Search

The use of household waste-derived materials for wastewater treatment has double environmental benefit due to the availability of simultaneous disposal of household waste and wastewater. In this work, we report the facile production of phosphorus-rich carbon from waste paper as a potential adsorbent for the disposal of uranium (VI)-containing nuclear wastewater. A simple phosphoric acid activation-carbonization strategy is developed to effectively transform waste paper into carbon. The phosphorus content of the obtained carbon reaches 8.55 at% and large pores with sizes ranging from 2 to 100 nm are observed. Batch and column adsorption experiments verify that waste paper-derived carbon can efficiently adsorb uranium (VI) from aqueous solution under weakly acidic conditions. The maximum amount of uranium adsorption on the carbon attains 492 mg g−1 at pH 4.6, and adsorption of uranium (VI) on the carbon quickly reaches the equilibrium within 20 minutes. The distribution coefficient of uranium (VI) on waste paper-derived carbon is as high as 128 L g−1. The carbon can be reused for five times with uranium (VI) adsorption efficiencies above 89% and can be used for dynamic adsorption of uranium (VI) in a fix-bed column. Kinetics, thermodynamics and DFT calculations reveal a surface complexation mechanism between uranium (VI) ion and ionized phosphoric acid group. Moreover, to avoid the generation of secondary polluted water during the treatment of uranium-containing nuclear wastewater, a water-saving method is developed for the adsorption preparation and a water-free combustion method is employed for the disposal of uranium-containing spent adsorbent instead of recycling. This study demonstrates the good application potential of household waste-derived materials in wastewater treatment and provides more clues for the amalgamation of multifold subjects. [Display omitted] • The integration of wastes recycling and wastewater treatment. • Facile production of phosphorus-rich carbon from waste paper. • High uranium adsorption efficiency and good selectivity. • Investigation of the mechanism based on DFT calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing highly efficient adsorbents for the removal of trace thallium(I) (Tl+) is crucial for addressing environmental challenges. In this study, we successfully synthesized cubic Prussian blue (PB) loading on filter papers using an intermediate layer (dopamine/polyethyleneimine) via in-situ methods. The as-prepared PB-modified FP demonstrated outstanding anti-interference properties and light-enhanced adsorption performance for Tl+ (0.5 mg/L) under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, exhibiting twice the effectiveness compared to dark conditions, even in acidic and coexisting ionic environments. This indicated its suitability for treating complex Tl+-contaminated water. Notably, the removal efficiency for trace Tl+ was almost 100%, with a maximum experimental adsorption capacity of 86.2 mg/g after 1-h photo-promoted adsorption under 365 nm UV. Characterization results supported a proposed photo-driven redox mechanism that elucidated the interaction between Tl+ and PB-modified FP. Specifically, the accelerated Fe(III) to Fe(II) redox reaction facilitated Tl+ accommodation on the surface and/or lattice of PB, enhancing Tl+ adsorption by compensating for missed positive charges. This study provides valuable insights into utilizing PB-based materials to enhance the photo-enhanced Tl+ adsorption capacity in a cost-effective, easy-to-synthesize, and environmentally friendly manner. [Display omitted] • A novel material (PB-modified FP) was facilely fabricated by in-situ method. • PB-modified FP showed enhanced adsorption performance under UV. • Mechanisms of the enhanced Tl+ adsorption under UV irradiation were elucidated. • Our adsorbent had an excellent anti-interference ability from other co-cations. • This study provides a promising solution for efficient trace Tl+ removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regenerated cellulose (RC) was prepared from pineapple crown waste fiber (PCWF) with a yield of about 45 %. The RC was blended with hardwood pulp (HP) to improve the mechanical properties of the paper. The composite paper with improved tensile index from 16.87 ± 0.75 NN mm/g to 28.98 ± 1.2 NN mm/g and burst index from 0.974 ±0.083 kkPaPa mm22/g to 1.827 ±0.153 kkPaPa mm22/g was developed by blending 20 % RC with 80 % HP. It was calculated that the production of one tonne of RC generates about 130 m3 of wastewater and it can be recycled after treatment with electrocoagulation technique. After wastewater treatment, chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced 84.8 %, total suspended solid (TSS) by 95.6 %, total dissolved solids (TDS) by 30.4 %, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) by 95.8 %. Importantly, the recycling behavior by reusing/recycling the treated wastewater for the regeneration process was investigated and a yield of about 42 % of the RC was observed. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial lignin is a waste product of the paper industry, which contains a large amount of oxygen group structure, and can be used to treat industrial wastewater containing Cr(VI). However, lignin has very low reactivity, so how to enhance its adsorption performance is a major challenge at present. In this study, a two-stage hydrothermal and activation strategy was used to activate the lignin activity and doping S element to prepare high-performance S-doped lignin-based polyporous carbon (S-LPC). The results show that the surface of S-LPC is rich in S and O groups and has a well-developed pore structure, which is very beneficial to Cr(VI) uptake -reduction and mass transfer on the material. In the wastewater, the utmost adsorption potential of Cr(VI) by S-LPC achieved 882.83 mg/g. After 7 cycles of regeneration, the adsorption of S-LPC decreased by only approximately 18 %. Ion competition experiments showed that S-LPC has excellent specificity for Cr(VI) adsorption. In factory wastewater, the adsorption performance of S-LPC for Cr(VI) remained above 95 %, which shows the excellent performance of S-LPC in practical applications. The results are of great significance for green chemical utilization of waste lignin, treatment of industrial wastewater and sustainable development. • The strategy of high value utilization of waste lignin was provided. • Efficient treatment of Cr(VI) containing wastewater by waste lignin • The maximum adsorption capacity of S-LPC on Cr (VI) reached 882.83 mg/g. • COOR, -OH and S O are the main active sites. • The performance of S-LPC in factory wastewater remains above 95 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Oily wastewater, WS, and WP collaborative treatment was considered and explored. • An inverse beetles-like structure was formed by dual wastes and acrylic resin without modification. • Hydrophobic acrylic resin could capture and coalesce oil droplets to enhance oil interception. • High flux and separation efficiency were achieved for both immiscible oil/water mixtures (> 99.5 %, > 4160 L m−2 h−1) and oil-in-water emulsions (> 96.8 %, > 1340 L m−2 h−1). Oily wastewater and solid wastes such as waterworks sludge (WS) and waste paper (WP) are usually treated separately. With the continuous promotion of the concept of waste-control-waste, the exploration of the collaborative treatment is worth considering. To address this gap, herein, a green and scalable strategy was developed to fabricate a hierarchical porous waterworks sludge and waste paper-based cellulose aerogel (WS 0.6 /WPC aerogel) with inverse beetles-like structure for enhanced and rapid oily wastewater treatment. Low-cost raw material and facile fabrication process allowed large-scale application of WS 0.6 /WPC aerogel. Significantly, underwater superoleophobic background composed of WS and WPC and hydrophobic bumps constructed of acrylic resin formed an inverse beetles-like structure. During emulsion separation, besides the high pore tortuosity of as-designed aerogel, the special hydrophobic bumps could capture and aggregate oil droplets, thus enhancing the interception ability of the aerogel, resulting in desirable separation efficiency for both immiscible oil/water mixtures and surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions with high fluxes. Therefore, this work provides insights for the exploration of wastes-based advanced membranes for efficient and rapid oily wastewater remediation, as well as recycling and utilization of solid wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotating algal biofilm reactors (RABRs) are innovative systems designed to cultivate microalgae biofilms efficiently. In this paper, we have developed a novel mathematical model to accurately capture the growth dynamics of algae biofilms within RABR. By considering the spatial heterogeneity of the RABR, we introduce a PDE-based model that addresses the spatial variations across the substratum, enabling a more accurate simulation of biofilm growth in RABRs. The photosynthesis process is modeled through reactive kinetics, driving the growth of the algae biofilm. To analyze the system's behavior, we employ finite difference numerical methods to solve the complex PDE model. We then conduct extensive numerical simulations to understand algae biofilm growth in the RABR environment under various operational factors and environmental conditions. One primary focus in these simulations is to investigate the impact of various harvesting strategies, harvesting frequencies, light intensity, and light exposure on the overall biomass productivity of the algae biofilm. The numerical results provide valuable insights into optimizing algae biofilm growth and designing harvesting techniques in RABR systems. Our proposed novel mathematical model provides an effective platform for the theoretical investigation and design of RABRs for wastewater treatment. • New mathematical model simulates algae biofilm growth in RABRs accurately. • Incorporates photosynthesis and substratum surface heterogeneity. • Advances RABR efficiency in wastewater treatment and bioproducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a nanomixed valence FeWO 4 -coated 2D Ti 3 C 2 MXene (FW-MX) photocatalyst synthesised by a simple hydrothermal method. Ciprofloxacin, the main target pollutant, exhibited superior adsorption performance and high catalytic activity in the light-assisted Fenton system. In just 1 h, the removal rate of ciprofloxacin reached an impressive 76.89% using a minimal amount of FW-MX (10 mg). Meanwhile, the material exhibited good stability. Furthermore, the successful formation of mixed-valent FeWO 4 accelerated the rate-limiting step of Fe(III)/Fe(II) conversion, thereby enhancing the reactivity of the in situ photo-Fenton system. In the light-assisted Fenton system, FW-MX demonstrated greater potential compared to other common antibiotics, as FW-M100 exhibited superior photoreduction performance for heavy metal ions under the photo-Fenton oxidation system. This could further advance the practical application of AOPs technology in industrial wastewater treatment. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the design, development, and building of a unique electro-bio-membrane reactor for concurrent bioH 2 production, desalination, and energy production by microorganisms in a single reactor. The effects of varying biomass amounts (5–50 g) and inoculum amounts (250–1500 mL) on the bioH 2 production efficiency are also investigated. The lowest cumulative bioH 2 yield of 24.2 mL/g is obtained using a biomass amount of 5 g, while it is 44.7 mL/g at a biomass amount of 50 g. The highest H 2 production from water electrolysis is also found as 0.719 mL/min at improved conditions. Furthermore, the highest power and current density values are 2794.5 mW/m2 and 2786.1 mA/m2 at 1500 mL-inoculum, biomass amount of 30 g, initial pH of 5.5, and temperature of 37 °C in the dark fermentation (DF) cell. Moreover, the desalination efficiency increases from 41.6 to 65.8% with decreasing inoculum amounts from 1500 to 250 mL. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the spinel ferrite nanoparticles Co 0.5 Ni 0.25 Zn 0.25 Bi x Fe 2−x O 4 (CNZBF) were prepared by citrate-nitrate auto combustion method. Although the substitution process involves a large ion at the expense of a small one, the lattice constant didn't introduce a regular increment behavior with irregular shifts for the peak position at 34.62°, which is related to the (311) plane. Two hypotheses were introduced to justify this behavior. The crystallite size introduced a peculiar behavior in the span of 20.88–14.78 nm with increasing the Bi3+ content. Morphological study via FE-SEM manifested that the CNZBF nanoferrites have agglomerated spherical shapes. Kubelka-Munk function and Tauc's plot for direct allowed transitions were utilized to determine the band gap of all the CNZBF nanoferrites. The doping of Bi tuned the band gap (within 1.55 to 1.25 eV), boosted the light absorption, induced efficient e/h separation, and ensuing charge migration to the Co 0.5 Ni 0.25 Zn 0.25 Bi x Fe 2−x O 4 surfaces. On account of the CNZBF advantages, a superb removal efficiency (∼96.41 %) of the sample Co 0.5 Ni 0.25 Zn 0.25 Bi 0.08 Fe 1.92 O 4 via photocatalytic degradation was achieved. After five reusability cycles the nanocatalyst Co 0.5 Ni 0.25 Zn 0.25 Bi 0.08 Fe 1.92 O 4 introduced 95.08% degradation which demonstrates a trivial efficiency decline of 1.33 % in the photocatalytic activities. These outcomes of excellent photocatalytic activity with the outstanding stability candidate the novel Co 0.5 Ni 0.25 Zn 0.25 Bi 0.08 Fe 1.92 O 4 for wastewater treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Potential of MgFe 2 O 4 ferrite for dye and antibiotic degradation. • Effect of reaction parameters on MgFe 2 O 4 degradation efficacy are evaluated. • Challenges in conventional approaches of photocatalytic degradation were explored. • Role of synthesis routes on the degradation efficacy of MgFe 2 O 4. • Current scenario and future perspectives for using MgFe 2 O 4 as a photocatalyst. This review paper explores the efficacy of magnesium ferrite-based catalysts in photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminates (antibiotic and dyes). We report the influence of different doping strategies, synthesis methods, and composite materials on the degradation efficiency of these pollutants. Our analysis reveals the versatile and promising nature of magnesium ferrite-based catalysts, offering the valuable insights into their practical application for restoring the environment. Due to the smaller band gap and magnetic nature of magnesium ferrite, it holds the benefit of utilising the broader spectrum of light while also being recoverable. The in-depth analysis of magnesium ferrites' photocatalytic mechanism could lead to the development of cheap and reliable photocatalyst for the wastewater treatment. This concise review offers a thorough summary of the key advancements in this field, highlighting the pivotal role of the magnesium ferrite based photocatalysts in addressing the pressing global issue of organic pollutants in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, wastewater treatment plants are designed for the removal of nutrient rich and bacterial components from water to enable disposal into surface water bodies. However, growing population, depleting resource and the need for sustainability call for the implementation of circular economy practices in all aspects. This paper aims to assess the resource recovery potential from municipal wastewater in Zvishavane Urban, Zimbabwe. The potential for water reclamation, energy and nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) recovery from municipal wastewater treatment was based on wastewater data and material flow analysis using the linear and mathematical relationships between physico-chemical parameters of wastewater and the quantities of resources to be recovered. Data input and analysis was done using the Resource Value Mapping online tool and was presented using descriptive statistics. Findings from the study highlighted that 103 660 m3 of water are available for reuse which will meet 22% of water requirements for local agriculture and landscape/greenspace irrigation in Zvishavane Urban. Further, the results demonstrate that valorisation of sewage sludge could potentially yield 92 940Nm3 of biogas, 1557 tonnes of solid fuel and up to US$ 1 739 142.80 in revenue per annum. In terms of nutrient recovery, the study demonstrated that 11 861 tonness of digestate and 3613 tonnes of compost can be derived from Mabula wastewater treatment plant. In terms of nutrient content, there is potential to recover phosphorous (589 tonnes), nitrogen (663.2 tonnes) and potassium (294 tonnes). Potential revenues from nutrient recovery amounted to US$ 1 413 600. The study demonstrates the resource recovery potential of municipal wastewater streams in Zvishavane, a growing town in a developing country. This knowledge is often missing in studies on circular economy in developing countries. Considering wastewater for resource recovery is well aligned with Zimbabwe's National Development Strategy 1 and international priorities as specified in the Sustainable Development Goals and both local. This paper gives testament that wastewater in Zvishavane urban has significant resources embedded in it which can be recovered. Results from this study are important for planners and decision maker in Zvishavane Urban and Zimbabwe as they provide insight into the benefits of resource recovery. This is a necessary way forward in providing sound wastewater management and mapping pathways towards resource recovery from municipal wastewater within the context of not only Zimbabwe but also other developing countries within the region and beyond. • 103660 m3 of water (22% of water requirements for agriculture and greenspace irrigation are available for reuse) • 92940Nm3 of biogas, can be recovered from sewage sludge valorisation. • 1557 tonnes of solid fuel can be recovered from sewage sludge valorisation • 11 861 tonnes of digestate and 3613 tonnes of compost can be derived the plant. • Potential revenues from resource recovery amount to US$3152742.80. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of implementing single and multi-optimisation solutions on the biological treatment process in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The research is based on a case study of the water resource recovery facility (WRRF) in Swarzewo, Northern Poland. The paper introduces the adaptive extremum seeking control (ESC) method for dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration control and places it in a layered control structure. Further, it presents the introduction of an optimisation layer for the structure and parameters of the SBR cycle, through the synthesis of stochastic methods: single-objective optimisation (SOO) using a genetic algorithm (GA) and multi-objective optimisation (MOO) using the NSGA-II algorithm. The results were compared to a classical approach with fixed cycle parameters. The paper shows the advantages of optimising cycle parameters, including the number of phases as well as the DO value, on the process flow. These control structures underwent simulation tests in the MATLAB environment with the Simba package. The biochemical processes occurring in the reactor are based on the Activated Sludge Model No. 2d (ASM2d). The optimising control system demonstrates tangible improvements in operational efficiency and significant reductions in electrical energy consumption, highlighting the effectiveness of the proposed methodologies. © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. • Wastewater treatment is one of the key concerns in ecology and environmental engineering. • Hierarchical control system has been used to the WWTP. • Optimisation of biological processes reduces WWTP operating costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the deepening of modernization and industrialization, the issues of water pollution and scarcity have become more pressing. To address these issues, many wastewater treatment factories have been built to improve the reuse of water resources. However, the control of the wastewater treatment process (WWTP) is a complex task due to the highly nonlinear and strongly coupled nature. It is challenging to develop the accurate mechanism models of the wastewater treatment system. The improvement of the efficiency for the WWTP is crucial to safeguard the urban ecological environment. In this paper, adaptive critic with weight allocation (ACWA) is developed to address the optimal control problem in the WWTP. Different from the previous methods of the WWTP, system modeling is not adopted in this paper, which meets the actual physical background of the wastewater treatment system to a great extent. In addition, the actor-critic algorithm in reinforcement learning is used as the basic structure in the ACWA. It is worth noting that a novel weighted action-value function and the advantage function are introduced in the weight updating process of the action network and the critic network. The experimental results show that the control accuracy of the ACWA is greatly improved compared with the previous control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an optimal trajectory tracking control problem for general nonlinear systems is investigated. An adaptive critic control method with the digital twin (DT) theory is developed. Divergent from the existing tracking control methods, the advantages of adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) and the theory of DT are combined in this paper, and the novel multilayer artificial system structure is constructed. The action-critic structure is employed by each artificial system to obtain an approximate optimal control policy. The model network (MN) is built by using the actual input and output data sets of the controlled system, which means the dependence on the dynamics of the system is overcame. Then, the weights of the trained action network (AN) and MN are passed to the real system to realize the optimal tracking control. The feasibility of the algorithm is proved by theoretical analysis. Finally, the algorithm is applied to a simple nonlinear torsional pendulum system and an industrial wastewater treatment system (WWTS), and the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified. The algorithm effectively realizes the tracking control of nonlinear systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • EET enhancement strategies in AD for treating refractory wastewaters are reviewed. • Applications of refractory wastewaters treatment by enhanced EET are discussed. • Prospects of enhanced treating refractory wastewaters based on EET are proposed. In anaerobic digestion (AD) system for the treatment of refractory wastewater, extracellular electron transfer (EET) by microorganisms is critical in influencing pollutant degradation and wastewater resourcing. However, when removing pollutants from refractory wastewater using AD technology, hydrolysis by extracellular enzymes is limited by EET efficiency, which often difficult to achieve their efficient degradation. Meanwhile, the anaerobic bacterial community was impacted by the toxicity of pollutants, which also affected the interspecies electron transfer, which seriously affected the effluent water quality and methane production. Therefore, intensifying the EET efficiency of the anaerobic system has become the key to break through the bottleneck of refractory wastewater treatment and resource utilization technology. In this paper, the EET mechanisms in the AD system for treating refractory wastewaters are summarized and a systematic review of EET intensification strategies for AD systems for treating refractory wastewaters, including EET from microorganisms to pollutants and electroactive bacteria to methanogens, is presented. In addition, this paper discusses in detail the application of EET based on enhanced treatment of refractory wastewaters containing pollutants with electron-absorbing groups (azo dyes, halogenated compounds, nitroaromatic compounds) and heavy metal oxides, and it also looks forward to the research direction and application prospect of regulating EET. This paper will provide a reference for treating and resourcing refractory wastewaters by AD technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global population growth drives demand for clean water, energy, and wastewater production in urban areas. Most existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are energy- and cost-intensive. To achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, many regions have implemented strict policies for energy consumption and contaminated water discharge, promoting environmental sustainability. This paper attempts to enhance the achievement of SDGs in the wastewater treatment industry by proposing a novel method for hierarchical control of wastewater treatment plants to ensure energy and cost efficiency with less knowledge of the process model, fewer measurements, and fewer control loops. This controller is the combination of a machine learning control technique with a bio-inspired computational algorithm. To evaluate and validate the performance of the proposed controller on the WWTP, the benchmark simulation model no. 1 (BSM1) has been used. The most significant contributions of this paper show that 488.96 KWh/d, 3620.08 Kg/d, and 3454.55 KWh/d of aeration energy cost index, sludge production cost index, and operational cost index are respectively saved when compared to the default control strategy (DCS). Also, 893.69 Kg pollution units per day of effluent fine-related costs have been successfully recovered when compared to the DCS. The experimental results illustrate that the proposed control yields significant amelioration of the energy and cost profile of the WWTP with no effluent violation in dry, rain, and storm weather conditions. • A hybrid bio-inspired machine learning control scheme has been developed to enhance energy and cost efficiency in WWTP. • Excess sludge production in wastewater treatment plants has been reduced. • Levies related to the discharge of polluted wastewater into the environment have been significantly reduced. • Sustainable development goals can be achieved when the proposed controller is implemented in pilot WWTPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scale of pig breeding in China is the largest in the world, and the pollution problem of breeding wastewater is serious. Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) process is a clean and efficient treatment technology for breeding wastewater. This paper involved constructing the molecular model of the primary organic components in pig breeding wastewater. The effects of time, temperature and mass concentration, and the interactions of different components on the SCWG characteristics of pig breeding wastewater were studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and the decomposition process of lignin and lipid molecules in the SCWG process were analyzed, and the possible intermediates were explored. The results showed that the effect of parameters on carbon gasification efficiency (CE) and H 2 production follows the order of temperature > time > mass concentration. During the gasification of lignin and lipid molecules, the C–O–C bond was broken first, and the gasification rate of lignin molecules was slow due to the benzene ring. Interactions among different organic decompositions hindered the gasification process. This paper will provide theoretical guidance for the selection of operation parameters and the control of products in the actual pig breeding wastewater treatment process. • The MD model of wastewater containing complex organics was established. • The effects of key parameters on SCWG of pig breeding wastewater were studied. • The detailed SCWG mechanisms of pig breeding wastewater were analyzed. • The intermediate products from SCWG of pig breeding wastewater were explored. • The interaction mechanisms of different organics during SCWG were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructed Wetlands (CWs) were widely used as nature-based solution to effectively remove contaminants from wastewater, while offering benefits for ecological value and landscape services. However, one limited factor for practical applications of CW technology is the conventional construction style, which is a laborious and complex civil engineering. As such, an idea of modular CW (MCW) was proposed and embodiment was made for different scales of treatment wetland projects. This paper introduces the MCW concept and the efforts made to realize it. MCW is a revolutionary approach in wastewater treatment that combines efficiency, adaptability, and environmental sustainability. MCW represents a paradigm shift from traditional CWs, offering a pre-fabricated, modular solution that simplifies the complexities of civil engineering in wastewater management. These prefabricated modular structures, assembled off-site and installed on-site, provide a streamlined, flexible, and user-friendly alternative to conventional CWs. The innovative design of MCWs incorporates advanced substrates and technologies, integrating enhanced processes such as intermittent aeration, tidal flow, and circulating reflux. This novel approach significantly improves pollutant removal efficiency, reduces land usage, and addresses clogging issues through rapid module replacement. The paper comprehensively delved into the structural, substrate, plant, and operational aspects of MCWs. It highlights the environmental and economic benefits of MCWs, emphasizing their role as a cost-effective, environmentally-friendly solution for wastewater treatment. The study concludes by underscoring the potential of MCWs in spearheading new research and development in sustainable wastewater management, marking a new generation in CW systems. [Display omitted] • The novel concept of MCWs was firstly and comprehensively introduced. • Plastic modules were designed & made to allow quickly and flexibly assembling MCW. • Systematical strategies were applied to enhance the MCW treatment effectiveness. • Design factors were given for future design and management of MCWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environment-friendly and cost-effective disposal and reutilization of sludge wastes are essential during the wastewater treatment process. Converting sludge wastes into ceramsite by sintering treatment is a promising strategy for sludge treatment. This paper summarizes existing processes and technologies for regenerating ceramsite from sludge wastes. The synthesis process including raw material pretreatment, sludge characteristics analysis, batching, mixing and molding, drying and preheating, sintering and cooling is discussed. Then, the effects of additives, sintering temperature and time, and sludge content on the preparation and properties of sludge-based ceramsite are summarized. Integrating mechanistic insights and different physicochemical properties highlighted the understanding of the different applications (environmental remediation and architecture ingredients) of sludge-based ceramsite. High-temperature sintering sludge-based ceramsite exhibited excellent performance for the removal of contaminants due to the high porosity, large surface area, and good biocompatibility. Besides, the sludge-based ceramsite could also be used as concrete aggregate and asphalt mixtures due to its high strength, thermal insulation, and seismic resistance. Finally, the challenges and proposals for sludge-based ceramsite are proposed. This paper can provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the preparation and application of sludge-based ceramsite. [Display omitted] • Sludge-derived ceramsite can be used as support material for biofilters. • Sludge-derived ceramsite can be applied as medium filler for constructed wetland. • Sludge-derived ceramsite as adsorbents can effectively remove heavy metals. • Sludge-derived ceramsite has three main roles as a bulking agent in composting. • Sludge-derived ceramsite can also be utilized in concrete and asphalt mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite growing health concerns and increasing water scarcity, adequate wastewater treatment and reuse remains limited in India. Low-cost, decentralised, and nature-based on-site sanitation systems could play a key role in a circular water approach. This paper evaluates the performance of a Wastewater Fertigated Short Rotation Coppice (wfSRC) system based on willow, poplar, and bamboo species as a potential solution, offering low-cost, efficient water treatment, and high biomass production. Through a full-scale wfSRC pilot plant (250 m3·day−1 municipal wastewater on 6864 m2) established at Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, India, treatment capacities, biomass production rates, and contamination tolerance of different willow, poplar, and bamboo species were investigated. The chemical compositions of incoming wastewater, percolation water, soil, and biomass were monitored regularly. Despite the high load, all plant sections of the wfSRC system showed efficient removal of wastewater-originated pollutants. BOD5 and COD removal efficiencies were up to 99% and 95% respectively. Removal efficiencies for PO4-P reached 93% and for TN 91%. In general, total nitrogen and phosphate loads appear to be the limiting design parameters under the conditions at Aligarh to meet all discharge limits in India. Biomass production was projected to be >225 tDM·ha−1·yr−1 for bamboo, 65 tDM·ha−1·yr−1 for willow, and 206 tDM·ha−1·yr−1 for poplar. The pilot, conducted from March 2022 to June 2023, showcased how these densely planted agroforestry systems can effectively treat wastewater through natural processes such as oxidation, microbial degradation, and plant uptake. The findings demonstrate wfSRC's potential to serve as a nature-based, sustainable approach to wastewater treatment, particularly beneficial for suburban and rural areas in India and similar regions worldwide. This paper also provides recommendations for future implementation of wfSRC systems, emphasizing the need for careful planning regarding plant selection, system design, and operational strategies to maximize treatment efficiency and biomass production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Developed a novel toolbox, CHAD, able to combine AD models with Lagrangian CFD. • CHAD is validated against benchmark ADM1 implementation and OpenFOAM. • Benefits of incorporating CFD results to ADM is highlighted in case studies. Conventional anaerobic digestion models used in wastewater treatment plants suffer from inaccuracies due to the limited consideration given to hydrodynamics within the digester tank. A solution to this is to combine computational fluid dynamics simulations with anaerobic models. This paper introduces a novel methodology in the form of a software toolbox that implements the standard anaerobic digestion model no.1 in C++ and can interface with particle-based Lagrangian simulations. This method provides significantly more insights into the biochemical conversion process by accounting for the impact of the hydrodynamics on the biochemical reactions. The paper presents the background of the method along with a conceptual and numerical verification. It also presents a case study of a 3D lab scale digester comparing the results from the solver with the standard anaerobic digestion model. This integrated approach can be used by operators and designers for optimisations and also for predictive modelling. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Zn 2 SnO 4 /SnO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 ternary composite catalysts were synthesized using hydrothermal and calcination methods to degrade rhodamine B aqueous solution under simulated sunlight. [Display omitted] • A ternary composite photocatalyst with heterojunction structure was constructed. • The heterojunction has an ultra-high degradation rate of 99.5% in RhB degradation. • The heterojunction has excellent stability and reusability properties. • The degradation mechanism of Rhodamine B over Zn 2 SnO 4 /SnO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 has been revealed. Photocatalysis is an effective solution to wastewater treatment problems, and semiconductor heterojunctions for photocatalysis can effectively separate photogenerated carriers to improve the performance of photocatalytic degradation of pollutants. In this paper, a ternary composite photocatalyst with a heterojunction structure (Zn 2 SnO 4 /SnO 2 /g-C 3 N 4) was prepared to photodegrade Rhodamine B in simulated visible light. The experimental findings demonstrate that the Zn 2 SnO 4 /SnO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 photodegradation rates and efficiencies for RhB are much higher than those for SnO 2 , g-C 3 N 4 , SnO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 , and Zn 2 SnO 4 /SnO 2. We obtained a 3:1 mass ratio of Zn 2 SnO 4 /SnO 2 to g-C 3 N 4 by optimization, with a maximum degradation rate of 99.5 % and a maximum kinetic constant k of 0.692 min-1·g−1 for the photocatalytic removal of RhB by Zn 2 SnO 4 /SnO 2 /g-C 3 N 4. The radical trapping experiments suggest the primary role of ·O 2 – for the photocatalytic removal of RhB. The ternary composite photocatalyst Zn 2 SnO 4 /SnO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 shows promise for potential applications in RhB degradation owing to its exceptionally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolymers are novel aluminosilicate inorganic polymers. The preparation of geopolymers has the potential to minimize the environmental impacts of solid wastes through a reduction in both resource depletion and pollution. Owing to their high mechanical performance, resource/energy conservation, and low-carbon emission, waste-based geopolymer materials (WGM) have attracted increasing attention in recent years. This paper reviews the research and application of WGM in solid waste disposal, wastewater treatment, and greenhouse gas emission reduction. The potential raw materials for producing WGM from available solid wastes are classified into three categories, highlighting significant differences among these wastes. Moreover, this paper comprehensively reviews the current status of WGM with different forms and functions used in the wastewater treatment field, along with their effect mechanisms. Additionally, this paper extensively elucidates the significant contributions of WGM in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The wide range of raw materials, multifunctionality for water treatment, and low greenhouse gas emission characteristics of WGM ensure its practical and economically feasible application as an environmentally functional material. Owing to these characteristics, this paper outlines the future development prospects of WGM, further highlighting its advantages in preparation and practical application. This review provides references for addressing future challenges and promoting the development of WGM, contributing to its accelerated application in sustainable development and environmental protection. • WGM has great potential for the disposal and high value-added utilization of solid waste from different fields. • Based on the functional diversity, WGM has shown significant advantages in wastewater treatment. • GHG emission characteristics of WGM in application determine it is a low carbon material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent trends of microbial fuel cells or MFC research have targeted the ability of such technologies to become economically and technically viable. It is important to address the critical scientific inquiries in this area using research metrics. The reported MFC systems have shown applicability towards bioremediation and bioelectricity production, however, the need for creating scalable architecture which can treat real time wastewater has extended the research further. It is therefore important to provide a comprehensive analysis of the networks that has allowed these developments. The most important publications, authors, papers, countries, and keywords in the context of wastewater treatment using MFCs have been examined in this article. This covers the timeline between January 2013 to August 2023. This article also highlights the trends and developments that have arisen because of these examinations in the last decade. The visualization for the bibliometric analysis was done using VOSViewer with the publication data retrieved from the SCOPUS database. The analysis will help better understand current MFC research statistics for wastewater treatment and would help new researchers identify leading communities in this field for developing key insights. The highest number of publications are from China, United States, and India. • This work provides a comprehensive network analysis of MFC research developments. • Developments in the area of wastewater treatment and scaling up MFCs are visualized. • VOSViewer created visualization connecting researchers, keywords and contexts. • Analysis presents a clear MFC research statistics for developing viable technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The synergistic effect of various oxidant-peroxide coupling systems was present. • The synergy mechanism of each oxidant-peroxide coupling system was elaborated. • The peroxide involved in oxidant-peroxide coupling systems played as the activator/stabilizer. • Effects of water quality parameters on the synergistic effect were summarized and analyzed. • Key knowledge gaps and future research needs were proposed. With the growing complexity and severity of water pollution, it has become increasingly challenging to effectively remove contaminants or inactivate microorganisms just by traditional chemical oxidants such as O 3 , chlorine, Fe(VI) and Mn(VII). Up till now, numerous studies have indicated that these oxidants in combination with peroxides (i.e., hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), peracetic acid (PAA) and periodate (PI)) exhibited excellent synergistic oxidation. This paper provided a comprehensive review on the combination of aforementioned oxidant-peroxide applied in water and wastewater treatments. From one aspect, the paper thoroughly elucidated the synergy mechanism of each oxidant-peroxide combination in turn. Among these combinations, H 2 O 2 or PMS generally performed as the activator of four traditional oxidants above to accelerate reactive species generation and therein various reaction mechanisms, including electron transfer, O atom abstraction and oxo ligand substitution, were involved. In addition, although neither PAA nor PI was able to directly activate Fe(VI) and Mn(VII), they could act as the stabilizer of intermediate reactive iron/manganese species to improve the latter utilization efficiency. From another aspect, this paper summarized the influence of water quality parameters, such as pH, inorganic ions and natural organic matter (NOM), on the oxidation performance of most combined systems. Finally, this paper highlighted knowledge gaps and identified areas that require further research. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, high-temperature water/wastewater treatment has become an emerging area of high priority interest for industries such as oil and gas, food production, and power plants, which require the separation of impurities from wastewater at elevated temperatures to recycle the treated water. However, most polymer membranes used in different membrane separation processes have poor thermal and chemical resistance, and they often soften, creep, or fail at high temperatures, reducing their performance with regard to water flux and rejection of emerging contaminants. Therefore, there is a need to develop heat-resistant polymers and membranes for treating high-temperature streams. This review paper explores the chemistry and applications of high-temperature polymers used as membranes to process wastewater and recycle water for useful purposes. The paper highlights the importance of advanced thermally stable polymer membranes in purifying wastewater at elevated temperatures and summarizes recent advances in membrane fabrication techniques, including blending, crosslinking, and nanocomposite approaches. The review also identifies future research directions in this field to meet the growing demand for sustainable water treatment solutions. [Display omitted] • Thermally stable polymeric membranes having environmental stability in water/wastewater treatment were discussed. • Structural properties and various strategies applied to increase the stability of polymers were discussed. • The high temperature resistant membrane separation processes including MF/UF, NF/RO, and MD systems were reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petrochemical industries produce a huge amount of wastewater during the production of various petrochemical products. The generated wastewater must be properly treated before being released into the environment because it contains harmful chemical compounds that affect human health, the aquatic ecosystem, and the environment. However, studies on the lifecycle assessment of petrochemical wastewater treatment processes on energy recovery are rare. This paper aims to evaluate the environmental impact of an industrial-scale petrochemical wastewater treatment plant (PWWTP) in the Malaysian state of Pahang using a life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The goal of this LCA study was to assess the environmental benefits and drawbacks of an existing treatment plant where greenhouse gas emissions are released directly into the air. In addition, the environmental impacts of the existing treatment plant were compared with those observed in an ideal case in which the methane gas is reused as an energy source. The 2001 version of the Center of Environmental Science-Leiden University (CML2001) impact assessment method was employed using GaBi 9 software, which entailed the analysis of the operational, sludge landfilling, and sludge transportation phases of the treatment process. Among the inventory components, the wastewater (direct emission) showed the highest eutrophication potential (EP) and global warming potential (GWP) in both the actual and hypothetical cases. In contrast, the electricity generation inventory component caused an increased acidification potential (AP) in the case of the existing treatment plant. Most of the global warming potential impact from the treatment results from the anaerobic digestion process. Other indirect global warming potential impacts from the chemical consumption (34.7 kg CO 2 -eq) and solid sludge transport (13.7 kg CO 2 -eq) are minimal compared to the treatment and electricity consumption impacts. The second most relevant source of the environmental impact of the treatment plant is electricity generation, which has impacted many categories. Acidification potential (89.2%), fossil abiotic depletion (59.4%), marine ecotoxicity (52%), human toxicity (45%), photochemical ozone depletion, and global warming (15%) are the main impact categories that significantly contributed by electricity consumption by the plant. Simple integration of the anaerobic digestion in the secondary treatment stage with the energy recovery unit reduced the total environmental impact by 30%. The results demonstrate that the least environmental impact was registered for the case where the methane gas produced from the anaerobic digestion is reused, indicating that the use of clean energy can reduce both the overall environmental burden and the treatment plant's operational costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an extended mathematical model for a microbial desalination cell (MDC), integrating Haldane kinetics for substrate inhibition and proton translocation theory for substrate dissociation under dynamic flow. The model is capable of predicting exoelectrogenic and methanogenic biomass dynamics, acetate removal efficiencies, salt concentration changes, and current production. Notably, it can be used to explore the influence of operational parameters such as dilution rates, temperatures, and external resistances. Our simulations reveal the optimal conditions for maximizing exoelectrogen concentration (500 mg/L) with minimal methanogen presence (50 mg/L) in the anode chamber at an anolyte dilution rate of 0.5 d−1, a temperature of 20 °C, and an influent acetate concentration of 1500 mg/L. The model accurately predicts the salt reduction in the middle chamber (from 0.2 to 0.09 mol/L) with a salt dilution rate of 0.5 d−1 and an external resistance of 20 Ohm. The model predicts a peak power output of 2.5 mW at external resistances between 20 and 50 Ohm. The model was validated against a suite of experimental literature data, including our previously published lab-scale studies, verifying its accuracy in predicting organic and salt removal rates, current production, and desalination efficiency. This extended model is a valuable tool for understanding the complex interactions between factors that influence MDC performance and can guide the optimization of MDC design for wastewater treatment and desalination. [Display omitted] • The extended MDC model can stimulate oxidizied mediator and substrate inhibition concentrations. • Exoelectrogens and methanogens concentrations are predicted at different anolyte dilution rates. • Hydrolysis of soluble organic substrate indicates the pH effect on MDC performance. • Acetate and salt removal can be efficiently detected using an extended model. • Cell power and Coulombic efficiency can be optimized at MDC external resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate state estimation of wastewater treatment plants is critical for optimizing wastewater treatment processes and reducing operating costs and energy consumption. Due to their large size and numerous state variables, these wastewater treatment plants are considered as high-dimensional systems. The complexity of wastewater treatment plants results in varying and complex process noise statistics, posing challenges for state estimation. This paper proposes a novel state estimation method for wastewater treatment plants subject to inaccurate process noise statistics. The high-dimensional state vector is partitioned into multiple state blocks based on the system architecture, and lost correlations between blocks are compensated by considering time-series correlations. Real-time modification of the process noise covariance matrix is applied to adaptively adjust the inaccurate process noise statistics and compensate for errors from block division. It is verified through simulations that the proposed Bayesian algorithm can achieve satisfactory estimation results while the computational cost is moderate. • WWTP is divided into subsystems for faster state estimation. • Using time series association to make up for block division errors. • Introducing auxiliary variables for correction of process noise covariance matrix. • Adjusting process noise covariance matrix compensates for partitioning errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the treatment of heavy metal (HM)-polluted wastewater, an increasing number of novel and practical adsorbents have been developed and applied, especially cellulose-based materials, which have received increasing attention from researchers in recent years. This research has mainly focused on the influencing factors, thermodynamics, and kinetics of HM ion removal, and the associated mechanisms have been investigated theoretically. Density functional theory (DFT) is typically combined with experimental research to develop new materials and investigate their applications, and considerable progress has been achieved. Parameters calculated by DFT, such as the adsorption or interaction energy (E ads), frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), natural bond orbitals (NBOs), electrostatic potential (ESP), and Mulliken population, play a crucial role in the study of adsorption behaviour. In this paper, the developments in DFT calculations of the properties of cellulose-based materials, as well as the applications and technical factors related to the removal of HM ions and HM composite pollutants, are reviewed. Furthermore, our team has focused on DFT approaches such as the sequential investigation of adsorption structure → functional groups → key elements. This sequential approach was used to assess the removal of HM ions and complexation–decomplexation–recomplexation processes related to the adsorption of HM composite pollutants to provide insights and methods supporting the development and substantive application of cellulose-based materials. [Display omitted] • Cellulose-based materials showed excellent performance in HMs-contained wastewater. • DFT calculations played a key role in quantitative analysis of adsorption mechanism. • DFT calculations can predict and provide key non-experimental information. • Our research explored a set of DFT calculations routes suitable for HMs removal. • DFT can reveal the mechanism such as complexation-discomplexation-recomplexation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of a large amount of quality-related but hard-to-measure variables usually makes effective monitoring of industrial processes difficult, and even impossible. Soft computing techniques and digital twins can revolutionize standard approaches to solve this issue, even though industrial data are frustrated by nonlinearity, disturbances, and dynamic behaviors. In this light, this paper proposes a data-driven soft sensor with the help of the Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (FAST) and improved probabilistic regularized echo state network (IPRESN), then to twin the quality hardware sensors. Within this framework, the initial step is to rely on the FAST method to measure the collaborated importance of multiple process variables with respect to each quality variable. This quantification facilitates the selection of auxiliary variables for the training of IPRESN. Furthermore, a probabilistic regularization method is learned to improve the robust performance of the echo state network (ESN) by re-designing a new objective function to minimize the mean and variance of the modeling error. Additionally, the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is improved and then used to optimize the critical hyper-parameters of ESN, thus mitigating the risks associated with suboptimal hyperparameter selection. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through a Benchmark Simulation Model 2 (BSM2) and a full-scale wastewater treatment plant data set. The findings show the potential of the proposed method in facilitating digital twin implementations for hardware sensors. • A novel soft sensor framework is proposed to enable multi-variable prediction and digital twins. • The Fourier amplitude sensitivity test is used to select optimal auxiliary variables. • A Probabilistic regularization method is learned to enhance the robustness of ESN. • The whale optimization algorithm is improved and then used to optimize the hyper-parameters of ESN. • The methodology is validated through two process data sets with different patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity for effective wastewater treatment and purification has grown as a result of the increasing pollution issues brought on by industrial and municipal wastewater. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology stands out when compared to other treatment methods because of its high efficiency, environmental friendliness, small footprint, and ease of maintenance. However, the development and application of membrane bioreactors has been severely constrained by the higher cost and shorter service life of these devices brought on by membrane biofouling issues resulting from contaminants and bacteria in the water. The nanoscale size of the electrospinning products provides unique microstructure, and the technology facilitates the production of structurally different membranes, or the modification and functionalization of membranes, which makes it possible to solve the membrane fouling problem. Therefore, many current studies have attempted to use electrospinning in MBRs to address membrane fouling and ultimately improve treatment efficacy. Meanwhile, in addition to solving the problem of membrane fouling, the fabrication technology of electrospinning also shows great advantages in constructing thin porous fiber membrane materials with controllable surface wettability and layered structure, which is helpful for the performance enhancement of MBR and expanding innovation. This paper systematically reviews the application and research progress of electrospinning in MBRs. Firstly, the current status of the application of electrospinning technology in various MBRs is introduced, and the relevant measures to solve the membrane fouling based on electrospinning technology are analyzed. Subsequently, some new types of MBRs and new application areas developed with the help of electrospinning technology are introduced. Finally, the limitations and challenges of merging the two technologies are presented, and pertinent recommendations are provided for future research on the use of electrospinning technology in membrane bioreactors. [Display omitted] • The article reviews the research and application of electrospinning technology in different types of MBRs. • The article analyzes several approaches (including novel membrane design, additional features, and technological innovation) to combat membrane fouling and enhance the performance of MBRs with electrospinning technology. • The article discusses the problems of combining electrospinning technology with MBRs and envisions future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The core–shell hybrid MOG@COP is successfully prepared by the solvothermal method. • The MOG@COP is immobilized in sodium alginate to achieve excellent recyclability and shaping appearance. • Adsorption and co-adsorption of CTC and Cr(Ⅵ) by MOG@COP and MOG@COP/SA beads are investigated. • The adsorption/fluorescence mechanism of CTC and Cr(Ⅵ)/Cr(Ⅵ) is proposed. • The MOG@COP/SA beads realize the co-removal of CTC and Cr(Ⅵ), on-site RGB detection of Cr(Ⅵ) and optical anti-counterfeiting in binary system. Co-contamination of antibiotics and heavy metals in water environment has provoked considerable toxicological concerns. Meantime, residue detection of heavy metals as well as national anti-counterfeiting safety also have driven attempts in wastewater treatment. In this paper, a core–shell hybrid MOG@COP is designed with behaviors superior to pristine components by combining a Zr-based metal–organic gel and a guanidine-based covalent organic polymer, for co-adsorption and mono-detection in chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC)-Cr(Ⅵ) co-contamination system and efficient anti-counterfeiting. In single/binary system, the adsorption capacities of CTC and Cr(Ⅵ) behave as 133.69 and 63.45 mg·g−1/181.82 and 64.47 mg·g−1, and the high sensitivity and low detection limit of Cr(Ⅵ) render as 1.46*105 M−1 and 0.20 μM/1.49*102 M−1 and 0.63 mM, respectively. In addition, to solve the powder shortcomings of easy agglomeration and difficult recycling, MOG@COP is fixed into sodium alginate (SA) matrix to fabricate MOG@COP/SA beads, yielding reinforced adsorption performance of CTC/Cr(Ⅵ) in both single system (152.91/92.25 mg·g−1) and binary system (174.83/75.30 mg·g−1). More importantly, a self-constructed adsorption-detection-anti-counterfeiting (ADA) platform is ingeniously developed with the MOG@COP/SA beads as the backfills for continuously processing CTC-Cr(Ⅵ) co-contaminated water, realizing real-time visualization of Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption process and optical anti-counterfeiting protection. In conclusion, this work is expected to not only trigger the reasonable design of the core–shell hybrid MOG@COP/SA beads with versatile performances of simultaneous luminescence monitor, capture and anti-counterfeiting, but also allow the original exploration for all-in-one platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Integration of anammox and heterotrophs in biofilms enhances treatment efficiency. • Biofilms protect anammox from heterotrophs in the presence of organics. • The EPS matrix in biofilms facilitates signal exchange among anammox bacteria. • Hybrid anammox biofilm can be achieved by providing sufficient nitrite by denitrification. • Biofilms show promise for coupling partial denitrification with anammox in practice. Biofilms are the most favorable form of microorganism growth in nature. With the urgent demand for energy-efficient wastewater treatment today, biofilms have become a crucial tool for the implementation of new treatment technologies. Anammox-based processes are gaining global attention due to their low cost and high nitrogen removal efficiency. However, the application of anammox in mainstream wastewater treatment is still confined to laboratory settings and faces two major bottlenecks: 1) the relatively slow growth rate of anammox bacteria and 2) unstable nitrite generation. Fortunately, these issues are expected to be relieved through the integration of biofilm technologies that couple autotrophic and heterotrophic pathways. Moreover, both laboratory and full-scale evidence from recent studies highlight the great potential and versatile capability of anammox-based biofilms integrated with heterotrophic microorganisms. A solid understanding of biofilm formation, control, and optimization has thus become increasingly important for further application. This paper provides a comprehensive review of existing methods and microbial mechanisms for enhancing treatment in anammox-based biofilm systems. It critically analyses the potential roles of biofilm formation in anammox process, spatial development of microbial ecology, bioreactor control, associated challenges and perspectives in practical applications. This review is anticipated to contribute significantly to advancing the understanding of biofilm reactor design and operation in the application of new biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Spectroscopy coupled with modeling is an effective method to analyze complexes. • Emerging technologies are explored for thermodynamic analysis of sludge dewatering. • Latest insights into simulations, such as molecular docking and MD simulations. • High sensitivity analytical methods and uniform standards need to be developed. Sludge represents an inevitable by-product of wastewater treatment, wherein the highly hydrophilic and compressible nature of extracellular polymeric substances poses challenges for effective sludge dewatering. Conditioners can be introduced to induce alterations in sludge to facilitate the separation of water from the sludge, the selection of a conditioner directly influences the ultimate dewatering efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the issues about the interactions between sludge and conditioners to advance the analysis of conditioners for sludge dewatering. We determine the type of interaction in terms of both binding parameters and interaction energy, considering the conditions under which the interaction occurs. This study delineates the current research landscape and recent breakthroughs by employing both direct and indirect analytical methods. Furthermore, we expound on the potential advantages, limitations, and challenges inherent in utilizing computer simulations to analyze interactions, concurrently outlining opportunities for their facilitative role in validating experimental findings. It is imperative to emphasize that each method has distinct strengths and limitations. Subsequent endeavors should be directed toward refining extant techniques. This study offers perspectives and guidance for the selection of a new generation of conditioners characterized by sustainable and ecological benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recovery of silver ions from wastewater is of great importance due to their adverse environmental impact and significant economic value. This paper introduces a novel adsorbent (CS-AHMT) that can be easily synthesized via a one-step functionalization of chitosan with 4-Amino-3-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazol-5-thiol to efficiently recover silver ions from actual wastewater. CS-AHMT demonstrated superior adsorption performance, achieving an adsorption capacity of 241.4 mg·g−1 at pH 5 and 318 K, and the adsorption equilibrium was rapidly attained within 60 to 120 min. Kinetic and isotherm studies indicate that the adsorption process conforms to the pseudo-nth-order (PNO) and Sips models, suggesting a monolayer adsorption that incorporates both physical and chemical processes, with internal mass transfer being the primary rate-limiting step. Electrostatic and coordination interactions are primarily involved in the adsorption mechanism of silver ions on CS-AHMT, as further validated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The selectivity and practical applicability of CS-AHMT were confirmed in real wastewater containing high concentrations of competing ions. The findings underscore the potential of CS-AHMT as an effective adsorbent for silver ion recovery in wastewater treatment applications. [Display omitted] • One-step functionalization of chitosan with rich adsorption sites for capturing Ag+. • CS-AHMT enables rapid and efficient recovery of Ag+. • CS-AHMT exhibits excellent stability, selectivity, and reusability. • The adsorption mechanism involves electrostatic attraction and coordination. • CS-AHMT has a higher electron density around its functional groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the rapid development of the large-scale aquaculture industry has generated substantial economic benefits, positioning it as one of the fastest-growing sectors in global agricultural production. However, improper management practices in aquaculture, including overfeeding, improper feed selection, antibiotic misuse, high stocking densities, inappropriate choice of aquaculture species, and improper discharge of aquaculture wastewater, have resulted in significant watershed pollution in agriculture and the wastage of valuable resources. To address these challenges, extensive research and application of wastewater treatment technologies have been conducted in large-scale aquaculture in China. This review provides an overview of current cases and applications of wastewater treatment in large-scale aquaculture in China, focusing on four common intensive wastewater treatment methods: constructed wetland treatment model, ecological ditch treatment model, Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture model, and recirculating aquaculture model. The constructed wetlands utilize plants and microorganisms to purify both organic and inorganic pollutants in water, while ecological ditches employ engineering measures such as sedimentation ponds, interception ditches, and aeration devices to achieve wastewater treatment. Additionally, other aquaculture models are highlighted, such as Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMTA), which emphasizes synergistic interactions between aquaculture species and the recycling of nutrients, and the Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS), which utilize water circulation and treatment equipment for wastewater treatment. The consequences and benefits of these systems in pollution reduction are described. These treatment technologies have made significant progress, offering theoretical guidance for environmentally friendly aquaculture production and the maintenance of ecological stability in aquaculture water bodies. Each wastewater treatment model has a different function, target, and methodology. Finally, this paper proposes directions and recommendations for future pollution management in large-scale aquaculture in China, including strengthening technological research and development, the combined application of multiple treatment models, promoting industry collaboration, and achieving resource sharing. These efforts will contribute to further promoting the sustainable development of China's aquaculture industry and provide valuable experiences and references for other countries and regions. • CWs and ecological ditch use plants and microorganisms to purify wastewater. • IMTA maximizes species interactions for efficient nutrient cycling. • RAS uses equipment to remove pollutants from aquaculture water for recirculation. • Utilizing multiple purification modes can enhance wastewater treatment efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Faradaic efficiency calculations to diversify between two and four-electron water oxidation. • Molybdenum (VI) oxide as a promising catalyst towards two-electron water oxidation. • In-situ tracking of wastewater analogue (methylene blue) concentration during electrolysis process. The measurements of gas volumes evolved during electrochemical wastewater treatment provide the information on the process faradaic efficiency. This work demonstrates how it enables identification of the water oxidation pathway (2 or 4 electron) in flow electrolysis process through the application of the formulae suggested in the study. This way, the real wastewater oxidation strength, i.e. production of hydrogen peroxide can be determined based on calculations. These provide more accurate results than direct measurements of accumulated hydrogen peroxide concentration after the electrolysis process, as its instability may lead to its immediate decomposition and false results. As an example provided in the paper, the application of MoO 3 as a catalyst in the carbon composite electrode indicates almost no hydrogen peroxide detected after the process, whereas its oxidative properties owing to production of hydroxyradicals demonstrate complete decomposition of wastewater analogue (methylene blue). The calculations point to high production of H 2 O 2. Using pure carbon material without the catalyst in the same experiment, decomposition occurs at much lower rate. The possible mechanisms behind the processes are discussed. The approach presented in the work can aid to efficient development of catalysts towards two-electron water oxidation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Theoretical examination of adsorption systems. • Statistical physics modeling to experimental data of Remacryl Red TGL dye adsorption isotherms onto the untreated coffee residues. • Four different models are adopted: a monolayer with one or two or three horizontal energies and a double-layer with two vertical energies. • The adsorption process is found to be of chemisorptive nature. In this current paper, we perform a theoretical examination of adsorption systems undertaken through the application of statistical physics modeling to experimental data Remacryl Red TGL (BR) dye adsorption isotherms onto the untreated coffee residues (UCR) based adsorbents at 298–338 K range. The experimental values exhibited a strong agreement with the predicted values, and the developed model received high approval. Significant parameters are theoretically discussed such as thermodynamic, energetic, and stereographic factors which determine the (BR) adsorption onto UCR. In the pursuit of unraveling the adsorption mechanism, four different models are adopted: a monolayer with one energy (Model 1), a monolayer with two horizontal energies (Model 2), a monolayer with three energies (Model 3) and a double-layer with two vertical energies (Model 4). The analysis considered both steric and energetic parameters associated with the adsorption reaction, namely the number of adsorbed particles per site (n 1 and n 2), the receptor sites density (N 1m and N 2m), and the concentration at half-saturation. It appears that the experimental data aligns well with a monolayer model characterized by two energy states. The variations in these factors are examined in relation to the temperature of absorption isotherms. More importantly, the calculation of adsorption energies unequivocally pointed out that the adsorption process is of a chemisorptive nature. Our findings indicate that (UCR) could be utilized as a low-cost alternative adsorbent in wastewater treatment to eliminate the Remacryl Red TGL (BR) dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Calix [4] arene-TPE and sulfonate copolymer were synthesized. • In comparison to CP-TPE, the modified CP-TPE-SO 3 H was hydrophilic. • CP-TPE-SO 3 H exhibits stronger electrostatic interaction than CP-TPE. • The pseudo-second-order rate constant of POP-TPE-SO 3 H toward TC is 0.0407 g mg−1 min−1. Removal of cationic pollutants, including dyes, herbicides, and antibiotics from water is significant owing to their persistence, bioaccumulation, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive risks. In this paper, a calixarene-tetraphenyl ethylene containing copolymer adsorbent, named CP-TPE, was synthesized using the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction between the resorcinol calixarene and tetraphenyl ethylene boric acid esters. Subsequently, the phenolic groups on the CP-TPE were further reacted with chlorosulfonic acid, resulting in a sulfonated product named CP-TPE-SO 3 H. The introduction of the sulfonate groups not only significantly improved the hydrophilicity of CP-TPE-SO 3 H but also enhanced the electrostatic interaction between CP-TPE-SO 3 H and cationic molecules, achieving an outstanding maximum adsorption capacity for paraquat (representative herbicide, 300.06 mg g−1) and tetracycline hydrochloride (representative antibiotic, 888.74 mg g−1), which surpassed the majority of reported polymeric adsorbents. Moreover, the k 2 of CP-TPE-SO 3 H on TC (0.0407 g mg−1 min−1) reached the maximum value reported so far. This study demonstrated the significance and superiority of sulfonation modification in synthesizing POPs-based adsorbents, which can be potentially employed in real wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastic pollution is one of the most pressing global environmental problems due to its harmful effects on living organisms and ecosystems. To address this issue, researchers have explored several techniques to successfully eliminate microplastics from water sources. Chemical coagulation, electrocoagulation, magnetic extraction, adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, and biodegradation are some of the recognized techniques used for the removal of microplastics from water. In addition, membrane-based techniques encompass processes propelled by pressure or potential, along with sophisticated membrane technologies like the dynamic membrane and the membrane bioreactor. Recently, researchers have been developing advanced membranes composed of metal-organic frameworks, MXene, zeolites, carbon nanomaterials, metals, and metal oxides to remove microplastics. This paper aims to analyze the effectiveness, advantages, and drawbacks of each method to provide insights into their application for reducing microplastic pollution. • Microplastic occurrence in wastewater treatment plants is raised. • Conventional microplastic removal techniques are presented and compared. • Pressure-driven membrane techniques for microplastic removal are discussed. • Extended membrane technologies like dynamic membrane and MBR are reviewed. • Use of nanomaterials in membrane for enhanced microplastic removal is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forward osmosis (FO) technology is an emerging technology in wastewater treatment, benefiting from its 'zero' energy consumption and 'zero' pollution. Draw solute (DS) selection is a key challenge for FO technology. Recently, increasing studies were focus on the regenerated and recoverable DS, with the aiming of finding a simple, energy-efficient and low-cost way to reuse it for subsequent cycle-to-cycle of the FO process. The responsive DS have been great concerned for their ability to change their speciation, conformation, morphology or properties under different stimulus conditions. The water molecules are separated from the responsive DS with desired simple stimulation procedure. The modified materials and modification methods has been extensively studied to improve the characteristics of responsive DS, such as stimulus sensitivity, water drawing capacity and low transmembrane penetration. This paper systematically summarized the responsive mechanism, modified materials, modification methods, responsive capacity, FO performance, commercial feasibility of responsive DS, including magnetism-responsive DS, CO 2 -responsive DS, thermo-responsive DS, pH-responsive DS, electric-responsive DS, and solar energy-responsive DS. The characteristics of all types of responsive DS were comprehensively analyzed and comparison. This review aims to fully clarify the current development of responsive DS and lay the foundation for the future development of FO technology. • The responsive mechanism of responsive DS was summarized. • The FO performances and stability of responsive DS was evaluated. • The modified materials and modification methods were exhibited. • The application, feasibility and commerciality of responsive DS were analyzed. • The influence of responsive DS on environment was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A diverting erythrocyte-like BiOBr/Bi 2 WO 6 composite was fabricated by one-step method successfully. • The reduction of grain boundaries induced stronger photoelectric conversion ability. • Experiments and DFT results demonstrated the Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism. • The erythrocyte-like BiBW composite showed the superior universality for removal of organic contaminants. • The reaction sites and degradation route of ciprofloxacin were investigated thoroughly. As a green and sustainable technology, semiconductor photocatalysis mediated by heterojunction has shown great potential in the removal of organic pollutants from water environment. Yet, the nugatory recombination of photogenerated carriers induced by strong Coulombic forces lead to inferior photoactivity of semiconductor photocatalysts. In this paper, the erythrocyte-like composite (BiBrW) was designed to drive Z-type separation of photogenerated carriers through heterojunction interface by tight coupling between BiOBr and Bi 2 WO 6. Combined with the results of characterizations, CTAB used in the synthesis process not only provides a bromine source but also serves as a surfactant to modulate the morphology of Bi 2 WO 6 from petal-like to erythrocyte-like morphology. In contrast with the BiOBr/Bi 2 WO 6 material fabricated via the in-situ growth method, the BiBrW composite displayed a uniform erythrocyte-like morphology with fewer grain boundaries by lamellar stacking of nanosheets. The combined effect of the construction of heterojunction and lessened grain boundaries endowed the BiBrW composite with augmented physicochemical properties, thereby enhancing its photocatalytic removal performance for various contaminants. Based on theoretical calculations, HPLC-MS tests and toxicity analysis, the reaction sites, degradation pathway and toxic evolution of ciprofloxacin (CIP) during the process of photodegradation were thoroughly elucidated, respectively. Moreover, the BiBrW catalyst still exhibits significant degradation performance for CIP under the excitation of natural sunlight. For different water qualities and distinct target pollutants (2- sec -butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (DNBP), tetracycline (TC) and bisphenol A (BPA)), the catalyst maintains excellent photocatalytic removal capabilities, reflecting the superior universality of BiBrW catalyst. This research proposed novel mentality for preparation of heterojunction photocatalysts with less grain boundaries to assist in restoration of water environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in the treatment of wastewater has achieved increasing attention, as it enhances the efficiency and sustainability of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This paper explores the application of ANN-based models in WWTPs, focusing on the latest published research work, by presenting the effectiveness of ANNs in predicting, estimating, and treatment of diverse types of wastewater. Furthermore, this review comprehensively examines the applicability of the ANNs in various processes and methods used for wastewater treatment, including membrane and membrane bioreactors, coagulation/flocculation, UV-disinfection processes, and biological treatment systems. Additionally, it provides a detailed analysis of pollutants viz organic and inorganic substances, nutrients, pharmaceuticals, drugs, pesticides, dyes, etc., from wastewater, utilizing both ANN and ANN-based models. Moreover, it assesses the techno-economic value of ANNs, provides cost estimation and energy analysis, and outlines promising future research directions of ANNs in wastewater treatment. AI-based techniques are used to predict parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) in WWTP influent. ANNs have been formed for the estimation of the removal efficiency of pollutants such as total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), BOD, and total suspended solids (TSS) in the effluent of WWTPs. The literature also discloses the use of AI techniques in WWT is an economical and energy-effective method. AI enhances the efficiency of the pumping system, leading to energy conservation with an impressive average savings of approximately 10%. The system can achieve a maximum energy savings state of 25%, accompanied by a notable reduction in costs of up to 30%. [Display omitted] • ANNs in wastewater treatment: importance & applications. • Thorough exploration of ANN applications in treatment technologies. • Utilizing ANN for effective pollutant removal in wastewater. • Comprehensive assessments of cost, energy, and future prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosynthesized nanocomposites, particularly those incorporating carbon-based materials, exhibit exceptional tunability and multifunctionality, surpassing the capabilities of conventional materials in these aspects. Developing practical solutions is critical to address environmental toxins from pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, pesticides, and dyes. Biomass waste is a readily available carbon source, which emerges as a promising material for producing biochar due to its inherent advantages: abundance, low cost, and environmentally friendly nature. This distribution mainly uses carbon-based materials (CBMs) and biomass waste in wastewater treatment. This review paper investigates several CBM types, including carbon aerogels, nanotubes, graphene, and activated carbon. The development of bio-derived carbon-based nanomaterials are discussed, along with the properties and composition of carbon materials derived from biomass waste and various cycles, such as photodegradation, adsorption, and high-level oxidation processes for natural remediation. In conclusion, this review examines the challenges associated with biochar utilization, including cost, recovery, and practical implementation. [Display omitted] • The primary characteristics, methodologies, and usage of biochar-based carbon for environmental remediation. • The use of carbon-based materials derived from biomass. • This review also focuses on various carbon-based materials and combination strategies. • Biomass derived carbon nanocomposites are cost effective, emerging and promising technique. • Composites made from biochar used to clean up contaminated areas in a sustainable way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerobic granular sludge (AGS) biotechnology has been explored for wastewater treatment for over two decades. AGS is gaining increased interest due to its enhanced treatment performance ability and the potential for resource recovery from AGS-based wastewater treatment systems. Resource recovery from AGS is a promising approach to sustainable wastewater treatment and attaining a circular economy in the wastewater management industry. Currently, research is at an advanced stage on recovering value-added resources such as phosphorus, polyhydroxyalkanoates, alginate-like exopolysaccharides, and tryptophan from waste aerobic granules. Recently, other value-added resources, including curdlan, have been identified in the aerobic granule matrix, and this may increase the sustainability of biotechnology in the wastewater industry. This paper provides an overview of AGS resource recovery potential. In particular, the potential for enhanced curdlan biosynthesis in the granule matrix and its recovery from AGS wastewater treatment systems is outlined. [Display omitted] • Phosphorus yield of 25.10 mg/g SS is recoverable from aerobic granular sludge (AGS). • AGS has high polyhydroxyalkanoates storage capacity of 40–70% of cell dry weight. • High selection pressure affects high alginate-like exopolymers recovery (682 mg/gVSS). • Tryptophan yield from conventional activated sludge can be doubled in AGS systems. • Research needed on curdlan biosynthesis in AGS and development of recovery protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The maximum treatment capacity of 1167.44 g is achieved in Mode 1 systems. • Optimization of operating conditions enhances energy efficiency and reduces costs. • Systems in Mode 2 exhibit higher energy efficiency but a lower COD removal value. • Switching modes maximize energy utilization across different application scenarios. A multi-stage reverse electrodialysis reactor (MSREDR) wastewater treatment system with an independent strategy is researched theoretically in this paper. The influences of operating conditions on the system performance and levelized costs are explored. Results illustrate that reducing the number of membrane pairs not only enhances the system performance but also decreases the levelized cost of wastewater treatment. A high concentration of concentrated solution facilitates enhancing the total COD removal value and reducing the levelized cost, but it adversely affects the energy conversion efficiency of the system. The optimal total COD removal value and energy efficiency are respectively 1164.77 g and 3.58 % under the given conditions. However, when the wastewater discharge rate from the plant is lower than the maximum treatment capacity, it transitions from a wastewater treatment mode to a combined power generation and wastewater treatment mode. Compared to the system operating in the wastewater treatment mode, the system operating in the combined power generation and wastewater treatment mode exhibits higher effective energy and energy efficiency but a lower COD removal value. This research successfully achieves the flexible adjustment of operating modes based on real-world applications, thereby maximizing energy efficiency and establishing a theoretical foundation for practical implementations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Various polycarboxylate superplasticizers were chemically grafted onto nano-SiO 2 particles to improve nanoparticle dispersity. • The dye adsorption isotherms were well-described by the Langmuir model. • Modified nano-SiO 2 dye adsorption capacity was affected by PCE charge characteristics. • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed distinctive adsorption energy. Recently, nano-SiO 2 particles have been reported to show good potential for wastewater treatment due to their advantages of low toxicity, chemical stability, and excellent biocompatibility. However, the effective dispersion of nanoparticles in extreme pH or ionic conditions remains to be a challenge for practical applications. Among the dispersion methods, surface chemical modification reveals advantages of enhanced stability and dispersity. In this paper, various polycarboxylate superplasticizers (PCE) were chemically grafted onto precursor nano-SiO 2 particles to improve their dispersity. The adsorption behavior of methylene blue dye on these PCE-modified nanoparticles was then investigated. Importantly, the obtained dye adsorption isotherms were well-described by the Langmuir model. Although the introduced PCE weakened the dye adsorption performance, the innovatively incorporated carboxylate or phosphate groups effectively remedied the defect. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were consistent with the observed adsorption properties of these nanoparticles. This study provides a new insight into the trade-off between nano-silica dispersity and adsorption capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]