HSO 4) was prepared to facilitate the removal of heavy metals by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) in sewage sludge (SS) and to obtain a positive energy recovery (ER, (Energy output /Energy input − 1) > 0). The results found that the removal efficiencies of the Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, and Cd from SS exceeded 75 % with positive ER (6 %) at 20 wt% IL dosage (IL:SS). IL promoted the HTC reactions of proteins and polysaccharides to produce fixed carbon and small molecule polymers. The process mainly relies on IL to catalyze the dehydration and graphitization of SS and to destroy the heavy metal binding sites such as carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. Additionally, IL aids in constructing the macropore structures in hydrochar, thereby facilitating the release of heavy metals and water during the HTC process. This discovery holds promise for removing heavy metals from SS by one-pot HTC processes with positive energy recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the global health crisis of resistant pathogenic infections, researchers are emphasizing the importance of novel prevention and control strategies. Existing antimicrobial drugs predominantly target a few pathways, and their widespread use has pervasively increased drug resistance. Therefore, it is imperative to develop new antimicrobial drugs with novel targets and chemical structures. The de novo cysteine biosynthesis pathway, one of the microbial metabolic pathways, plays a crucial role in pathogenicity and drug resistance. This pathway notably differs from that in humans, thereby representing an unexplored target for developing antimicrobial drugs. Herein, we have presented an overview of cysteine biosynthesis pathways and their roles in the pathogenicity of various microorganisms. Additionally, we have investigated the structure and function of enzymes involved in these pathways as well as have discussed drug design strategies and structure–activity relationships of the enzyme inhibitors. This review provides valuable insights for developing novel antimicrobials and offers new avenues to combat drug resistance. [Display omitted] • Cysteine biosynthesis pathway plays key role in the pathogenicity and drug resistance of pathogens. • Structures and functions of key enzymes in cysteine biosynthesis. • Drug design strategies and the structure–activity relationships of inhibitors targeting cysteine biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our understanding of the late Eocene to early Oligocene provenance evolution of the East China Sea Shelf Basin has been limited, which hampers our study of the synergistic effects between East Asia offshore sedimentation and major rivers. To address this, we compared newly acquired detrital zircon chronological data from the East China Sea with published detrital U–Pb ages of major rivers in East Asia. Through this analysis, we have been able to reconstruct the provenance changes of sediments in the East China Sea during this crucial period. We have identified two large-scale and three small-scale denudation surfaces that developed in the Pinghu and lower Huagang Formations. These surfaces indicate that sediments were also derived from underlying strata and bedrock, particularly in the lower Pinghu and lower Huagang Formations. The newly acquired detrital zircon U–Pb age range was found to be roughly similar, ranging from 36.2 ± 0.7 to 2954.0 ± 30.3 Ma. The age peaks of the lower Pinghu Formation were more consistent, while the middle, upper Pinghu Formation, and lower Huagang Formation exhibited multiple age peaks. Comparing the compiled zircon U–Pb age peaks of the Chuanjiang segment of the upper Yangtze River with those of the East China Sea Shelf Basin, we found relative similarity. Additionally, the younger zircon grains with ages <500 Ma in the east Cathaysia catchment showed similarities with the East China Sea Shelf Basin. In terms of provenance contribution, the sediments of the lower Pinghu Formation were predominantly provided by the adjacent uplifts in the east Cathaysia catchment, with the Chuanjiang segment also playing a significant role. From the middle Pinghu Formation onwards, the provenance from the Chuanjiang segment became dominant, accounting for over 90 % of the sediments. However, this influence was limited to the northern part of the study area. This suggests a substantial increase in the Yangtze River catchment during this period, potentially related to the complete connection of the modern Yangtze River. • Massive Chuanjiang segment sediments were deposited since the middle Pinghu Formation. • East Cathayisa catchment and adjacent uplift provenance dominant in the lower Pinghu Formation. • The provenance evolution of the Pinghu Formation is related to the birth of modern Yangtze River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • This paper mainly discusses the cells based on the inflammatory mechanism to discuss their functions after ICH. • Microglia can interact with a wide range of cells, which is important for both disease development and treatment. • We believe that exploring multi-mechanism and multi-cell regulated drugs may be the future development trend. The inflammatory mechanism of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been widely studied, and it is believed that the regulation of this mechanism is of great significance to the prognosis. In the early stage of the acute phase of ICH, the release of a large number of inflammatory factors around the hematoma can recruit more inflammatory cells to infiltrate the area, further release inflammatory factors, cause an inflammatory cascade reaction, aggravate the volume of cerebral hematoma and edema and further destroy the blood–brain barrier (BBB), according to this, the crosstalk between cells may be of great significance in secondary brain injury (SBI). Because most of the cells recruited are inflammatory immune cells, this paper mainly discusses the cells based on the inflammatory mechanism to discuss their functions after ICH, we found that among the main cells inherent in the brain, glial cells account for the majority, of which microglia are the most widely studied and it can interact with a variety of cells, which is reflected in the literature researches on its pathogenesis and treatment. We believe that exploring multi-mechanism and multi-cell regulated drugs may be the future development trend, and the existing research, the comparison and unification of modeling methods, and the observation of long-term efficacy may be the first problem that researchers need to solve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Metagenomic data and GSMMs were used to analyze the association of microbiome and metabolites. • Thirty-eight high-quality MAGs (completeness >80 % and contamination <10 %) were extracted and analyzed. • Metabolic potentials for individual and community cooperation were predicted by GSMMs of high-quality MAGs. • Twelve sub-community of 23 targets were screened by cross-feeding of 38 GSMMs. The microorganisms of the pit mud (PM) of Nongxiangxing baijiu (NXXB) have an important role in the synthesis of flavor substances, and they determine attributes and quality of baijiu. Herein, we utilize metagenomics and genome-scale metabolic models (GSMMs) to investigate the microbial composition, metabolic functions in PM microbiota, as well as to identify microorganisms and communities linked to flavor compounds. Metagenomic data revealed that the most prevalent assembly of bacteria and archaea was Proteiniphilum , Caproicibacterium , Petrimonas , Lactobacillus , Clostridium , Aminobacterium , Syntrophomonas , Methanobacterium , Methanoculleus , and Methanosarcina. The important enzymes of PM were in both GH and GT family metabolism. A total of 38 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were obtained, including those at the family level (n = 13), genus level (n = 17), and species level (n = 8). GSMMs of the 38 MAGs were then constructed. From the GSMMs, individual and community capabilities respectively were predicted to be able to produce 111 metabolites and 598 metabolites. Twenty-three predicted metabolites were consistent with the metabonomics detected flavors and served as targets. Twelve sub-community of were screened by cross-feeding of 38 GSMMs. Of them, Methanobacterium , Sphaerochaeta , Muricomes intestini , Methanobacteriaceae , Synergistaceae , and Caloramator were core microorganisms for targets in each sub-community. Overall, this study of metagenomic and target-community screening could help our understanding of the metabolite–microbiome association and further bioregulation of baijiu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The denitrification rate of Lake Taihu decreased by 92 % with nitrate decreased by 71 % in 16 years. • The amount of nitrogen removed via denitrification decreased with improved water quality. • Further decline in N concentration relies on external N load reduction heavily. • Warming in winter is conducive to N-limitation in spring and summer in the lake. Nitrogen (N) concentrations in many lakes have decreased substantially in recent years due to external load reduction to mitigate harmful algal blooms. However, little attention has been paid to the linkage between the lakes' nitrogen removal efficiency and improved water quality in lakes, especially the variation of denitrification rate (DNR) under decreasing N concentrations. To understand the efficiency of N removal under improving water quality and its influence on the N control targets in Lake Taihu, a denitrification model based on in situ experimental results was developed and long-term (from 2007 to 2022) water quality and meteorological observations were used to estimate DNR and relate it to the amount of N removal (ANR) from the lake. The concentration of total nitrogen (TN) in Lake Taihu decreased from 3.28 mg L−1 to 1.41 mg L−1 from 2007 to 2022 but the reduction showed spatial heterogeneity. The annual mean DNR decreased from 45.6 μmol m−2 h−1 to 4.2 μmol m−2 h−1, and ANR decreased from 11.85×103 t yr−1 to 1.17×103 t yr−1 during the study years. N budget analysis suggested that the amount of N removed by denitrification accounted for 23.3 % of the external load in 2007, but decreased to only 4.0 % in 2022. Thus, the contribution of N removal by internal N cycling decreased significantly as water quality improved. Notably, the proportion of ANR in winter to total ANR increased from 14 % in 2007 to 23 % in 2022 due to warming. This could potentially lead to N deficiencies in spring and summer, thus limiting the availability of N to phytoplankton. A TN concentration of less than 1.0 mg L−1 in the lake and 1.5 mg L−1 in the inflowing lake zones in spring contribute to local N-limitation in Lake Taihu for cyanobacteria control. Our study revealed a general pattern that N removal efficiency decreases with improved water quality, which is instructive for eutrophic lakes in nitrogen management. The conceptual diagram illustrates the decreased N removal efficiency during the lake restoration process, increasing the reduction pressure of external nitrogen loads. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Soluble lignin inhibited in vitro digestion of pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin. • Acid-differentiated fraction Lg pH<1 contributed to enzymatic inhibition. • Lg pH<1 showed a stronger molecular binding affinity with two proteases. • Lg pH<1 and its protein inhibition can be removed by preheating lignin at 200–250 °C. This study aims to investigate how alkali lignin inhibits protein digestion and explore thermal treatment as a potential solution. Solid alkali lignin species pre-heated at different temperatures (150, 200, and 250 °C) and soluble acid-differentiated fractions are subjected to in vitro protein digestion. A range of techniques, including Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), Zeta Potential Analyzer, 1H NMR, Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC), and Molecular Docking, were used to investigate the inhibitory mechanism of alkali lignin on pancreatic proteases hydrolysis. Our results suggest that soluble alkali lignin inhibits pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin, with the acid-differentiated soluble fraction (Lg pH<1) displaying the strongest inhibition and proteases' binding affinity due to the abundance of polar groups (e.g., –OH, –CHO), which facilitate hydrogen-bond formation. Furthermore, pre-heating lignin (200 °C) was confirmed effective for removing Lg pH<1 and its negative nutritional influence, providing a feasible strategy for overcoming the negative impact of alkali lignin on protein digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of the application in health-monitors and wearable devices, the demand for the piezoresistive sensors with both high flexibility and high sensitivity has been growing. In this work, a porous carbon nanotubes/polydimethylsiloxane (CNTs/PDMS) composite was prepared by high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) template. The PDMS foam with tens of micrometers of pores offered high flexibility and elasticity. Moreover, guided by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in HIPE, CNTs were selectively distributed in inner pores' surface of the foam, and then the 3D conductive network was constructed. As a result, the stress of the foam was 107.1 kPa at 60 % compressive strain and the electrical conductivity reached 9.77 × 10−5 S m−1, when the volume fraction of CNTs was 1 vol%. Finally, the flexible conductive foam was applied for a piezoresistive sensor. The sensor exhibited a high gauge factor (GF = 24.15) and a wide working range (0∼60 %). Furthermore, the human movements, such as finger bending and walking, were detected by as-prepared piezoresistive sensor, and a good response was obtained. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a highly prevalent comorbidity arising in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, depression in patients with PD is poorly treated. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), a neuromodulator, has the potential to relieve depression. To investigate whether H 2 S attenuates depression-like behaviours in a rat model of PD and examine the underlying mechanisms. We utilised rotenone to develop a PD model with subcutaneous injections in the dorsal cervical region of Sprague-Dawley rats. The depression-like behaviours in the rotenone-induced PD model rats were assessed through forced swimming, tail suspension, open field, novelty-suppressed feeding, and elevated plus-maze tests. The expression of postsynaptic density protein-95 and synapsin-1, related to synaptic plasticity, was detected using Western blot in the hippocampus. The hippocampal ultrastructure, including the synaptic density, length of the synaptic active zone, postsynaptic density thickness, and synaptic gap width, was detected using transmission electron microscopy. We proved that sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS; a donor of H 2 S) significantly attenuated the depression-like behaviours and disorders of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in rotenone-induced PD rats. Furthermore, inhibition of the hippocampal Warburg effect by 2-deoxyglucose abolished NaHS-enhanced hippocampal synaptic plasticity and reversed NaHS-attenuated depression-like behaviours in the rotenone-induced PD rats. H 2 S attenuates PD-associated depression by improving the hippocampal synaptic plasticity in a hippocampal Warburg effect-dependent manner. • H 2 S attenuates the depression-like behaviors in PD rats. • H 2 S prevents the disorders of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in PD rats. • Inhibited Warburg effect abolishes H 2 S-enhanced hippocampal synaptic plasticity. • Inhibited Warburg effect reverses H 2 S-attenuated depression-like behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]