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This paper highlights the evolution and impact of the SWAP model (Soil – Water – Atmosphere – Plant), which was initiated by R.A. Feddes and colleagues fifty years ago, in 1974. Since then, the SWAP model has played a crucial role in the advancement of agrohydrology. This paper highlights some major advances that have been made, especially focussing on the last fifteen years. The domain of the SWAP model deals with the simulation of the soil water balance in both unsaturated and saturated conditions. The model solves the Richards equation using the water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions as described by the Van Genuchten – Mualem equations. Bimodal extensions of the Van Genuchten - Mualem relationships have been implemented, as well as modifications near saturation and addressing hysteresis. An important sink term in the Richards equation is root water uptake. Crop development plays an important role in a robust simulation of root water uptake. That is why a link has been made with the dynamic crop growth model WOFOST. Instead of using a prescribed crop development, a distinction between potential and actual crop development is calculated by reducing the potential photosynthesis as a result of water or oxygen stress. Since the early days of SWAP, empirical and macroscopic concepts have been used to simulate root water uptake. Recently two process-based concepts of root water uptake and oxygen stress have also been implemented. Another important sink-source term in the Richards equation is the interaction with artificial drains. In SWAP, drainage can be simulated by either using prescribed or simulated drain heads and simulation of controlled drainage with subirrigation is possible. Finally, we briefly elaborate on three studies using SWAP: water stresses in agriculture in the Netherlands, regional water productivity in China, and controlled drainage with subirrigation. We finish discussing promising developments for the near future. • Advances in soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer modelling in the SWAP model. • Coupling of soil water dynamics with dynamic crop growth model. • Process-based root water uptake and oxygen uptake functions. • Climate-adaptive drainage with subirrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a digital tool named Diversity Perspectives in Social Media (DivPSM) which conducts automated content analysis of strategic diversity communication in organizational social media posts, using supervised machine-learning. DivPSM is trained to identify whether a post makes mention of diversity or a diversity-related issue, and to subsequently code for the presence of three diversity dimensions (cultural/ethnic/racial, gender, and LHGBTQ+ diversity) and three diversity perspectives (the moral, market, and innovation perspectives). In Study 1, we describe the training and validation of the instrument, and examine how it performs compared to human coders. Our findings confirm that DivPSM is sufficiently reliable for use in future research. In study 2, we illustrate the type of data that DivPSM generates, by analyzing the prevalence of strategic diversity communication in social media posts (n = 84,561) of large organizations in the Netherlands. Our results show that in this context gender diversity is most prevalent, followed by LHGBTQ+ and cultural/ethnic/racial diversity. Furthermore, gender diversity is often associated with the innovation perspective, whereas LHGBTQ+ diversity is more often associated with the moral perspective. Cultural/ethnic/racial diversity does not show strong associations with any of the perspectives. Theoretical implications and directions for future research are discussed at the end of the paper. • DivPSM can analyze how organizations communicate about diversity on social media • DivPSM codes whether a post includes cultural/ethnic/racial, gender, or LHGBTQ+ diversity • DivPSM identifies the underlying rationale for diversity management that the organization uses • In social media posts by large Dutch organizations, gender diversity is mentioned most often • Gender diversity is often communicated as a way to increase creativity and innovation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A timber system is proposed for the seismic retrofit of URM buildings. • Analytical equations are derived for design against different failure modes. • Wall in-plane and out-of-plane responses, diaphragms and connections are addressed. • The proposed equations are applied to case-study buildings and structural members. • Good agreement between analytical calculations and experimental data is shown. An innovative timber retrofit was investigated at the EUCENTRE and at the University of Pavia, Italy, as part of a comprehensive research campaign on the seismic vulnerability of existing unreinforced masonry buildings subjected to induced seismicity in The Netherlands. The retrofit system consists of timber frames, connected to the masonry piers and to the floor diaphragms, and oriented-strand board sheathing nailed to the frames and to flexible timber diaphragms. Starting from the main critical aspects observed in experimental tests, the proposed solution was conceived to enhance the in-plane and out-of-plane capacities of masonry piers, improve the overall wall-to-diaphragm connections, increase the floor diaphragm stiffness and strength, and allow possible integration with energy efficiency upgrades. This paper, the first of a series of two, focuses on the conceptual bases of the seismic retrofit system and on the analytical equations that can be used for the design of its components. Moreover, a step-by-step design procedure is presented to guide the reader through the application of these equations. A companion paper [1] will discuss the validation of the analytical formulation with the experimental data from quasi-static cyclic and dynamic shake-table tests on building components and complete specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic pollution has become a global and persistent challenge, posing threats to ecosystems and organisms. In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in scientific research focused on understanding microplastics in the soil‒plant system. This surge is primarily driven by the direct impact of microplastics on agricultural productivity and their association with human activities. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to provide an overview of the current research on microplastics in soil‒plant systems. We systematically analysed 192 articles and observed a significant rise in research interests since 2017. Notably, China has emerged as a leading contributor in terms of published papers, closely followed by Germany and the Netherlands. Through co-authorship network analysis, we identified 634 different institutions that participated in publishing papers in this field, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences having the most collaborations. In the co-occurrence keyword network, we identified four clusters focusing on the diversity of microplastics within the agroecosystem, transportation, and quantification of microplastics in soil, analysis of plastic contamination type and impact, and investigation of microplastic phytotoxicity. Furthermore, we identified ten research priorities, categorized into the effects of microplastics in "soil" and "plant". The research hotspots were found to be the effect of microplastics on soil physicochemical properties and the synergistic phytotoxicity of microplastics with other pollutants. Overall, this bibliometric analysis holds significant value, serving as an important reference point and offering valuable suggestions for future researchers in this rapidly advancing field. [Display omitted] • Bibliometric analysis on the microplastic (MP) in the soil-plant system was conducted. • The research hotspots and progress of MPs in the soil-plant system were demonstrated. • A remarkable increase in research on MPs in the soil-plant system has been recorded since 2017. • Identified ten research priorities on microplastic in the soil-plant system. • Synergistic toxicity of MPs and other pollutants poses a greater risk to soil organisms and plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a shared multi-stakeholder PV system for traction substations and nearby residential loads to reduce the need for storage, AC grid exchange, and curtailment. The residential stakeholders offer both the base electrical load and the solar panels installation space needed by the traction stakeholder, who brings the peak load and investments to the former. Two case studies were conducted for one year in the city of Arnhem, The cy=Netherlands, using comprehensive and verified simulation models: A high-traffic and a low-traffic substation. The results showed a positive, synergetic benefit in reducing the PV system's excess energy and size requirement for any type of traction substations connected to any number of households. In one detailed example, the multi-stakeholder system suggested in this paper is shown to reduce curtailment by up to 80% in moments of zero-traction load. Generally, the direct load coverage of a PV system is increased by as much as 7 absolute percentage points to the single-stakeholder system when looking at energy-neutral system sizes. This multi-stakeholders system offers then an increase in the techno-economic feasibility of PV system integration in urban loads. • Shared PV for traction and residential loads profitable; less storage and curtailment. • Shared PV profitable at any traction traffic value or number of connected households. • Cost of energy always better in the shared PV system compared to a private system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces novel analysis procedures for the structural assessment of masonry earth retaining structures subjected to traffic loading. Given their substantial presence, particularly in transportation networks of historical cities, and the challenges posed by ageing, deterioration, and exposure to loads beyond their original design considerations, this research highlights the necessity of accounting for potential load redistribution mechanisms during their assessment. This can prevent overly conservative interventions that may not be necessary and also contravene sustainability and heritage preservation principles. Four distinct analysis procedures – 2D monotonic, 3D monotonic, 3D static moving load and 3D dynamic moving load – are developed, each progressively more refined than its predecessor in capturing potential load redistribution mechanisms in masonry earth retaining structures. These mechanisms may develop due to the dynamic loading conditions of the vehicular passage, the 3D structural configuration of retaining structures, and non-linear material behaviour. By comparing the structural capacity evaluated using the four procedures, contributions from different sources of load redistribution can be separately quantified, aiding in the reduction of conservatism inherent in less refined assessment procedures. The application of the developed procedures and consequent quantification of load redistribution is demonstrated through a case study of an existing masonry retaining structure in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. • Analysis procedures for masonry earth retaining structures under traffic loading. • 2D monotonic, 3D monotonic, 3D static and 3D dynamic moving load procedures. • Load redistribution is due to dynamic loading and 3D structural configuration. • Demonstrated application to a case study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policymakers are in a balancing act when creating local energy transition strategies. Embedding new technologies in an existing energy system is highly complex. Policymakers must deal with multi-system interactions such as sector coupling, multi-scale effects such as bottom-up behavior and top-down policies, and requirements from local spatial planning, grid constraints, and resource availability. Decision support tools can help to navigate this complex landscape. This paper showcases a tool to support policymakers with heating strategies for Dutch neighborhoods. The tool is a GIS-based simulation model of the energy system developed using a collaborative approach and applied in a scenario study. Energy calculations are done over a year with an hourly resolution, while scenarios can include any future energy system configuration. The results highlight trade-offs between heating strategies, interaction effects with the mobility and electricity transitions, and bottlenecks in transition pathways. Collective district heating has less grid impact but higher emissions and costs, while individual (hybrid) heat pumps have lower emissions and costs but more grid impact. No-regrets and enabling technologies are insulation and smart charging of electric vehicles and boilers. Collaborative modeling with a GIS-based user-interface increases system understanding, including trade-offs, transition pathways, and bottlenecks, in a collective and interactive way. This creates a shared and well-grounded vision, resulting in robust local renewable energy strategies. • A multi-system, multi-scale decision support tool is an essential contribution to local renewable energy system planning. • There is no clear winner in renewable heating strategies in residential neighborhoods in The Netherlands. • Trade-offs occur in terms of costs, grid congestion, and emission reductions. • Models can be used to identify lock-ins and bottlenecks in energy transition pathways. • Collaborative modeling for renewable energy strategies increases system understanding and more robust decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating enormous quantities of wind energy into the electrical system requires precise planning and forecasting. This paper presents a novel framework for wind power forecasting, which establishes a new standard for accuracy and reliability. It uses advanced deep neural networks and a stacking ensemble mechanism to make probabilistic forecasts. These forecasts address wind speed volatility and variability, which continue to be key issues in producing consistently accurate wind power forecasts despite advances in deep learning. Base learners generate forecasts that include lower and upper bounds, as well as median prediction intervals. The Huber regressor, also known as the Meta-learner, combines projections from many models to reduce susceptibility to extreme values. Expanding window cross-validation is used in performance evaluation, with a focus on Mean Absolute Error, Mean Squared Error (MSE), Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error, Prediction Interval Coverage Probability, and Average Interval Width for one, two, and three step ahead predictions. The model's stability is measured by the standard deviation of MSE throughout each validation window. Additionally, the Diebold–Mariano test is used to validate the Meta-learner's predictive accuracy in contrast to other advanced models and the seasonal naïve benchmark. This study found that the meta model outperformed all other models in eight of the nine forecasts tested, indicating its effectiveness in medium-range forecasting. In Germany, it exceeded Temporal Fusion Transformer by two and three steps ahead, with 22% and 34% improvements, respectively. Indeed, this study not only provides a reliable prediction tool, but also lays foundations for efficient and effective energy management and policy planning in the renewable energy industry. • Deep neural network architectures are applied to probabilistic wind power forecasting. • Transformer and artificial neural network approaches combined with conformal prediction intervals is proposed. • A window cross-validation scheme on wind power forecasting is evaluated. • Wind power data from Germany, the UK, and the Netherlands are used for forecasting purposes. • SHAP and LIME analyses perform the explanatory analysis of the variables in the meta-learner's predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to renewable energy sources, particularly sources like wind and solar induces a dependency on weather in the supply side of electrical grids. At the same time, the move to electric mobility with uncontrolled charging induces extra peak loads on these grids. These developments can cause grid congestion or an imbalance between the renewable power supply and the demand. Locally balancing the power supply and demand in grid-connected microgrids can alleviate such issues on the main grid. This paper presents a model based control strategy to address the challenge of locally balancing the power supply and demand in a grid-connected microgrid to avoid reaching the threshold rated power output set for large buildings. The microgrid under consideration consists of photovoltaic power sources and a large fleet of electric vehicle chargers (> 150). A model predictive controller is developed that treats the daily vehicle charging as a batch process. Given vehicle charge objectives, the controller utilizes vehicle charger occupancy and photovoltaic power generation forecasting services to distribute power optimally over a fixed period of time. The optimization problem is formulated as a quadratic programming problem and is implemented utilizing open-source Python libraries. The controller was integrated into the control system of a microgrid situated at a corporate office in the Netherlands. The control system oversaw the operation of 174 vehicle chargers. The effectiveness of the model predictive control technology was demonstrated over a three-week period and led to an average daily grid peak power reduction of 59%. • A model-based control strategy is presented in a grid-connected microgrid. • The microgrid under consideration consists of PV and 174 vehicle chargers. • The controller's strategy minimizes power grid peaks and maximizes EV charge energy provided by the PV cells. • The controller was integrated and implemented in the microgrid system. • An average daily grid peak power reduction of 59% was achieved over a three week period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• State-of-the-art research tools and methodologies to assess environmental benefits. • Proposed methodology to identify habitat area change using global Copernicus data. • Translation of land use, land cover classes to habitat classification system. • ArcGIS toolbox developed and applied to Denmark and Netherlands study area. • Positive or negative effect evaluation of the measure from biodiversity response. Nature-Based solutions (NBS) are the measures supported by natural processes that can adapt to changing climates and generate diverse social, economic, and environmental benefits. Recognising the potential for additional NBS benefits, and quantifying these benefits is essential as it encourages decision-makers to implement and scale-up NBS initiatives. This paper presents findings from a systematic literature review. The review focused on tools and methodologies used for assessing the environmental benefits of implementing NBS. This review provides a detailed compilation of environmental indicators supported by assessment tools. It also includes a catalogue of tools for evaluating environmental benefits, thereby identifying research gaps. Moreover, this research proposes a methodology that uses an ArcGIS (Architecture of Geographic Information Systems) toolbox to identify habitat changes resulting from the implementation of NBS. The methodology translates CORINE (Coordination of Information on the Environment) land cover classes to EUNIS (European Nature Information System) habitat classes. The developed toolbox was applied to two case studies: Denmark (12 NBS) and the Netherlands (3 NBS). The assessment aimed to compare the habitat changes between 2000 and 2018 as two extreme time points for NBS implementation for both case studies. Results indicate that NBS implementation can change habitats leading to an increase in the Red-necked Grebe population in Denmark and a decline in the Black-tailed Godwit population in the Netherlands (two threatened species). The population change highlights the potential positive and potential negative impacts of NBS in their respective cases. These findings suggest Denmark could benefit from lake construction and restoration projects. At the same time, the Netherlands could invest in wetlands and meadows construction and restoration projects to protect the respective species. They could establish designated breeding zones to ensure their population does not decline rapidly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urge to reduce the dependence on natural gas for heating at the residential level has led to the deployment of different fossil fuel-free alternatives. In the Netherlands, two technologies are leading the transition: heat pumps, due to their high COP, and photovoltaic–thermal systems, due to their dual electric-thermal output. However, both represent a challenge for users and grid operators, aside from their stochastic behavior. Heat pumps alone can surpass a typical Dutch house's total energy and power consumption. Photovoltaic–thermal systems, as their only electric homologs, usually have a mismatch between generation and demand, causing energy injections to the grid. From the electric perspective, storage systems are a proven solution to reduce the energy exchange with the distribution network. This paper proposes four multi-carrier energy system configurations for a Dutch household, comprising different combinations of a photovoltaic–thermal system, a battery energy storage, a heat pump, and an underground water tank thermal energy system, providing analytical models for every component (including the thermal losses from the thermal storage to the ground), and the space heating and electrical demands. We determined the components' compatibility and evaluated the combinations considering their thermal performance, electrical performance, and equivalent CO 2 emissions. The results suggest that using a heat pump combined with a photovoltaic system and a battery provides the best trade-off. The photovoltaic–thermal system alone could not supply the thermal demand required for comfortable space heating nor reach temperatures high enough to charge the thermal storage. Combining the thermal storage with the heat pump allows a certain degree of flexibility for the heat pump activation at the cost of COPs between 0.8 and 1.38 when used to charge the thermal storage, thus increasing energy consumption and equivalent emissions considerably. [Display omitted] • Heat pumps and gas boilers have similar CO 2,eq emissions in Dutch houses. • A PV system can compensate for the CO 2,eq emissions of a heat pump in Dutch houses. • PVT cannot reach temperatures to charge a thermal storage system for space heating. • Thermal storage provides flexibility for heat pump activation but can reduce its COP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the link between income, and wealth inequality and the ecological footprint in France, Netherlands, United States, and United Kingdom from 1962 to 2021. Based on theoretical considerations, we allow the relationship to vary over time. Our analysis provides some support for income inequality influencing ecological footprints, specifically through carbon emissions. Yet, we do not observe a significant effect on non‑carbon footprints. Notably, the link between income inequality and carbon emissions shifted from negative in the 1960s to positive from the late 1980s onwards. Over all our findings imply that economic inequality's impact on the environment is likely limited and context dependent. • We test the relationship between economic inequality and the ecological footprint. • The results indicate a weak relationship that varies over time. • Inequality only affects the carbon footprint and not the non‑carbon footprint. • Changes in consumption patterns may partially explain the time varying effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Scientometric analysis of MPs in soil ecosystems was performed. • A total of 2210 articles on MPs from 2012 to 2022 were analyzed. • Knowledge bases, trends, and hotspots in MP research were identified. • China was the top country in terms of publications and funding. • The migration of MPs from terrestrial to aquatic systems should be considered in the future. Soil microplastic (MP) pollution is a growing global environmental issue leading to a series of ecosystem problems and functional losses. However, understanding the advances and trends in soil MP pollution research proved to be difficult based on individual studies. Herein, CiteSpace visualization analysis software was used to sort the literature obtained on soil MP research from the Web of Science (WoS) TM core collection database, and bibliometric analysis of publication volume, country/region, keywords and other information was conducted. Results showed that soil microplastics (MP) research had much lower publication volume than hydrological system MP research, and was still in its developing stage. However, the number of research hotspots in soil MP research increased continuously since 2018. Countries such as China, the United States, the Netherlands and Australia have published more papers in this field than other countries, and collaboration among research institutions is strong. The source, pollution status, analysis methods and toxic effects of MPs in soils are current research hotspots. In the future, the focus of MP research in terrestrial ecosystems should shift from ecotoxicology to the impact of MPs on ecosystems and earth system feedback. The bibliometric analysis results of this study can serve as a reference for in-depth studies of the pollution status of MPs in soils. For MP soil pollution research, cross-background, cross-institution, cross-country cooperation and cross-disciplinary roles should be encouraged to accelerate the growth and diversification of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Estimating API emissions to wastewater on city-scale is feasible. • Choice of excretion fraction impacts model performance substantially. • Model-based emission estimation can offer an informative alternative for monitoring. • Availability + accessibility of use data limit application to other contaminants. With increasing numbers of chemicals used in modern society, assessing human and environmental exposure to them is becoming increasingly difficult. Recent advances in wastewater-based epidemiology enable valuable insights into public exposure to data-poor compounds. However, measuring all >26,000 chemicals registered under REACH is not just technically unfeasible but would also be incredibly expensive. In this paper, we argue that estimating emissions of chemicals based on usage data could offer a more comprehensive, systematic and efficient approach than repeated monitoring. Emissions of 29 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to wastewater were estimated for a medium-sized city in the Netherlands. Usage data was collected both on national and local scale and included prescription data, usage in health-care institutions and over-the-counter sales. Different routes of administration were considered as well as the excretion and subsequent in-sewer back-transformation of conjugates into respective parent compounds. Results suggest model-based emission estimation on a city-level is feasible and in good agreement with wastewater measurements obtained via passive sampling. Results highlight the need to include excretion fractions in the conceptual framework of emission estimation but suggest that the choice of an appropriate excretion fraction has a substantial impact on the resulting model performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eutrophication by human activities is increasingly affecting ecosystem functioning and plant community composition. So far, studies mainly focus on the effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition, surface water eutrophication or soil nutrient accumulation. Groundwater pollution of spring habitats, however, has received much less attention, although numerous papers report groundwater nutrient enrichment worldwide. This study presents a survey on groundwater pollution (with emphasis on nitrate and phosphate) and bryophyte composition in 51 ambient petrifying springs in 5 NW European countries, which were compared to published data from 173 other sites in 11 European countries. The reviewed dataset covers a broad range of unpolluted to heavily polluted springs with nitrate concentrations between 0.7 and 3227 μmol l−1. Most petrifying springs in the rural lowlands of NW Europe were found to have elevated concentrations of nitrate and phosphate with the most polluted springs occurring in The Netherlands. The cover of individual characteristic bryophyte species significantly correlates with groundwater nutrient concentrations indicating that nutrient pollution of spring waters affects bryophyte composition. Palustriella commutata, Eucladium verticillatum and Brachythecium rivulare prefer unpolluted petrifying springs whereas Cratoneuron filicinum and Pellia endiviifolia show a much broader tolerance to groundwater pollution. In order to sustain at least the basic conditions for the typical bryophyte composition of petrifying springs habitats, threshold values of 288 μmol (18 mg l−1) NO 3 − l−1 and 0.42 μmol (0.04 mg l−1) ortho-PO 4 3- l−1 were defined. Data analysis of the spring water composition indicates that the main source for nutrient and nutrient induced base cation enrichment are nitrate losses from intensively used agricultural fields. The anthropogenically induced but regionally different chemical processes in subsoil and aquifers can result in different levels of nutrient pollution in springs. Further regulations for nitrate and phosphate application are required to conserve and restore groundwater fed ecosystems in Europe. • A study on Groundwater pollution of petrifying springs. • A correlative study on 51 springs in NW-European countries. • Including data from 173 sites in 11 European countries. • Threshold values of 288 μmol NO 3 − l−1 and 0.42 μmol ortho-PO 4 2- l−1 were defined. • Main source of groundwater pollution are nitrate losses from agricultural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Continuum damage and brick-to-brick modeling techniques are compared. • A masonry wall strengthened with bed joint reinforced repointing is considered. • For un-strengthened case, all models provide accurate predictions of crack pattern. • For strengthened case, the simplified brick-to-brick model provides the best results. • Modelling of pre-damage should be considered with care. Bed joint reinforced repointing is a retrofitting technique for unreinforced masonry structures that is commonly applied in the Netherlands to repair settlement-induced damage. Using this technique, the bed joints of masonry walls are reinforced with steel rebars that are embedded in a high strength repair mortar. Due to the increase of induced seismic events in the northern part of the Netherlands, an experimental study was carried out at Delft University of Technology to investigate the performance of this retrofitting technique for combined settlement and seismic loading. This paper aims to simulate the experimental results, with a focus on the comparison of different finite element modelling approaches for studying both un-strengthened and strengthened full-scale tested walls. To that end, three different models are investigated – comprising both macro (continuum) and simplified and detailed micro (brick-to-brick) modelling approaches. The bricks and mortar joints are modelled as one homogenous continuum in the macro model, whereas in the two brick-to-brick models these structural components are modelled separately, with the detailed model including interface elements to simulate the brick–mortar bonds. Nonlinear pushover analyses are subsequently carried out using all three modelling approaches, for both monotonic and cyclic loading cases. Based on these analyses, the detailed brick-to-brick model was found unsuitable to simulate the strengthened wall because cracks in the model mainly occur in the form of opening of the brick–mortar bond interfaces, while smeared cracking in the plane stress elements of the mortar joints is very limited. Similarly, the continuum damage model was found to be inaccurate when pre-existing damage in the experiment needed to be taken into account. The continuum damage model also showed lower axial stresses in the rebars, compared with the simplified brick-to-brick model, as the former does not allow for the direct assignment of material properties for the high strength repair mortar in the strengthened joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inclusive conservation is promoted as a means to integrate stakeholders in nature, conservation. Despite several studies recognizing that inclusive conservation of protected areas may be challenging and requires explicitly addressing potential tensions between stakeholders, little research has unpacked how these tensions manifest in specific contexts. This paper aims to explore possible approaches for navigating tensions to improve the facilitation of an inclusive conservation approach in the Utrechtse Heuvelrug National Park in the Netherlands. We conducted 18 semistructured interviews with stakeholders such as public and private landowners and, municipal and provincial governments in the national park. Results reveal a longer history of collaboration which still fails to address the root of the tensions. The experiences show that compromising or consensus building amongst stakeholders alone is not sufficient for achieving inclusive conservation. Guidance and clear goals set by policy, as well as sufficient investments in capacity and trust building are recommended to avoid inaction. Furthermore, we found that tensions are inextricably linked to different dimensions of power, such as discursive and structural power. While considering power in inclusive conservation can provide a realistic perspective we also, acknowledge that equalizing power is not the silver bullet underpinning this conservation approach. • We investigate an inclusive conservation approach "on the ground" in a Dutch case study. • Tensions lie in unclarities in governance and collaborative platforms. • Power imbalances contributed to deepening tensions. • Enhancing capacities, leadership, and trust could benefit inclusive conservation approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]