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Within dual diagnosis treatment, principles of recovery are increasingly acknowledged. Nevertheless, recovery-oriented rehabilitation often becomes an abstract concept, leaving professionals in various dilemmas. This article examines competing representations of recovery-oriented rehabilitation across Danish dual diagnosis treatment policy and practice from a post-structural, analytical perspective inspired by governmentality and problematization studies. The empirical foundation consists of a qualitative ethnographic study including conducting and examining 12 national policies relevant to contemporary Danish dual diagnosis treatment practice and 23 interviews with health/welfare professionals employed at a Danish in-patient, dual diagnosis rehabilitation unit. The analysis points to a complexity between three sets of competing representations reflected in 1) the conceptual relationship between rehabilitation and recovery , 2) perceptions of knowledge based on experience or evidence , and 3) ideals of optimization and emancipation. Finally, the article discusses convergences between the competing and, at times, conflictual ideals, attempting to explain the conceptual fluffiness , discrepancies, and dilemmas experienced by professionals in dual diagnosis treatment within broader epistemological and ideological debates in social sciences and humanities. • Recovery is a key, however ambiguous, principle in dual diagnosis treatment. • Different, competing representations of recovery-oriented rehabilitation exist. • The recovery concept reflects epistemological and ideological discrepancies. • A conceptual framework for understanding dilemmas in dual diagnosis care practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of the world's first large-scale commercial Power-to-X (PtX) plant in Kassø, Denmark. This innovative facility combines solar photovoltaic (PV), an electrical grid, green hydrogen production, methanol synthesis, and district heating in an integrated system. We conduct an in-depth analysis to explore optimal operating conditions, the potential for sector coupling within the power and heat sectors, and the economic feasibility of the integrated system. In particular, we study different scenarios considering changes in solar PV power generation, electricity market price, CO 2 price, and methanol price to explore their impacts on the system performance. Our results show that the electrolyzer's operation, a pivotal component of the system, heavily depends on the electricity spot price as well as the methanol price. Based on the green production of methanol, a premium price of 4800 DKK/t (0.64 €/t) is considered in this study (selling price of 8400 DKK/t). The results show that in case of high electricity prices (2022 spot market) or no premium price for methanol, the optimum annual production of methanol decreases by 58% and 67%, respectively. Furthermore, we observe that the variability of solar power output significantly impacts the plant's performance and economic viability, as it supplies about 30% of the plant's power consumption. Although the results are unique to the Kassø plant, the study's techniques and insights can be applied to other comparable systems around the world. The study also highlights how crucial it is to take market, climate, and technical factors into account when developing and running integrated energy systems. • Techno-economic analysis of the world's first large-scale commercial Power-to-X (PtX) plant in Kassø, Denmark. • Insights to optimal operating conditions, sector coupling potential, and economic feasibility of Power-to-Methanol plants. • Analysis of the impact of market dynamics on the operational efficiency and economic viability of the integrated plant. • Study of the role of intermittent solar power and its impact on the performance and economic sustainability of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Households that buy more on discount waste less food. • We combined actual waste data, shopping behavior data and psychographic data. • Environmentally concerned consumers produce less food waste. • Larger households are observed to produce more actual food waste. • Perceived food waste correlates positively with actual food waste. In the debate about food waste, pricing mechanisms used in marketing are criticized to trigger consumers to over-purchase and consequently waste food. Despite the ambiguity of the scientific results on the matter, the criticism persists, prompting many retailers to abolish 'buy one get one free' price promotions. However, evidence whether this initiative is justified are lacking. In this paper we aim to empirically explore the relation between retail price promotions and household level food waste. We collected actual food waste data, gathered discount shopping behaviour data through shopping receipts, as well as attitudinal data through a questionnaire from a sample of 118 households in Denmark. Our results provide evidence to counter the criticism and show that households with the largest actual proportion of food bought on discount waste less food, as well as those who are environmentally conscious, whereas larger households and those who lack skills in food practices waste more food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Childcare policy responses towards Covid-19 differed in European welfare states. • Policy responses cause informalization of childcare to different degrees. • Informalization of childcare is mainly connected with social risks for women. • Cultural and institutional differences help to understand varying policy responses. The closure of extra-familial childcare facilities by European governments in 2020 was an important part of interventions against the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. One consequence was that childcare was provided by parents at home, mainly by women. As a result, women mainly experienced financial and employment risks related to this "informalization" of childcare. The childcare policies of European welfare states differ in the extent to which they include measures to reduce the social risks related to informalization. Against this backdrop, this paper asks: How should one understand cross-national differences in childcare policies during the pandemic? We are also particularly interested in the effects of childcare policies on the social risks connected with the informalization of childcare and what these mean for the gendered division of paid work and care. Differences in childcare policies during the pandemic are commonly explained in terms of the path dependence of such policies. Using the theoretical approach of "care arrangement," this article introduces a broader theoretical framework that considers the role of cultural and institutional factors for understanding the cross-national differences in childcare policies during the pandemic. We introduce the findings of a comparative empirical study of childcare policies in three European welfare states—Denmark, Germany and England—that represent different types of care arrangements. This paper uses policy and media documents, quantitative data on childcare and women's employment, cultural ideas and secondary analysis of empirical studies. We find that governments did not per se respond to the pandemic based on institutional path dependence regarding childcare policies, while the integration of culture into the theoretical framework allows for a more comprehensive understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the professionalisation and performance aspects of Airbnb hosts in rural regions in Denmark, Iceland, and Norway. More specifically, based upon the professionalisation of hosts, which represents a proxy for the scale of their entrepreneurial engagement, the host landscape in the rural regions is investigated, resulting in different host profiles, including individual single- and multiple-listing hosts, and small and large tourism companies. The paper subsequently estimates the service quality performance of Airbnb hosts in relation to their professionalisation in rural regions through a u-shaped relationship, with the professionalisation influencing the performance evaluation of the hosts by the users. This twofold empirical analysis amends the extant literature, as it provides both a more nuanced and more comprehensive description of the nature and scale of Airbnb host engagement in rural regions, and points to the vast entrepreneurial opportunities for private households and companies on the platform. • Airbnb hosts in rural regions attract new travellers and amend a "thin" accommodation infrastructure. • This paper explores Airbnb host profiles in rural regions through a professionalisation-performance relationship. • The study finds multiple host profiles: individual (single- and multiple-listing) and commercial hosts (small and large tourist companies). • Individual hosts are important for a high service quality for Airbnb guests in rural regions, commercial hosts receive lower performance values by guests. • The different profiles point to various opportunities for private households and local businesses on Airbnb in rural regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, nature has been considered central to healing and recovery in institutional mental health settings, with inpatient spaces designed to mirror the restorative forces nature may afford. Within contemporary healthcare architecture, the discourse surrounding nature's role has once again become prominent, especially in the concept of 'healing architecture'. While the literature on 'healing architecture' primarily considers how to connect recovery to nature through interventions in the built environment, less interest has been directed towards how nature is configured in design processes and what implications that has for the everyday experiences of patients and staff. In this paper we consider the design and implementation of one particular psychiatric hospital in Denmark to show that the 'nature' brought into this healthcare space can be experienced as anything but 'natural' and may reduce rather than enhance a felt sense of 'vitality' amongst patients. Based on our analysis, we end the paper by suggesting four principles for future healthcare design. • Draws on the 'vital spaces' framework to analyse 'healing architecture'. • The authors posit four principles to inform future work on 'healing architecture'. • In design, work with an unfinished vision of 'nature' that is open to modification. • Do not anticipate sociality, but provide the spaces in which it might be explored. • Ensure that all aspects of design are co-produced with patients and staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ethnocentrism involves multiple dimensions, and it is founded on social identity. • Identity comes from belonging, and both imply the development of ethnocentric attitudes. • Our scale development process included two countries from beginning to end, providing a more adaptable scale. • The multilevel food ethnocentrism scale demonstrates strong internal consistency and measurement invariance, ensuring the scale's reliability across diverse cultural contexts. • Explores the nomological validity of MFE by examining its associations with key constructs. • MFE construct, expanding ethnocentrism to different group levels, particularly focusing on food choices. In this paper, we develop the Multilevel Food Ethnocentrism (MFE) construct, broadening the ethnocentrism concept to include different group levels while at the same time concentrating on ethnocentrism with regard to food choices. This approach is grounded in Social Identity and Self-categorization theories. We develop a scale measuring multilevel food ethnocentrism, following the steps outlined previously in the marketing and consumer psychology literature.. In the first stage, we generated items and analyzed them by an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with data from Denmark and Mexico. In the second phase of our study, we refined the scale and validated it through various tests The scale exhibits strong internal consistency and measurement invariance, indicating its stability and applicability across diverse cultural contexts. Furthermore, the study explores the nomological validity of MFE, revealing its associations with constructs such as Consumer Ethnocentrism, collectivism, local and global identity, locavorism, ethnic identity, and patriotism. The findings provide insights into the relationships between food ethnocentrism and related constructs, shedding light on the factors influencing consumers' preferences for local foods. Our findings exhibited consistency between the two countries examined. Particularly noteworthy was the impact of our city/local dimension on preferences for local food products. The MFE instrument provides a precise means of gauging consumer ethnocentric attitudes toward food products and their origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy performance indices are widely used methods for determining and assessing the efficiency of buildings in operation. However, methodologies for indices that compare heat consumption among buildings and at higher temporal granularity than yearly are needed. This makes it possible for consumers to compare themselves to others to encourage them to improve their energy efficiency. For a district heating system, it also provides the district heating company with an overview of consumers' energy efficiency (and consumers' efficiency must be comparable). This is critical due to the interconnectedness of district heating systems, as consumers can indirectly have negative impacts on each other's operations. Having an overview of the efficiency of consumers can provide useful information for the district heating companies to detect unusual consumption and possible faults. This paper therefore has created a framework for the comparison of heat consumption among buildings, by taking into account various contextualities to make comparisons possible. The framework has been tested on a case study, and its capabilities are showcased. • Leveraging building metadata to allow energy consumption comparison among buildings. • Creation of heating consumption performance indexes for use by end-consumers. • Enabling of higher temporal resolution performance indexes increasing usability. • Fault detection based on performance indexes. • Showcasing of methodology on real consumption data from a suburb in Denmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• State-of-the-art research tools and methodologies to assess environmental benefits. • Proposed methodology to identify habitat area change using global Copernicus data. • Translation of land use, land cover classes to habitat classification system. • ArcGIS toolbox developed and applied to Denmark and Netherlands study area. • Positive or negative effect evaluation of the measure from biodiversity response. Nature-Based solutions (NBS) are the measures supported by natural processes that can adapt to changing climates and generate diverse social, economic, and environmental benefits. Recognising the potential for additional NBS benefits, and quantifying these benefits is essential as it encourages decision-makers to implement and scale-up NBS initiatives. This paper presents findings from a systematic literature review. The review focused on tools and methodologies used for assessing the environmental benefits of implementing NBS. This review provides a detailed compilation of environmental indicators supported by assessment tools. It also includes a catalogue of tools for evaluating environmental benefits, thereby identifying research gaps. Moreover, this research proposes a methodology that uses an ArcGIS (Architecture of Geographic Information Systems) toolbox to identify habitat changes resulting from the implementation of NBS. The methodology translates CORINE (Coordination of Information on the Environment) land cover classes to EUNIS (European Nature Information System) habitat classes. The developed toolbox was applied to two case studies: Denmark (12 NBS) and the Netherlands (3 NBS). The assessment aimed to compare the habitat changes between 2000 and 2018 as two extreme time points for NBS implementation for both case studies. Results indicate that NBS implementation can change habitats leading to an increase in the Red-necked Grebe population in Denmark and a decline in the Black-tailed Godwit population in the Netherlands (two threatened species). The population change highlights the potential positive and potential negative impacts of NBS in their respective cases. These findings suggest Denmark could benefit from lake construction and restoration projects. At the same time, the Netherlands could invest in wetlands and meadows construction and restoration projects to protect the respective species. They could establish designated breeding zones to ensure their population does not decline rapidly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates demand-side flexibility provision in two distinct forms of manual Frequency Restoration Reserve (mFRR) services and load shifting, and explores which one is financially more appealing to Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCLs) in Denmark. While mFRR is an ancillary service required for the system and being bought by the system operator, load shifting is an individual act of the TCL in response to the variation of hourly electricity prices. Without loss of generalization, we consider a supermarket freezer as a representative TCL, and develop a grey-box model describing its temperature dynamics using real data from a supermarket in Denmark. Taking into account price and activation uncertainties, a stochastic mixed-integer linear program is formulated to maximize the flexibility value from the freezer. Examined on an ex-post simulation based on Danish spot and balancing market prices in 2022, load shifting shows to be almost as profitable as mFRR provision, although it could be more consequential for temperature deviations in the freezer. This indicates the need for regulatory measures by the Danish system operator to make the attraction of ancillary service provision more obvious for TCLs in comparison to the load shifting alternative. • TCLs can exploit their flexibility by load shifting or producing ancillary services. • A stochastic MILP is developed for TCLs to optimally bid in mFRR market. • Using real data from a supermarket in Denmark, load shifting was as financially attractive as mFRR in 2022. • Our regulatory message to the Danish TSO is to make the participation in the mFRR market more attractive for TCLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Willingness to pay for BECCS in Denmark and factors influencing it are investigated. • Willingness to pay is linked to the view of BECCS as necessary for mitigation. • View of BECCS as a necessity reveals either support or reluctant acceptance. • Preference for renewable energies revealed by respondents unwilling to pay. • Age, views on climate change and sustainability of biomass influence WTP. Most climate change mitigation scenarios rely on negative emissions technologies like bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). However, little is known about public support for BECCS. This paper gauges Danes' willingness to pay (WTP) for biomass with carbon capture and storage and examines factors influencing it. Denmark is a suitable case study given its reliance on biomass and negative emissions to achieve climate targets. Results from a questionnaire-based survey indicate a mean WTP of 3072 DKK (412 EUR) per household per year. This correspondents to a 12% increase in heat and electricity expenses. The need for negative emissions is the main stated reason for WTP. This may be interpreted as reflecting either support for, or reluctant acceptance of, BECCS. Results show that being younger, being concerned about climate change and believing that it is mainly caused by human activity, and believing in the mitigation potential of biomass and that sustainability is a precondition of its use have a significant effect on WTP. Public views on BECCS are complex but must be acknowledged if discussion of the role of BECCS in the decarbonisation agenda is to move forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transitioning energy systems to renewable sources requires a paradigm shift in system operation: Rather than only dispatching central generators to match volatile demand, the demand side must also be adjusted flexibly to match renewable generation. Electrified heating is one source of such flexibility, via demand response and heat storage. In energy system analysis, demand response is often modelled as a direct control problem, where central decisions set demand levels. We consider this an over-simplification and have previously proposed Frigg, a framework for integrating price-based indirect demand response models in energy system analysis. In this article, a reformulation is proposed that solves central previous shortcomings, such as modelling a larger number of intertemporal constraints. This allows wide application of Frigg in energy system modelling. In this paper, Frigg is applied to soft-link plan4EU, a European electricity dispatch model, and the Flexibility Function. Based on this modelling setup, we conduct a case study on the role of power-to-heat demand flexibility, in the form of demand response and heat storage, in the Danish electricity system of 2050. Our results highlight the significance of Denmark as an electricity transit country: We find that power-to-heat demand response offers mild cost savings in the Danish electricity system, mainly through lower-cost electricity imports and higher-cost exports. Similarly, heat storage allows utilisation of the Danish geographical position. Heat storage achieves significantly higher savings than only demand response. Combining heat storage with demand response achieves similar operational savings but lowers heat-storage investment costs, leading to an overall cost reduction of approximately 7% in 2050. [Display omitted] • Frigg 2.0 integrates price-based demand response into energy system planning. • plan4EU models the European electricity system of 2050. • Frigg links it to Flexibility Function for Danish power-to-heat demand flexibility. • Mild cost-savings through demand response, higher through heat storage. • And highest when combining both (approx. 7%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The impacts of CO 2 capture methods on Denmark's future energy sector have been assessed. • The capacity of RES must be increased to meet the demands of CO 2 capture processes. • Choosing cryogenic method results in a 45% reduction in annual investment costs. • Using cryogenic method with energy storage cuts variable costs in energy sector by 2.5%. Utilizing CO 2 capture technologies is an essential part of achieving a future carbon-neutral Society. So far, amine-based technologies, which are the most mature post-combustion CO 2 capture technologies, have been predominantly applied in large-scale CO 2 capture applications. However, the cryogenic process has also been proven to be a potential CO 2 capture technology suitable for large-scale applications. Cryogenic carbon capture offers two potential advantages over amine-based technology. First, the efficiency is higher and thus the energy penalty is lower. Next, the flexibility of system integration is also higher, and thus the technology carries the potential of better balancing variable renewable electricity productions. By using the software tool EnergyPLAN and dedicated scenarios of achieving a carbon-neutral Denmark, this paper quantitatively estimates these benefits. It is observed that, from a system perspective, utilizing cryogenic technologies to capture 90 % of CO 2 emissions in 2045 can reduce the demand for wind power by approximately 47 %, leading to a decrease in annual system costs by nearly 45 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the age of digitalization, data centers are critical facilities that help people and businesses in many sectors. Data centers, like other assets requiring high investment, face several risks during their operation. Also, data centers seek sustainable sources to boost their operations when selecting the most appropriate location. Therefore, the location of a data center is chosen based on sustainability and risk assessment. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted for data center risk evaluation with environmental and sustainability assessment. This paper evaluates the eight main criteria and the forty-five sub-criteria for selecting the most appropriate location for the data center when considering the fifty different economies in different business regions. For this particular purpose, the continuous intuitionistic fuzzy sets (CIFS)-based analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is presented to define the weights of each criterion and sub-criterion. Then, the CIFS-based technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) is developed to rank the fifty economies integrated with the weights from the CIFS-based AHP. Moreover, eight different scenarios were conducted, and comparison studies were presented. Finally, Denmark, Switzerland, and The Netherlands are the top three selections based on the criteria. [Display omitted] • Fuzzy multi-criteria methods are developed to evaluate data center locations. • Natural, energy, and infrastructure risks are the top three pillars. • Economies are ranked based on the eight scenarios with sustainability and risks. • Denmark tops the charts with the highest score associated with fifty economies. • Based on each income level, Denmark, Brazil, and Tunisia are suitable locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a frequent and lethal condition with a yearly incidence of approximately 5000 in Denmark. Thirty-day survival is associated with the patient's prodromal complaints prior to cardiac arrest. This paper examines the odds of 30-day survival dependent on the reported prodromal complaints among OHCAs witnessed by the emergency medical services (EMS). EMS-witnessed OHCAs in the Capital Region of Denmark from 2016-2018 were included. Calls to the emergency number 1-1-2 and the medical helpline for out-of-hours were analyzed according to the Danish Index; data regarding the OHCA was collected from the Danish Cardiac Arrest Registry. We performed multiple logistic regression to calculate the odds ratio (OR) of 30-day survival with adjustment for sex and age. We identified 311 eligible OHCAs of which 79 (25.4%) survived. The most commonly reported complaints were dyspnea (n = 209, OR 0.79 [95% CI 0.46: 1.36]) and 'feeling generally unwell' (n = 185, OR 1.07 [95% CI 0.63: 1.81]). Chest pain (OR 9.16 [95% CI 5.09:16.9]) and heart palpitations (OR 3.15 [95% CI 1.07:9.46]) had the highest ORs, indicating favorable odds for 30-day survival, while unresponsiveness (OR 0.22 [95% CI 0.11:0.43]) and blue skin or lips (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.09, 0.81) had the lowest, indicating lesser odds of 30-day survival. Experiencing chest pain or heart palpitations prior to EMS-witnessed OHCA was associated with higher 30-day survival. Conversely, complaints of unresponsiveness or having blue skin or lips implied reduced odds of 30-day survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to heat losses of preferential areas of packed-bed energy storage systems, transverse temperature variations may occur during the charging, discharging and standby processes. Furthermore, the heat losses of preferential areas of the storage tank cause a lower pressure drop in these areas resulting in an increased mass flow rate and further cooling, and thereby an enhanced transverse temperature variation, in a positive feedback loop – a phenomenon called instability. The transverse temperature variations may deteriorate the performance and thereby the economic feasibility of packed-bed energy storage systems. In this paper, numerical and experimental investigations of an air-based packed-bed rock thermal energy storage system for large-scale high temperature applications are presented. The objective of the study is to predict the instability and to analyze the effect of different standby durations and storage size on the instability of the air-based packed-bed system. Transient axisymmetric computational fluid dynamics models were developed for the standby and discharging processes of the packed-bed thermal energy storage systems. In addition, experimental investigations were carried out at a test facility located at Stiesdal Storage, Denmark, using magnetite rocks as heat storage material and air as heat transfer fluid. The results suggest that the numerical predictions are in good agreement with the test data. The instability phenomenon is found to increase with the standby duration, resulting in a maximum difference of 161 K between the maximum rock temperature and the outlet air temperature for a standby period of 10 h followed by a discharging process. Moreover, the results indicate that the maximum difference between the rock temperature and outlet temperature is 73 K and 56 K for a reduced-scale and a full-scale system (no standby period), respectively. • Experiments were conducted on an air-based packed-bed thermal energy storage system. • CFD models were developed and validated for both static and dynamic operation. • Instability in packed-bed systems is predicted during the discharging process. • Increase in instability is observed with the increase in standby duration. • Comparison of reduced-scale and full-scale packed-bed systems is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishery and tourism coexist in many harbors. Active fishing vessels may attract tourists, which may also provide income to hotels and restaurants. This paper analyzes whether fisheries affect tourism by investigating the effect of the presence of active vessels on overnight stays in coastal areas of Denmark. The analysis is based on monthly panel data from 2016 to 2021 divided into postal code areas. Estimating a double logarithmic model accounting for fixed effects, it is found that when the number of fishing vessels belonging to a harbor in a postal code area increases by 1%, overnight stays in the same area increase by 0.11%, and when the number of fishing vessels landing in an area increases by 1%, overnight stays increase by 0.08%. Our results suggest that tourism is significantly positively affected by having active fishing vessels landing in local harbors. This implies that by considering the interactive effects of fisheries and tourism when designing fisheries policy, society might attain economic gains, potentially resulting in a larger fleet than what would be optimal solely from a fisheries perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Taliban opium ban of 2000–2001 disrupted European heroin supplies. • Effects differed across the seven Nordic and Baltic countries in systematic ways. • Some heroin markets bounced back, although perhaps with less vibrancy. • Other markets substituted to another opioid, either more or less harmful. • Market responses to the 2000–2001 ban may be informative for the new, current ban. The 2000–2001 and the 2022–2023 Taliban opium bans were and could be two of the largest ever disruptions to a major illegal drug market. To help understand potential implications of the current ban for Europe, this paper analyzes how opioid markets in seven Baltic and Nordic countries responded to the earlier ban, using literature review, key informant interviews, and secondary data analysis. The seven nations' markets responded in diverse ways, including rebounding with the same drug (heroin in Norway), substitution to a more potent opioid (fentanyl replacing heroin in Estonia), and substitution to one with lower risk of overdose (buprenorphine replacing heroin in Finland). The responses were not instantaneous, but rather evolved, sometimes over several years. This variety suggests that it can be hard to predict how drug markets will respond to disruptions, but two extreme views can be challenged. It would be naive to imagine that drug markets will not adapt to shocks, but also unduly nihilistic to presume that they will always just bounce back with no lasting effects. Substitution to another way of meeting demand is possible, but that does not always negate fully the benefits of disrupting the original market. Nonetheless, there is historical precedent for a European country's opioid market switching to synthetic opioids when heroin supplies were disrupted. Given how much that switch has increased overdose rates in Canada and the United States, that is a serious concern for Europe at present. A period of reduced opioid supply may be a particularly propitious time to expand treatment services (as Norway did in the early 2000s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the Paris Agreement's climate targets and the modelling community's scenarios of how to reach them, carbon dioxide removal is gaining increasing importance in national climate policies. This is also the case in Denmark – considered by itself and others a climate frontrunner – where biochar is envisioned to cover 10% of the 2030 reduction goal. However, apart from research experiments and test sites, biochar is at the time of research not employed in Denmark, raising the question how it came to constitute a large part of the national goal. This paper explores how biochar, as a method for carbon removal, comes into being as a relevant solution in Danish climate policy, and what this means for emission reduction efforts. Through document analysis, participatory observation, field visits and semi-structured interviews, I employ the framework of the dramaturgical regime and analyse how biochar is enacted as a climate solution through policy documents, conferences, media and network meetings. Here the concept of enactment indicates that different people's actions are not overtly coordinated, and the effects of such actions are not necessarily fully intentional, but they are nevertheless political. I argue that through different scientific, administrative, political, and media practices, biochar is enacted as a viable climate solution that enables the continuation of current forms of production and consumption. As biochar likely substitutes for emission reductions and is in risk of failing to deliver the anticipated amount of carbon removals, the enactment of biochar as a climate solution in Danish climate policy possibly constitutes a case of mitigation deterrence. • Biochar is enacted as a relevant solution in Danish climate policy. • This occurs in policy documents, conferences, media and network meetings. • Enactments enable a continuation of current forms of production and consumption. • Including biochar in Danish climate policy is possibly a case of mitigation deterrence. • Enactments can show how mitigation deterrence can come about as an emergent effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research identifies stark socioeconomic disparities in child injuries, yet research on the repercussions hereof on other aspects of children's lives remains sparse. This paper tests whether social gradients in minor traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs or concussions) contribute to corresponding inequalities in children's academic performance. Previous research on this topic is mostly based on small samples and confounded by non-random selection into experiencing mTBIs. We improve on prior research by using high quality, large N, administrative registry data. Further, we control for selection into having an mTBI via comparing the test score progression of children having an mTBI with children who experience an mTBI in later years (staggered difference-in-differences). Based on Danish ER/hospital records and national test score data, we find that children from families with lower earnings and less education are more likely to experience an mTBI and that having an mTBI negatively correlates with reading test scores. However, comparing present with future mTBI cases, we show that having an mTBI within a year before a test does not negatively affect children's reading scores. Our findings suggest that negative correlations between mTBIs and academic performance more likely reflect socioeconomic gradients in mTBI incidents rather than a direct causal effect. Further, socioeconomic gradients in mTBI incidents do not significantly contribute to corresponding disparities in academic performance. • Child concussion rates are higher among families with lower earnings and education. • Concussion incidence and reading test scores are negatively correlated. • Difference-in-differences model controls for selection and identifies a causal effect. • The negative correlation is driven by selection and does not reflect a causal effect. • Social gradients in concussions do not lead to inequality in academic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]