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• MVFI can display the real-time perfusion status of fetal microvessels, including blood flow velocity, volume, and other related parameters. This technology is a non-invasive method that can be used to evaluate the blood flow situation in the fetal cranial region. • Growth restricted fetuses have lower biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length than normal fetuses, and their microvascular index and peak systolic velocity of internal arteries are also lower than normal fetuses. • The larger the microvascular index and peak systolic velocity of the internal artery, the more severe the fetal growth restriction. The study conducted retrospective analysis design, aiming to explore the use of Microvascular Imaging Technique (MVFI) to assess fetal cerebral microcirculation and analyze the relationship between Microvascular Index (MVI) and fetal growth and development. 100 pregnant women who met the criteria for fetal growth restriction (FGR) provided in the Expert Consensus on Fetal Growth Restriction (2019 Edition) and underwent routine prenatal examinations at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Peking University Third Hospital from January 2021 to June 2023 were selected as the study subjects. A normal fetus with a fetal weight less than 10 % can be classified as FGR, Pregnant women with fetal umbilical artery (UA) systolic and diastolic (S/D) values ≥3 were included in the observation group, while 200 pregnant women with normal fetuses were selected as the control group during the same period. The fetuses' change in both groups were measured using color Doppler ultrasound, including bi-parietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL). The cerebral microcirculation of the fetuses in both groups was evaluated using MVFI, and the MVI values were compared. The clinical characteristics of FGR fetuses with umbilical artery S/D ratio ≥ 3 were summarized, and the correlation between fetal cerebral microvascular status and fetal growth and development was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. The outcomes told that the BPD, HC, AC, and FL values of the fetuses in the control group were lower the other's value (P < 0.05), and the MVI and peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA-PSV) values were also lower in the control group (P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between fetal growth and development and MVI and MCA-PSV values in FGR fetuses. In conclusion, MVFI can monitor and quantitatively analyze fetal intracranial microcirculation, visualize slow blood flow in microvascular structures, and this study provides preliminary evidence of the close relationship between fetal cerebral microcirculation and intrauterine growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wrapping of the newborn in an orthopedic tubular mesh, simulating a cocoon, can allow the infant to regain the feeling of security and stability experienced in the uterus given that the movement of one of the parts of the body exerts tactile and pressure variation in others. We aimed to evaluate the influence of an orthopedic tubular mesh, simulating a cocoon, in therapeutic positioning, on the variables of the autonomous, motor, and regulatory systems of preterm newborns. A controlled and randomized clinical trial was conducted with preterm newborns positioned in dorsal decubitus and divided into two groups: (a) cocoon – newborns covered with an orthopedic tubular mesh, and (b) control – newborns positioned according to the sector's routine and without the use of an orthopedic mesh. During the follow-up, each newborn was placed in the position for 30 min and was recorded for a total of 2 min, once at the beginning and again at the end of the observation period. Variables related to the autonomous system (heart rate, respiratory rate, and peripheral oxygen saturation), motor system (general movements), and regulatory system (Neonatal Infant Pain Scale) were evaluated before and after the intervention. The videos were evaluated by a researcher blind to the purpose of the study, and the resulting data were analyzed using SPSS. Of the 40 preterm newborns evaluated (32.5 ± 1.83 weeks), 21 were female, and 20 were allocated to the cocoon group. The variables related to the autonomous, motor, and regulatory systems remained unchanged following the positioning in the cocoon, as compared to the typical positioning employed in the neonatal unit. The simulation of a cocoon, utilizing an orthopedic tubular mesh, when applied to preterm newborns admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit can contribute to maintaining low levels of stress, without altering variables of the autonomous, motor, and regulatory systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Active learning provides opportunities to apply content to real-life problems. • Manikins alongside cases in class help students recognize cues in health assessment. • This strategy can connect teaching to clinical without leaving the classroom. Assessment skills are foundational for nursing education to support quality patient care and outcomes across the lifespan. The aim of this activity was to increase knowledge and confidence in performing age-related focused assessments across the lifespan, recognizing cues to differentiate between potential conditions, and documenting findings appropriately. The Situated Cognitive Theory guided the development of the activity. Faculty developed a comprehensive review activity of focused assessments across the lifespan using scenarios with low and high-fidelity manikins in a classroom setting. Students completed a pre- and post-survey on their perceptions of knowledge and confidence and suggestions for improvements. The number of positive responses increased for all questions and demonstrated a statistically significant change in perceived knowledge and confidence from pre- to post-time points. Students reported enjoyment of the hands-on approach and application of course content in a realistic setting. Overall, students' perceived knowledge of lifespan assessments increased and voiced an enhanced connection between readings and patient care. The usage of technology-enhanced scenarios shows the potential to augment student learning in prelicensure nursing curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the associations between parental readiness for discharge and neonatal growth. This cross-sectional study included 549 newborns whose parents filled out the Newborn-Parental Readiness for Discharge Scale (N-PRDS).Additionally, data on birth weight, length, and head circumference were collected.The total N-PRDS scores were divided into three levels in terms of readiness: low, intermediate, and high readiness. Parents and infants were followed up 42 days after the birth, and the weight, length, and head circumference of the newborns were measured at the hospital. A total of 306 data were obtained. The generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) showed that time and parental readiness had an interaction effect on the weight, length and head circumference of infants. The difference in weight between infants under the high and low readiness conditions at 42 days increased by 0.357 kg compared to the difference at birth. The difference in length between high readiness infants and low readiness infants at 42 days increased by 2.155 cm compared to the difference at birth. The difference between the infants' head circumference under the high and low readiness conditions at 42 days was 0.873 cm higher than that at birth. High readiness for discharge could promote an increase in infant weight, length,and head circumference at 42 days after birth. Nurses should assess parental readiness prior to the discharge of newborns by using the N-PRDS and provide discharge guidance and education to newborns' parents based on the outcomes of this scale. • Parental readiness for discharge may affect the growth of newborns. • Time and parental readiness have an interaction effect on the growth of newborns, and the differences in weight, length, and head circumference among the three groups at birth differ from those after 42 days of birth. • These findings indicate that high discharge readiness can increase the weight, length, and head circumference of infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• BW is an important economic trait of sheep. • Five new candidate genes related to BW traits in sheep were screened. • Sheep populations carrying these genes may yield higher profits to farmers. • Our study contributes to the development of specialised liquid chip for Hu sheep. • This study provides a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of Hu sheep. BW is an important economic trait in sheep that influences growth and development. Currently, most studies have used a single approach to screen genes associated with BW traits in sheep. To address this limitation, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) covering four different BW periods: birth, weaning, 6 months, and 12 months. Five new candidate genes: MAP3K1 , ANKRD55 , ABCB1 , MEF2C and TRNAW-CCA-87 were screened using a combination of GWAS and quantitative trait loci analysis in sheep. Additionally, five genes were subjected to Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses. These genes were primarily enriched in pathways related to growth hormone and energy metabolism. The results demonstrated that the above genes potentially influenced the growth and development of sheep. The five new candidate genes are closely related to the BW trait in sheep, which will be valuable for understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying BW traits and for guiding sheep breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeated exposure to propofol during early brain development is associated with anxiety disorders in adulthood, yet the mechanisms underlying propofol-induced susceptibility to anxiety disorders remain elusive. The lateral septum (LS), primarily composed of γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurons, serves as a key brain region in the regulation of anxiety. However, it remains unclear whether LS GABAergic neurons are implicated in propofol-induced anxiety. Therefore, we conducted c-Fos immunostaining of whole-brain slices from mice exposed to propofol during early life. Our findings indicate that propofol exposure activates GABAergic neurons in the LS. Selective activation of LS GABAergic neurons resulted in increased anxiety-like behavior, while selective inhibition of these neurons reduced such behaviors. These results suggest that the LS is a critical brain region involved in propofol-induced anxiety. Furthermore, we investigated the molecular mechanism of propofol-induced anxiety in the LS. Microglia activation underlies the development of anxiety. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis of LS revealed activated microglia and significantly elevated levels of phospho–NF–κB p65 protein. Additionally, a decrease in the number of neuronal spines was observed. Our study highlights the crucial role of the LS in the development of anxiety-like behavior in adulthood following childhood propofol exposure, accompanied by the activation of inflammatory pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are often subjected to adverse environmental conditions during their growth and development. In order to survive and adapt to their surroundings, plants have evolved various signal transduction pathways and complex physiological and biochemical mechanisms to respond to stress. TCP transcription factors constitute a class of plant-specific transcriptional regulators that govern plant morphology and structure, contributing to the evolution of plant diversity. They are also implicated in various vital biological processes, including plant gametophyte development, circadian rhythms, and hormone signaling. However, the precise underlying physiological mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, we discovered that TCP transcription factor family proteins exhibit remarkable conservation, with an impressive 98 % homology observed between BpTCP20 and AtTCP20. The BpTCP20 gene plays a crucial role in leaf development, as well as in mediating responses to various hormonal and abiotic stress factors. Notably, Betula platyphylla plants overexpressing BpTCP20 displayed increased seedling height, ground diameter, and leaf area compared with their wild-type counterparts, leading to a significant enhancement in their drought and salt tolerance. Further investigations demonstrated that, under conditions of drought and salt stress, Betula platyphylla plants overexpressing BpTCP20 exhibited lower drought indices, salt indices, hydrogen peroxide levels, and malondialdehyde contents compared with wild-type plants. Conversely, chlorophyll and peroxidase contents increased significantly, along with the upregulation of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase related genes. These findings strongly indicate that BpTCP20 plays a positive regulatory role in enhancing drought and salt tolerance in Betula platyphylla. Utilizing RNA sequencing, we identified pathways and transcription factors associated with plant growth and development, as well as drought and salt tolerance. Furthermore, through Yeast one-hybrid assays, we uncovered interactions between BpTCP20 and BpMYB8 and BpIAA5. This study sheds light on the crucial function of BpTCP20 in the regulation of growth and development in Betula platyphylla strains, as well as their response to drought and salt stress. It also underscores the potential of BpTCP20 as a candidate gene for enhancing drought and salt tolerance in plants. [Display omitted] • BpTCP20 is involved in leaf development, hormonal and abiotic stresses. • Overexpression of BpTCP20 increased seedling height, ground diameter and leaf area. • BpTCP20 enhanced the tolerance of Betula platyphylla to drought and salt stress. • Drought and salt tolerance pathways were identified by RNA sequencing. • BpTCP20 was determined to interact with BpMYB8 and BpIAA5 by yeast one-hybrid assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual dimorphism in poultry, especially in Muscovy ducks, is a proven phenomenon characterized by significant differences in body weight, growth patterns, and gene expression between male and female individuals. However, there is a dearth of research on the candidate genes and mechanisms underlying these weight differences. We selected 301 Muscovy ducks and recorded their weekly body weights from birth. We utilized 3 non-linear growth models (Logistic, Bertalanffy, and Gompertz) to fit the growth curve of Muscovy ducks, it was found that the logistic model was the most suitable model for describing the growth curve of Muscovy ducks. The results from the logistic model showed that the inflection point of male Muscovy ducks occurred at a later age, and they had a heavier mature body weight than female Muscovy ducks. At 10 wk of age, we collected Muscovy duck breast muscle tissues for transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). To exclude the impact of weight difference, 185 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), such as PPAR, FABP3, PLIN1 , and FOXO1 , were screened. These DEGs were predominantly enriched in terms related to mitochondria, lipids, and nucleic acids. In addition, the gut microbiota has the ability to influence host physiology through the regulation of multiple processes, including playing a crucial role in host muscle growth and development. We randomly selected male and female Muscovy ducks for 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of their cecal microbiota. The results showed that there were significant differences in the composition of cecal microbiota between male and female Muscovy ducks. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Enterenecus and CAG_269 were lower in males compared to females, while Lawsonibacter, Parabacteroides_B, Streptococcus, UBA2658, Caccousia , and Butyricimonas were higher in males than in females. In summary, this study provides a scientific theoretical basis for revealing the different growth patterns of male and female Muscovy ducks, and offers explanations from both the molecular level and microbiological perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant secondary metabolites (SMs) play a crucial role in shielding plants from pathogens and environmental stressors. These natural products find widespread applications across various industries, including pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and healthcare. However, the quantity and quality of these compounds in plants can be influenced by factors such as genetics, morphology, plant age, and the seasonal and daily variations. The timing of harvest holds particular significance for medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) as their active compounds peak at a specific moment during the plant growth cycle. Determining the optimal harvest time is essential to ensure the plants meet their intended cultivation goal. In this review, we analyzed how developmental and external factors impact the qualitative and quantitative effectiveness of SMs in MAPs. We examined recent studies on the effects of environmental and developmental factors on SMs of MAPs, compiling relevant data for analysis. The results of this review demonstrate how these factors influence the quantity and quality of plant SMs, underscoring the importance of determining the optimal harvest time (known as the balsamic time) to maximize the utilization of these compounds. Our findings offer crucial insights into the factors affecting SMs, serving as a tool for quality control in MAPs production. Moreover, this review can be a valuable resource for researchers, farmers, and industrial users aiming to optimize plant growth and harvest timing for maximum yield. Overall, our review provides valuable information for devising effective strategies to produce high-quality MAPs products. [Display omitted] • Morpho-phenological stages and timing significantly influence plant secondary metabolites (SMs). • Optimal harvest timing is crucial for achieving desired outcomes, as SMs peak at specific stages of the plant's growth cycle.. • The modification of SMs may occur due to changes the expression of biosynthesis genes. • The review proposes the concept of the "balsamic time" for optimal harvesting of various SMs in medicinal and aromatic plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling leads to the nuclear accumulation of the BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) transcription factor, which plays dual roles in activating or repressing the expression of thousands of genes. BZR1 represses gene expression by recruiting histone deacetylases, but how it activates transcription of BR-induced genes remains unclear. Here, we show that BR reshapes the genome-wide chromatin accessibility landscape, increasing the accessibility of BR-induced genes and reducing the accessibility of BR-repressed genes in Arabidopsis. BZR1 physically interacts with the BRAHMA-associated SWI/SNF (BAS)-chromatin-remodeling complex on the genome and selectively recruits the BAS complex to BR-activated genes. Depletion of BAS abrogates the capacities of BZR1 to increase chromatin accessibility, activate gene expression, and promote cell elongation without affecting BZR1's ability to reduce chromatin accessibility and expression of BR-repressed genes. Together, these data identify that BZR1 recruits the BAS complex to open chromatin and to mediate BR-induced transcriptional activation of growth-promoting genes. [Display omitted] • Brassinosteroid has dual roles in reshaping the chromatin accessibility landscape • BZR1 physically interacts with the BAS complex • The BAS complex determines BR-induced transcriptional activation • BZR1 recruits the BAS complex for chromatin opening and BR-mediated skotomorphogenesis The mechanism that dictates the transcriptional activation ability of the brassinosteroid (BR) hormone remains largely unclear. Zhu et al. find that the BAS-chromatin-remodeling subcomplexes are major determinants of the transcriptional activation activity of the BR signaling pathway for allowing plants to shape their growth and development trajectory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• It is critical to understand the genetic basis of chicken bone. • Logistic and Brody were the optimal models for chicken metatarsal length and circumference, respectively. • A total of 51 known genes are associated with bone traits. • Twelve new genomic regions (containing 35 genes) associated with bone traits were identified. • Our findings provide novel molecular markers and candidate genes for chicken bone traits. The growth and development of chicken bones have an enormous impact on the health and production performance of chickens. However, the development pattern and genetic regulation of the chicken skeleton are poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate metatarsal bone growth and development patterns in chickens via non-linear models, and to identify the genetic determinants of metatarsal bone traits using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on growth curve parameters. Data on metatarsal length (MeL) and metatarsal circumference (MeC) were obtained from 471 F 2 chickens (generated by crossing broiler sires, derived from a line selected for high abdominal fat, with Baier layer dams) at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks of age. Four non-linear models (Gompertz, Logistic, von Bertalanffy, and Brody) were used to fit the MeL and MeC growth curves. Subsequently, the estimated growth curve parameters of the mature MeL or MeC (A), time-scale parameter (b), and maturity rate (K) from the non-linear models were utilized as substitutes for the original bone data in GWAS. The Logistic and Brody models displayed the best goodness-of-fit for MeL and MeC, respectively. Single-trait and multi-trait GWASs based on the growth curve parameters of the Logistic and Brody models revealed 4 618 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), annotated to 332 genes, associated with metatarsal bone traits. The majority of these significant SNPs were located on Gallus gallus chromosome (GGA) 1 (167.433–176.318 Mb), GGA2 (96.791–103.543 Mb), GGA4 (65.003–83.104 Mb) and GGA6 (64.685–95.285 Mb). Notably, we identified 12 novel GWAS loci associated with chicken metatarsal bone traits, encompassing 35 candidate genes. In summary, the combination of single-trait and multi-trait GWASs based on growth curve parameters uncovered numerous genomic regions and candidate genes associated with chicken bone traits. The findings benefit an in-depth understanding of the genetic architecture underlying metatarsal growth and development in chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A comparative analysis of three brinjal genotypes under drought stress revealed significant variations in their morphophysiological, biochemical, and metabolomic profiles. • Arka Harshitha, drought stress tolerant genotype, demonstrated overall better growth, along with heightened sugar accumulation under drought stress conditions. • Elevated concentrations of glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannose, inositol, and fucose have a major role in enhancing drought tolerance. • First report of role of sugar accumulation dynamics conferring drought stress response in brinjal. Drought stress is a major abiotic factor affecting the growth and productivity of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). In this study, we evaluated the effect of drought stress on morphological, physiological and metabolomic response in susceptible genotypes Solanum melongena var. insanum , CO-2 and tolerant genotype Arka Harshitha at three timepoints. The results showed that drought stress significantly reduced the shoot length, root length, biomass, leaf area, photosynthetic rate and intrinsic water use efficiency in susceptible genotypes, while the tolerant genotype Arka Harshitha maintained comparatively higher growth rates, leaf area, photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency. Further, Arka Harshitha exhibited lower lipid peroxidation and higher antioxidant enzyme activity at all the time interval compared to the susceptible genotypes. Additionally, genotype specific sugar accumulation patterns were observed in root and leaf sugars under control and drought conditions. In the presence of drought stress, the tolerant genotype Arka Harshitha exhibited elevated concentrations of glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannose, inositol, and fucose. Conversely, the susceptible genotype Solanum melongena var. insanum accumulated xylose, arabinose, mannose, fructose, glucose, and sucrose sugars. Higher content of these sugars may positively regulate energy metabolism, osmotic adjustment, and signaling under drought conferring response to drought stress. The results from principal component analysis indicate that fructose, glucose, ribose, xylose, sucrose, sorbitol, arabinose, mannose, ribose, and fucose are expected to play a positive and significant role in the drought tolerance of brinjal. These findings provide an initial insight on importance of differential responses in sugar accumulation under drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exponentially increasing population and the demand for food is inextricably linked. This has shifted global attention to improving crop plant traits to meet global food demands. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a major non-grain food crop that is grown all over the world. Currently, some of the major global potato research work focuses on the significance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in potato. miRNAs are a type of non-coding RNAs that regulate the gene expression of their target mRNA genes by cleavage and/or their translational inhibition. This suggests an essential role of miRNAs in a multitude of plant biological processes, including maintenance of genome integrity, plant growth, development and maturation, and initiation of responses to various stress conditions. Therefore, engineering miRNAs to generate stress-resistant varieties of potato may result in high yield and improved nutritional qualities. In this review, we discuss the potato miRNAs specifically known to play an essential role in the various stages of the potato life cycle, conferring stress-resistant characteristics, and modifying gene expression. This review highlights the significance of the miRNA machinery in plants, especially potato, encouraging further research into engineering miRNAs to boost crop yields and tolerance towards stress. • Potato, being the third most important crop to sustain the hunger and nutritional needs of the world's exponentially growing population. • The environmental stresses brought on by the change in climate induce the nutritional imbalance in potato plants, which ultimately affects the plant growth and tuber yield. • microRNAs have emerged as versatile players in mitigating stress and architecture the potato life cycle. Therefore, decoding the role of miRNAs helps in developing the novel potato cultivar with enhanced stress tolerance and yield. • Keeping this in view we highlight the significance of the miRNA machinery in plants, especially potato, encouraging further research into engineering miRNAs to boost crop yields and tolerance towards stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The meat production of broilers is crucial to economic benefits of broiler industries, while the slaughter performance of broilers is directly determined by skeletal muscle development. Hence, the broiler breeding for growth traits shows a great importance. As a kind of small noncoding RNA, microRNA (miRNA) can regulate the expression of multiple genes and perform a wide range of regulation in organisms. Currently, more and more studies have confirmed that miRNAs are closely associated with skeletal muscle development of chickens. Based on our previous miR-seq analysis (accession number: PRJNA668199), miR-460b-5p was screened as one of the key miRNAs probably involved in the growth regulation of chickens. However, the regulatory effect of miR-460b-5p on the development of chicken skeletal muscles is still unclear. Therefore, miR-460b-5p was further used for functional validation at the cellular level in this study. The expression pattern of miR-460b-5p was investigated in proliferation and differentiation stages of chicken primary myoblasts. It was showed that the expression level of miR-460b-5p gradually decreased from the proliferation stage (GM 50%) to the lowest at 24 h of differentiation. As differentiation proceeded, miR-460b-5p expression increased significantly, reaching the highest and stabilizing at 72 h and 96 h of differentiation. Through mRNA quantitative analysis of proliferation marker genes, CCK-8 and Edu assays, miR-460b-5p was found to significantly facilitate the transition of myoblasts from G1 to S phase and promote chicken myoblast proliferation. mRNA and protein quantitative analysis of differentiation marker genes, as well as the indirect immunofluorescence results of myotubes, revealed that miR-460b-5p significantly stimulated myotube development and promote chicken myoblast differentiation. In addition, the target relationship was validated for miR-460b-5p according to the dual-luciferase reporter assay and mRNA quantitative analysis, which indicates that miR-460b-5p was able to regulate RBM19 expression by specifically binding to the 3′ UTR of RBM19. In summary, miR-460b-5p has positive regulatory effects on the proliferation and differentiation of chicken myoblasts, and RBM19 is a target gene of miR-460b-5p. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underlying cause for metric differences in antimeric tooth pairs is an important question for understanding dental variation. We hypothesize that localized variation in crown dimensions will be reflected in localized variation in daily enamel secretion rate. Casts of pairs of human premolars from a tissue bank were 3D scanned using an optical scanning system (n = 32). Histological slides were created, and daily secretion rates (DSRs) were recorded in two areas of enamel that corresponded to scanner measurements. Antimeres were compared for both metric measurements and DSRs. Outliers for scanner measures were compared to significant differences in DSRs measurements in right and left teeth in corresponding areas. Thirteen of the 16 individuals differed significantly in antimeric metric measurements, but only ten of those also differed in the underlying DSR. Fifteen of the 16 total individuals differed significantly in at least one DSR area. While some individuals were outliers for metric measurements and had multiple areas of DSR differences, the majority of individuals had antimeric DSR differences regardless of metric differences. While there was no conclusive correlation between 3D metric analysis and underlying DSR differences, the most important result of this study is that DSR differences between antimeres are common. • Is variation in crown dimension reflected in variation in daily secretion rate? • Most individuals had antimeric daily secretion rate differences regardless of metrics. • Daily secretion rate differences between antimeres are common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]