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Postpartum depression (PPD) poses significant challenges, affecting both mothers and children, with substantial societal and economic implications. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy interventions (iCBT) offer promise in addressing PPD, but their economic impact remains unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-utility of Be a Mom, a self-guided iCBT intervention, compared with a waiting-list control among postpartum women at high risk of PPD. This economic evaluation was conducted alongside a 14-month randomized controlled trial adopting a societal perspective. Participants were randomized to Be a Mom (n = 542) or a waitlisted control group (n = 511). Self-report data on healthcare utilization, productivity losses, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were collected at baseline, post-intervention, and 4 and 12 months post-intervention. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated, and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves were generated using nonparametric bootstrapping. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess result robustness. Over 14 months, Be a Mom generated a QALY gain of 0.0184 (0.0022, 0.0346), and cost savings of EUR 34.06 (−176.16, 108.04) compared to the control group. At a willingness to pay of EUR 20,000, Be a Mom had a 97.6 % probability of cost-effectiveness. Results have limitations due to self-selected sample, potential recall bias in self-reporting, missing data, limited follow-up, and the use of a waiting-list control group. This study addresses a critical gap by providing evidence on the cost-utility of an iCBT intervention tailored for PPD prevention. Further research is essential to identify scalable and cost-effective interventions for reducing the burden of PPD. • First randomized trial on cost-utility of iCBT for prevention of PPD • Compared to the control group, the intervention yielded more QALYs and less costs over 14 months. • The intervention had a 97.6 % probability of cost-effectiveness at a WTP of EUR 20,000. • iCBT has the potential to be adopted as a cost-effective preventive strategy for PPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depressed patients who have become victim of violence are prone to revictimization. However, no evidence-based interventions aimed at reducing revictimization in this group exist. This multicenter randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of an internet-based emotion regulation training (iERT) added to TAU in reducing revictimization, emotion dysregulation, and depressive symptoms in recently victimized, depressed patients compared to TAU alone. Adult outpatients (N = 153) with a depressive disorder who had experienced threat, physical assault, or sexual assault within the previous three years were randomly allocated to TAU+iERT (n = 74) or TAU (n = 79). TAU involved psychotherapy (mainly cognitive behavioral therapy [77.8 %]). iERT comprised six guided online sessions focused on the acquisition of adaptive emotion regulation skills. The primary outcome measure was the number of revictimization incidents at 12 months after baseline, measured with the Safety Monitor. Analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Both groups showed a large decrease in victimization incidents. Mixed-model negative binomial regression analyses showed that TAU+iERT was not effective in reducing revictimization compared to TAU (IRR = 0.97; 95%CI = 0.64,1.46; p =.886). Linear mixed-model analyses demonstrated that TAU+iERT yielded a larger reduction of emotion dysregulation (B = −7.217; p =.046; Cohens d = 0.33), but not depressive symptoms (B = −1.041; p =.607) than TAU. The study was underpowered to detect small treatment effects. Additionally, uptake of iERT was quite low. Although TAU+iERT resulted in a larger decrease of emotion dysregulation than TAU alone, it was not effective in reducing revictimization and depressive symptoms. Patients' revictimization risk substantially decreased during psychotherapy. • Online emotion regulation training improved emotion regulation in depressed patients. • iERT did not reduce revictimization rates or depressive symptoms compared to TAU. • Violent victimization rates decreased substantially during psychotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjective support could ameliorate the adverse effect of (pre)frailty on depressive symptoms. However, there is scarce evidence regarding subjective support-focused intervention in preventing depression among (pre)frail community-dwelling older adults. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of subjective support-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (SS-CBT) in preventing depression among this group of population. A total of 100 community-dwelling (pre)frail older adults were recruited from six communities in a Chinese city and were randomized to an 8-week SS-CBT group or a wait-list control group. Depressive symptoms and subjective support were assessed at baseline (T0), and at 8 week (T1), 12 week (T2), 16 week (T3) after randomization. Generalized estimating equation was used to examine the effectiveness of SS-CBT on depressive symptoms and subjective support. Hierarchical linear regression models and Bootstrapping method were used to examine whether subjective support mediated the effectiveness of SS-CBT on depressive symptoms. Participants in SS-CBT group reported significant reduction in depressive symptoms (Wald χ 2 = 20.800, p < 0.001) and improvement in subjective support (Wald χ 2 = 92.855, p < 0.001) compared to those in wait-list control group. Changes in subjective support mediated the effectiveness of SS-CBT on changes in depressive symptoms. Restricted regions to recruit participants, inclusion of the most motivated participants, lack of diagnosis of depression, potential experimenter bias and contamination, short follow-up period, and lack of an active control group. The findings support the benefits of SS-CBT in preventing depression among (pre)frail community-dwelling older adults, and provide insight into possible mechanisms. • (Pre)frail older adults are more likely to experience depression. • Subjective support is effective in protecting depression. • Cognitive behavioral therapy has the potential to improve subjective support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discrepancies between sleep diaries and actigraphy occur among individuals with insomnia. Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) improves insomnia but the impact on discrepancy is unclear. This study examined CBT-I's effects on actigraphy-diary discrepancy and explored sleep-related beliefs and attitudes as a mediator. Participants were 108 (age M ± SD = 47.23 ± 12.42, 67.60 % female) adults with insomnia and major depressive disorder from the Treatment of Insomnia and Depression study. They were randomized to 7 sessions of CBT-I or sham Quasi-Desensitization Therapy for Insomnia (DTI), plus 16 weeks of antidepressants. Two weeks of actigraphy and sleep diary were collected at baseline, mid-treatment, end-treatment. Differences between sleep diary and actigraphy total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency (SOL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep efficiency (SE) were calculated. Participants completed Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale (DBAS) at baseline and mid-treatment. At baseline, diary (versus actigraphy) TST was shorter (1.1 ± 1.41h), whilst SOL (21.64 ± 41.25min) and WASO (17.45 ± 61.99min) were longer. Mixed effects models using daily data showed that after adjusting for age and sex, participants in the CBT-I group (versus DTI) showed greater reduction in all actigraphy-diary discrepancy domains (all p-values <.01), reductions evident from mid-treatment. Group differences on actigraphy-diary discrepancy reductions in TST, SOL, and SE (not WASO) were mediated by changes in DBAS from baseline to mid-treatment (all p-values <.05). Changes in discrepancy did not mediate insomnia symptom changes (p-values >.39). CBT-I reduced actigraphy-diary discrepancy in individuals with comorbid insomnia and depression; this reduction was associated with improved sleep-related attitudes, a therapeutic target of CBT-I. TRIAD (Treatment of Insomnia and Depression): Improving Depression Outcome by Adding Insomnia Therapy to Antidepressants. Prospectively registered with Clinical Trials (NCT00767624). MH078924, MH078961, MH079256. • Individuals with insomnia and depression reported shorter and worse sleep compared to actigraphy measures. • CBT-I reduced actigraphy-diary discrepancy in these individuals. • Discrepancy reduction was associated with improved sleep-related attitudes and beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the results of the Improving Mood with Psychoanalytic and Cognitive Therapies (IMPACT) study and its implications for psychological treatment of adolescents with moderate to severe unipolar major depression. IMPACT was a pragmatic, superiority, randomized controlled trial conducted in the United Kingdom, which compared the clinical and cost-effectiveness of short-term psychoanalytic therapy (STPP), cognitive−behavioral therapy (CBT), and a brief psychosocial intervention (BPI) in reducing depression symptoms in 465 adolescents with unipolar major depression, aged 11 to 17 years. Although this was a clinically heterogeneous group of adolescents, some symptoms (eg, sleep and concentration difficulties, irritability/anger) were common and disabling. The trial reported no significant difference among the 3 treatments in reducing depression symptoms. One year after treatment, 84% of participants showed improvement in depressive symptoms (<50% of baseline symptoms) and improved psychosocial functioning, achieving this through different symptom reduction trajectories. Although participants attended fewer treatment sessions than planned, the 3 treatments were delivered with fidelity to their respective models. Ending treatment without therapist agreement occurred in 37% of cases. This was not associated with outcomes by treatment group. Adolescents emphasized the importance of the therapeutic relationship in all 3 treatments. Results suggest that although most adolescents respond to time-limited, structured psychological therapy, subgroups of depressed adolescents are likely to need additional treatment or support. These include adolescents who live in complex circumstances and/or who believe that their needs are not met in therapy, some who stop treatment early, and the 16% to 18% of adolescents who do not respond to treatment. Improving Mood and Preventing Relapse With Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy; https://www.isrctn.com ; ISRCTN83033550. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leveraging military veterans' intimate relationships during treatment has the potential to concurrently improve posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and relationship quality. Cognitive-Behavioral Conjoint Therapy (CBCT) and an 8-session Brief Cognitive-Behavioral Conjoint Therapy (bCBCT) are manualized treatments designed to simultaneously improve PTSD and relationship functioning for couples in which one partner has PTSD. Although efficacious in improving PTSD, the effects of CBCT on relationship satisfaction are small, especially among veterans. Intranasal oxytocin, which targets mechanisms of PTSD and relationship quality, may enhance the efficacy of bCBCT. The purpose of this 4-year clinical trial is to compare the outcomes of bCBCT augmented with intranasal oxytocin versus bCBCT plus placebo. We will also explore potential mechanisms of action: self-reported communication skills, empathy, and trust. We will recruit 120 dyads (i.e., veteran with PTSD and their intimate partner) from the VA San Diego Healthcare System. Veterans will be administered 40 international units of oxytocin (n = 60) or placebo (n = 60) 30 min before each of 8 bCBCT sessions delivered via telehealth. Clinical and functioning outcomes will be assessed at five timepoints (baseline, mid-treatment, post-treatment, and 3- and 6-month follow-up). Study findings will reveal the efficacy of oxytocin-assisted brief couple therapy for PTSD, which could serve as highly scalable option for couples coping with PTSD, as well as provide preliminary evidence of interpersonal mechanisms of change. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06194851 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with a history of moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) experience a significantly higher prevalence of insomnia compared to the general population. While individuals living with TBI have been shown to benefit from traditional insomnia interventions (e.g., face-to-face [F2F]), such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT I), many barriers exist that limit access to F2F evidence-based treatments. Although computerized CBT-I (CCBT-I) is efficacious in terms of reducing insomnia symptoms, individuals with moderate-severe TBI may require support to engage in such treatment. Here we describe the rationale, design, and methods of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) assessing the efficacy of a guided CCBT-I program for reducing insomnia symptoms for participants with a history of moderate-severe TBI. This is an RCT of a guided CCBT-I intervention for individuals with a history of moderate-severe TBI and insomnia. The primary outcome is self-reported insomnia severity, pre- to post-intervention. Exploratory outcomes include changes in sleep misperception following CCBT-I and describing the nature of guidance needed by the Study Clinician during the intervention. This study represents an innovative approach to facilitating broader engagement with an evidence-based online treatment for insomnia among those with a history of moderate-severe TBI. Findings will provide evidence for the level and nature of support needed to implement guided CCBT-I. Should findings be positive, this study would provide support for a strategy by which to deliver guided CCBT-I to individuals with a history of moderate-severe TBI. • There is a high prevalence of sleep disorders, including insomnia, following moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). • Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CCBT-I) may help address barriers to accessing traditional treatments for insomnia. • Individuals with moderate-severe TBI often have impairments that may interfere with the uptake of CCBT-I. • Provider supported CCBT-I may increase efficacy of CCBT-I among some cohorts, such as those with a history of moderate-severe TBI. • This is a randomized controlled trial of a CCBT-I intervention for individuals with current insomnia and a history of moderate-severe TBI. • Positive results could support the development of a stepped-care model of CCBT-I following moderate-severe TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A home-delivered non-pharmacological intervention contributed to reducing the immediate total and social loneliness of homebound older adults. • The decrease in perceived social loneliness mediated the improvement of depressive symptom levels. • Social loneliness may be a relevant target of intervention to improve depressive symptomatology. The present study aimed to explore whether the Homebound Elderly People Psychotherapeutic Intervention (HEPPI), a home-delivered ten-week cognitive-emotional intervention, was effective in reducing self-reported loneliness among homebound older adults presenting mild cognitive impairment and psychological symptomatology. Effects of HEPPI in total, social, and emotional loneliness, compared with a treatment-as-usual group, were investigated at post-intervention and 3-month follow-up. In addition, the potential role of social and emotional loneliness as mediators of the HEPPI impact on episodic memory and symptoms of depression and anxiety was examined. This study built upon the data of a previously conducted randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the HEPPI group (n = 98) or the treatment-as-usual group (n = 101) and completed baseline, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up assessments, including measures of loneliness (UCLA - Loneliness scale), episodic memory (Wechsler Memory Scale-III), depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale-30), and anxiety symptoms (Geriatric Anxiety Inventory). Data were analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis employing linear mixed models and mediation analyses for repeated measures. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05499767. Compared with usual care controls, the HEPPI participants reported a significant immediate decrease in total and social loneliness, but these effects were not maintained at a 3-month follow-up. The reduction in immediate perceived social loneliness significantly mediated the improvement of depressive symptoms. The current findings suggest that HEPPI potentially reduced total and social loneliness of the homebound older population immediately post-intervention, and such decrease in social loneliness may be a relevant mechanism for improving their short-term depressive symptomatology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) is an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder, many socially anxious patients are still symptomatic after treatment. A possible improvement for CBGT could come from the more experiential group psychotherapy, psychodrama (PD). The integration of CBGT and PD (labeled CBPT) might offer an even more effective treatment than CBGT or PD alone. With the present study, we investigated first whether three kinds of group therapy (CBGT, PD, and CBPT) are superior to a waitlist (WL). Second, we investigated whether CBPT is more effective than CBGT or PD alone. One hundred and forty-four social anxiety patients were randomly assigned to three active conditions or a WL. After wait, WL-participants were randomized over the active treatment conditions. The results of a multilevel analysis showed that all treatments were superior to WL in reducing social anxiety complaints. Only CBGT and CBPT differed significantly from WL in reducing fear of negative evaluations. There were no significant differences between active conditions in any of the variables after treatment and after six-month follow up, neither were there significant differences in treatment dropout. First there is the lack of a long-term follow-up. Second, because of loss of participants, we did not reach the planned numbers in the active treatment groups in comparison to WL. Moreover, this study was not designed as a non-inferiority or equivalence trial. Although the integrative CBPT showed good results, it was not more effective than the other treatments. • All treatments were superior to the waiting list group in reducing social anxiety. • Compared to WL, CBGT and CBPT but not PD decreased fear of negative evaluation. • Comparing only active treatments, no treatment was superior to another treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatments for eating disorders are moderately effective, with cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) providing the strongest evidence. However, it remains important to investigate other interventions, particularly for eating disorders with greater complexity (e.g., substantial comorbidity; trauma history) or for patients who have not responded adequately to previous treatments. This randomized controlled trial compared CBT against compassion-focused therapy for eating disorders (CFT-E), where half of the sample had a childhood trauma history. The study was pre-registered and adequately powered. A total of 130 patients were randomly assigned to CBT or CFT-E and were assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment and one-year follow-up. The primary outcome measure was the total score on the Eating Disorder Examination-Interview (EDE), and secondary outcome measures were the Symptom Checklist-90, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems–64 and Post-Traumatic Symptom Scale. Attrition during treatment was low (13%), suggesting good acceptability. Eating pathology (EDE scores) reduced substantially overall, with large effect sizes, and there were no differences between therapies. However, at follow-up, for patients with a childhood trauma history, CFT-E maintained benefits better than CBT. Conclusion : While both CBT and CFT-E resulted in significant reductions in eating pathology, CFT-E showed superior maintenance of benefits for patients with a history of childhood trauma at one-year follow-up, underlining the necessity of tailored interventions for specific patient subgroups. • Lack of treatment studies for eating disorder patients with trauma histories. • First study comparing CFT and CBT for eating disorders. • Both treatments viable; CFT superior in long-term outcomes for patients with trauma histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We assessed chatbot effects on problem gambling, with or without therapist support. • Gambling problems were improved regardless of the presence or absence of therapist support. • Therapist support showed no additional effect on gambling symptoms. • Examining the appropriate intensity and modality of therapist support is needed. Internet-based interventions can be a promising option for individuals with problem gambling facing barriers to seeking help. This study aimed to directly compare the effects of therapist-guided Internet interventions with unguided ones on gambling-related behavior, cognition, and stage of change including help-seeking intention. We conducted a participant-blinded randomized controlled trial of therapist-guided versus unguided groups with a 12-week follow-up. Both groups received self-help chatbot-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy. Additionally, at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4, the guided group received personalized feedback messages from therapists based on their gambling diary and questionnaire responses. The unguided group received reminders of assessments from research assistants. The primary outcome was the change in scores on the Gambling Symptoms Assessment Scale (G-SAS) over 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included the stage of change including help-seeking intention, money wagered, gambling frequency, and gambling-related cognitions. We included 139 participants with a mean Problem Gambling Severity Index total score of 14.6 and a mean G-SAS total score of 27.0 who sought information about gambling problems. Both groups demonstrated substantial decreases in their G-SAS scores from baseline to week 12 (-10.2, 95% CI: −7.67 to −12.7 for the guided group, and 11.7, 95% CI: −9.05 to −14.3 for the unguided group). However, we did not find a significant between-group difference (1.49, 95% CI: −2.20 to 5.17). Regarding the stage of change including help-seeking intention, there were also no between-group differences. Minimum therapist support did not have an additive effect on the self-help chatbot intervention on gambling symptoms, behavior, and the stage of change including help-seeking intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online treatment delivery has the potential to increase access to evidence-based mental health care for children with anxiety disorders. Using a randomized controlled trial design, we evaluated the efficacy of Cool Kids Online, a family-based and therapist supported internet-delivered cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) designed to target anxiety disorders in children. Ninety-five children aged 7–12 years with a DSM-5 anxiety disorder were randomly allocated to Cool Kids Online or a waitlist control. Children were assessed at baseline, week 11, and 6-months following treatment. Children in waitlist received treatment after week 11 and also completed assessments immediately and six months after treatment, allowing treatment maintenance to be evaluated for all children. Compared to waitlist, Cool Kids Online led to significantly greater remission of anxiety disorders (primary and all anxiety diagnoses) and greater reduction of caregiver-reported anxiety symptoms and interference at week 11. Child-reported anxiety symptoms and interference and child- and caregiver-reported depressive or externalizing symptoms did not differ significantly between conditions. Medium to large within-treatment effects were observed for all children from pre to post treatment with post treatment effects maintained until follow-up. Overall, the findings provide support for the efficacy of the program in treating anxiety. Cool Kids Online compared to waitlist for the remission of anxiety disorders in clinically anxious children; anzctr.org.au ; ACTRN12615000947505. • Online family-based cognitive behaviour therapy reduces child anxiety disorders. • Therapist support during online child anxiety programs may be important for change. • Cool Kids Online is a promising method to improve access to child anxiety treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]