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This paper studies the biomass–coal co-firing (BCC) production planning problem under the carbon emission quota allocation (CEQA) mechanism. However, carbon emission parameters are uncertain due to many factors, such as the type of power units and coal quality. To address this challenge issue, this paper proposes a new globalized robust bi-level optimization model, where the uncertain parameters are characterized by a pair of uncertainty sets. In the proposed model, the upper government as the leader decides the CEQA mechanism, while the lower power plants as the followers develop the production planning according to the given CEQA mechanism. Moreover, based on the Lagrange duality theory and Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions, the proposed model is equivalently converted into a computationally tractable single-level model. Finally, a practical case study in Shandong Province demonstrates that compared with the nominal bi-level and robust bi-level models, the proposed optimization model can not only effectively resist parameter uncertainty, but also be less conservative. [Display omitted] • A bi-level GRO model for BCC production planning problem under CEQA mechanism is proposed. • The uncertain carbon emission parameters are characterized by a pair of uncertainty sets. • The established globalized robust counterpart is transformed equivalently into a finite convex system. • The effectiveness of the developed GRO approach is verified via a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]