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Proteins in ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have gained significant attention due to their potential applications in various fields, including biocatalysis, bioseparation, biomolecular delivery, and structural biology. Scattering approaches including dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS) have been used to understand the solution behavior of proteins at the nanoscale and microscale. This review provides a thorough exploration of the application of these scattering techniques to elucidate protein properties in ILs and DESs. Specifically, the review begins with the theoretical foundations of the relevant scattering approaches and describes the essential solvent properties of ILs and DESs linked to scattering such as refractive index, scattering length density, ion-pairs, liquid nanostructure, solvent aggregation, and specific ion effects. Next, a detailed introduction is provided on protein properties such as type, concentration, size, flexibility and structure as observed through scattering methodologies. This is followed by a review of the literature on the use of scattering for proteins in ILs and DESs. It is highlighted that enhanced data analysis and modeling tools are necessary for assessing protein flexibility and structure, and for understanding protein hydration, aggregation and specific ion effects. It is also noted that complementary approaches are recommended for comprehensively understanding the behavior of proteins in solution due to the complex interplay of factors, including ion-binding, dynamic hydration, intermolecular interactions, and specific ion effects. Finally, the challenges and potential research directions for this field are proposed, including experimental design, data analysis approaches, and supporting methods to obtain fundamental understandings of complex protein behavior and protein systems in solution. We envisage that this review will support further studies of protein interface science, and in particular studies on solvent and ion effects on proteins., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The characteristics of subvisible particles (SbVPs) are critical quality attributes of injectable and ophthalmic solutions in pharmaceutical manufacturing. However, current compendial SbVP testing methods, namely the light obstruction method and the microscopic particle count method, are destructive and wasteful of target samples. In this study, we present the development of a non-destructive SbVP analyzer aiming to analyze SbVPs directly in drug product (DP) containers while keeping the samples intact. Custom sample housings are developed and incorporated into the analyzer to reduce optical aberrations introduced by the curvature of typical pharmaceutical DP sample containers. The analyzer integrates a light-sheet microscope structure and models the side scattering event from a particle with Mie scattering theory with refractive indices as prior information. Equivalent spherical particle size under assigned refractive index values is estimated, and the particle concentration is determined based on the number of scattering events and the volume sampled by the light sheet. The resulting analyzer's capability and performance to non-destructively analyze SbVPs in DP containers were evaluated using a series of polystyrene bead suspensions in ISO 2R and 6R vials. Our results and analysis show the particle analyzer is capable of directly detecting SbVPs from intact DP containers, sorting SbVPs into commonly used size bins (e.g. ≥ 2 µm, ≥ 5 µm, ≥ 10 µm, and ≥ 25 µm), and reliably quantifying SbVPs in the concentration range of 4.6e2 to 5.0e5 particle/mL with a margin of ± 15 % error based on a 90 % confidence interval., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 American Pharmacists Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Rhamnolipids are glycolipid surfactants composed by a hydrophilic head of either one (mono-RL) or two (di-RL) rhamnose moieties coupled to hydroxyaliphatic chains that can be of different lengths. In spite of their importance in different fields of applications, as bioremediation processes for instance, self-aggregation physico-chemical properties of RLs are not unique. This because a variety of aggregates morphologies (shape and size) can either exist or coexist in aqueous dispersion due to mono-RL:di-RL molar ratio, hydrophobic tails length, pH and the presence of co-surfactants and additives. Recently, a theorethical approach reported the self-assembling morphologies of either pure mono or di-RL in aqueous environment, predicting the formation of spherical to ellipsoidal micelles to worm-like and disk-like aggregates depending on RL concentration and fatty acid chain length. In order to add new information to those previously available, the present work investigated the self-assembling properties of mono-RL-C10-C10 and di-RL-C10-C10 separately in aqueous dispersion by small angle X-Ray scattering (SAXS). A novel approach was applied to the data analysis coupling the scattering length density profiles of the RLs chemical groups and Monte Carlo simulations. Such an approach allowed us to infer about the preferred mono-RL and di-RL conformations that fit better in the self-assembling morphologies. In this way, we show that mono-RL-C10-C10 self-assembles into lamella-like aggregates coexisting with 30 % of multi-lamella aggregates (circa of 5 closed stacked lamella) from a concentration ranging from 10 to 50 mM, with hydrophobic thickness of about 12 Å, a hydrated polar head thickness of 10 Å, and an area per glycolipid of 76 Å 2 . On the other hand, di-RL prefers to self-associate into flexible cylinder-like aggregates, from 70 mM to 110 mM concentration, with hydrophobic radius on the order of 7.5 Å, a hydrated polar shell of 21.5 Å, with hydropobic/polar interface of 110 Å 2 per glycolipid. Interestingly, the parameters obtained from the best fitting to the experimental data associated to the volume fraction distribution of the chemical groups within the aggregates revealed that the hydrophobic chains are more disordered in mono-RL planar aggregates than in di-RL worm-like aggregates, as well as the hydration properties. Further, the addition of 100 mM NaCl in di-RL aqueous dispersion leads to the formation of longer worm-like aggregates. Taking together, this work opens a new avenue regarding characterization of biosurfactants self-assembling properties by using SAXS, also contributing to prepare more efficient biosurfactant dispersions depending on the desired applications in industrial sectors and bioremediation., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The aggregation of isotropic particles through interparticle reactions poses a challenge in control due to the ability of all surfaces to bind to each other, rendering the quantitative detection of such interparticle reactions based on particle size difficult. Here, we proposed a novel detection scheme for DNA utilizing an assembly of Janus particles (JPs) employing dynamic light scattering (DLS). DNA molecules are tethered on one hemisphere of the JP, while the other hemisphere retains its hydrophobic properties., Results: Aggregation of JPs was induced by the sandwich hybridization of target DNA between them. The assembly of JPs was effectively monitored by the changes in hydrodynamic diameter detected by DLS, revealing that aggregation peaks at 2-3 particles and further reaction was hindered due to the inability of one hemisphere of the JP to interact with another JP. The target DNA demonstrated detectability at concentrations as low as several tens of pM to several nM using a digital sensing method. The two types of target DNA, such as simple (14 base pairs) and HIV-2 specific sequences (20 base pairs) were detectable at nM and pM levels, respectively. Moreover, we substantiated the robustness of our detection scheme through stoichiometric calculations based on an equilibrium model. The present detection mechanism was well explained based on the binding affinity of DNA hybridization., Significance: This detection method harnesses the anisotropic nature of JPs and represents the first detection approach based on aggregation. By altering the modification molecules on JPs to match target molecules, such as proteins and organic compounds, a wide range of versatile molecules can be detected using this scheme with high sensitivity. This underscores the broad applicability of the present method., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduced here is the on-line coupling of hollow-fiber flow field-flow fractionation (HF5) to depolarized multi-angle static light scattering (D-MALS). HF5 is a size-based separation alternative to size-exclusion and hydrodynamic chromatography and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation. HF5 can separate larger sizes than its chromatographic counterparts and provides several advantages over its fractionation counterpart, including reduced sample consumption and greater ease of operation. D-MALS is a variant of MALS in which the depolarized scattering from the analyte solution is measured at a variety of angles simultaneously. Measurements of depolarized scattering have previously been employed in studying the optical properties of solutions or suspensions, to determine the length of rod-like analytes, and to gain increased accuracy in the determination of analyte molar mass. The coupling HF5/D-MALS allows for the depolarization ratio of a solution or suspension to be measured continuously across the fractogram. This is demonstrated here for a Teflon latex the size range of which extends beyond that accessible to commercial size-exclusion columns. The results presented provide the first reported on-line HF5/D-MALS coupling, showing the feasibility of the technique as well as its realized potential for providing continuous depolarization measurements, inter alia., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The author declares no financial interests or personal relationships that would influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Human aromatase (CYP19A1), the cytochrome P450 enzyme responsible for conversion of androgens to estrogens, was incorporated into lipoprotein nanodiscs (NDs) and interrogated by small angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS). CYP19A1 was associated with the surface and centered at the edge of the long axis of the ND membrane. In the absence of the N-terminal anchor, the amphipathic A'- and G'-helices were predominately buried in the lipid head groups, with the possibly that their hydrophobic side chains protrude into the hydrophobic, aliphatic tails. The prediction is like that for CYP3A4 based on SAXS employing a similar modeling approach. The orientation of CYP19A1 in a ND is consistent with our previous predictions based on molecular dynamics simulations and lends additional credibility to the notion that CYP19A1 captures substrates from the membrane., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: John C Hackett reports financial support was provided by National Institutes of Health. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs), ranging from nanovesicles to non-lamellar assemblies, have gained significant attention in recent years, as versatile carriers for delivering drugs, vaccines, and nutrients. Small-angle scattering methods, employing X-rays (SAXS) or neutrons (SANS), represent unique tools to unveil structure, dynamics, and interactions of such particles on different length scales, spanning from the nano to the molecular scale. This review explores the state-of-the-art on scattering methods applied to unveil the structure of lipid-based nanoparticles and their interactions with drugs and bioactive molecules, to inform their rational design and formulation for medical applications. We will focus on complementary information accessible with X-rays or neutrons, ranging from insights on the structure and colloidal processes at a nanoscale level (SAXS) to details on the lipid organization and molecular interactions of LNPs (SANS). In addition, we will review new opportunities offered by Time-resolved (TR)-SAXS and -SANS for the investigation of dynamic processes involving LNPs. These span from real-time monitoring of LNPs structural evolution in response to endogenous or external stimuli (TR-SANS), to the investigation of the kinetics of lipid diffusion and exchange upon interaction with biomolecules (TR-SANS). Finally, we will spotlight novel combinations of SAXS and SANS with complementary on-line techniques, recently enabled at Large Scale Facilities for X-rays and neutrons. This emerging technology enables synchronized multi-method investigation, offering exciting opportunities for the simultaneous characterization of the structure and chemical or mechanical properties of LNPs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Acknowledgments This work has been supported by the European Community through the BOW project (H2020-EIC-FETPROACT2019, ID 952183) and by PRIN 2022 PNRR: "Lipid Nanovectors for the Delivery of Nucleic Acids: a Composition-Structure-Function Relationship Approach (Lancelot)" - P2022RBF5P - CUP B53D23025810001 - "Finanziato dall'Unione europea – Next Generation EU” - Missione 4, Componente 2, Investimento 1.1 - Avviso MUR D.D. 1409 del 14/09/2022. The authors also acknowledge MUR-Italy (“Progetto Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018–2022, ref B96C1700020008” and “Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2023-2027 (DICUS 2.0)” allocated to the Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”) and the Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI) for economic support., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this paper, we investigate the Cauchy problem for the KB system in the class of rapidly decreasing functions and give an algorithm of the constructing a solution to the Cauchy problem of the KB system in the class of rapidly decreasing functions via IST method when the scattering coefficient a(k) of the problem (6) has multiple zeros. In this case, the class of initial functions will be expanded by removing the assumption about simplicity of the scattering coefficient a(k) of the problem (6). We also present an efficient method to obtain the time evolution of scattering data. The advantage of this method is its reliability and the possibility of using other soliton equations to obtain the time evolution of scattering data. The resulting equalities completely determine the scattering data at any t, which allows applying the IST method to solve the Cauchy problem for the KB system. The results obtained will be useful in carrying out further analysis in the context of shallow water waves that arises in the context of oceanography.

We demonstrate that at sufficiently high energies when the eikonal regime is established for hadronic interactions, the double scattering subprocess can be clearly identified and isolated in quasi-elastic deuteron electro-disintegration processes. Comparing theoretical calculations with the recent high precision experimental data we present a “proof of principle” that these processes can be used to study advanced issues related to hadron formation in QCD. In this case, the double scattering represents as a fermi-scale “detector” which probes products of high Q2 scattering from the bound nucleon through their rescattering from the spectator nucleon in the deuteron.

We show that elastic scattering pp→pp differential cross sections as function of the four-momentum transfer square |t| have a universal property, such that the ratio of bump-to-dip positions is constant from the energies of the ISR to the LHC, from tens of GeV and up to the TeV scale. We explore this property to compare the geometrical scaling observed at the ISR with the recently proposed scaling law at the LHC. We argue that, at the LHC, within present experimental uncertainties, there is in fact a family of scaling laws. We discuss the constraints that the scaling laws impose on the parametrization of the elastic pp→pp scattering amplitude.

In order to adjust and detect micro-nano periodic structure optical surface accurately and efficiently, the problem of composite scattering between micro-ellipsoidal periodic structure optical surface and pore defects is studied use the multi-resolution time domain (MRTD) approach. A calculation model is established for the intensity distribution of composite scattering, which is modulated by the micro-ellipsoidal periodic structure optical surface and microdefects. Results are in good agreement with those obtained using CST Microwave Studio software and the finite-different time-domain (FDTD) approach, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the calculation model and method. By combining the field distribution of the micro-ellipsoidal periodic structure optical surface containing microdefects with the optical response at different wavelengths, it is necessary to study the influence of various parameters of the micro-ellipsoidal structure and microdefects on the optical system of metamaterials. The effects of the parameters such as roughness, structure of micro-ellipsoidal unit, defect sizes and buried depths on the composite scattering characteristics are analyzed numerically. The results provide technical support for the fields of functional surface design, ultrasensitive detection, scattering peak orientation and frequency selection.

In this paper, based on the first-order Born approximation, the scope of scattering theory was broadened by analyzing the scattering of generalized multi-Gaussian correlated Schell-model (GMGCSM) beam upon a deterministic medium with semi-hard boundary. It was revealed that the scattering spectral density and degree of coherence (DOC) are affected by several parameters, covered semi-hard boundary medium’s summation index L and effective radius σR, and GMGCSM beam’s coherence length δ, index M and transverse width σ0. The valuable and meaningful results obtained here could contribute to the expansion of the application range of scattering theory, making it applicable in various fields such as optical communication, remote sensing, and medicine.

We consider transition from shadow to reflective scattering mode and behavior of the amplitude and cross–sections of hadron interactions in the both modes.

The laws of interaction of electromagnetic wave radiation with pyridine molecules and atoms were studied using Raman light scattering spectra of light, and it was shown that the spectra appearing in the lower frequency range (0 ÷ 1031 cm−1) are related to the rotational-rocking movement of molecules. Based on quantum-chemical calculations, a structural model of the pyridine molecule was created. The possibility of determining the bond lengths and angles between the atoms in the pyridine molecule was suggested. Based on the obtained results, the frequency values of the Raman scattering spectra of light from the pyridine molecule were determined by theoretical calculations and compared with the experimental results. Based on the analysis of the results of the research, it was found that the intensity of the Raman scattering spectrum of the light generated by the rotational-rocking laws of the pyridine molecule is significantly smaller than the intensity of the spectra corresponding to other frequencies.

The MUonE experiment aims at providing a novel determination of the leading hadronic contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment through the study of elastic muon-electron scattering. Since the initial-state electrons are bound in a low-Z atomic target, the interaction between the incoming muons and the nuclei is expected to be the main source of experimental background. In this article, we study the production of a real lepton pair from the muon-nucleus scattering, discussing its numerical impact in the MUonE kinematic configuration. The process is described as a scattering of a muon in an external Coulomb field with the addition of a form factor to describe the nuclear charge distribution. The calculation is implemented in the fully differential Monte Carlo event generator Mesmer, without introducing any approximation on the angular variables.

The presence of a neutron halo in 15C has been demonstrated in several reaction experiments at intermediate energies. In the present study, the dynamical effects of this structure are observed for the first time at Coulomb barrier energies in the 15C + 208Pb quasi-elastic scattering at Elab=65 MeV, measured at the HIE-ISOLDE facility, CERN using the high-granularity detector array GLORIA. A combined continuum discretised coupled channels and coupled reaction channels calculation describes the data well and significant coupling effects due both to breakup and single-neutron stripping are identified.

The co-existence of both traffic signal and optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) signal in active fiber monitoring will affect the dynamic range of the OTDR due to backscattered stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). In this paper, a simulation model and hardware experiment are proposed to investigate and mitigate the effects of a backscattered SRS signal on OTDR active fiber monitoring. A basic OTDR active fiber monitoring system based on non-amplified and amplified links was developed, where the effects of SRS backscattered noise, amplification noise, and power depletion were observed. The obtained simulation results indicated that the highest backscattered SRS was contributed by the booster amplifier link configuration, where the amplification of the OTDR signal increased drastically when the signal input power reached 10 dBm. The simulation setup was also used to mitigate the backscattered SRS by placing a chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) at the OTDR to allow only the 1650 nm OTDR signal to be received by the OTDR, leaving other unwanted signals or noise behind. This mitigation successfully reduced other backscattered signals by approximately 4 dB. A proof-of-concept hardware experiment was conducted to test the feasibility of the proposed technique, and the result showed that the distortion in the trace was decreased and the OTDR penalty was also reduced to 0.41 dB.

The electron-phonon (el-ph) and phonon-phonon interactions play a key role in determining electronic and thermal transport properties, respectively, in promising two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor devices. In this study, we investigated el-ph interactions using Wannier-Fourier interpolation method and renormalized phonon scattering considering finite-temperature effects in Bi2TeSe2 monolayer. The results show that the optical phonon modes dominate the carrier scattering, where level repulsion induced by crystal field splitting and spin-orbit coupling (SOC) effect effectively suppresses intervalley scattering, leading to high hole mobility. Moreover, the strong anharmonicity in Bi2TeSe2 monolayer results in the temperature-dependent softening of its optical phonons, along with a corresponding variation in interatomic force constants (IFCs). As a result, the lattice thermal conductivity is remarkably low and exhibits weak temperature dependence. Finally, the predicted dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit exceeds unity in the range of 200–800 K, indicating the potential of Bi2TeSe2 monolayer for thermoelectric applications. This work provides new insights into the elimination of intervalley scattering by crystal field splitting and SOC effects, and paves the way for the evaluation of thermoelectric properties of materials with complex scattering mechanisms and strong anharmonicity.

The scattering of fluid-structure-coupled waves is investigated in a cylindrical waveguide consisting of flexible shells and an expansion chamber connected via annular rigid discs. The scattering performance of the waveguide is studied in the presence of acoustic liners along the walls of the expansion chamber and the geometric variations along interfaces. A mode-matching method is applied to solve the corresponding mathematical problem. The study focuses on fluid- and structure-borne modes propagating in the flexible shells. The eigenfunctions in this case are non-orthogonal and obey generalized orthogonal properties, involving auxiliary parameters related to the ring conditions at the edges of the flexible shells. Although we considered clamped connections, the analysis can be extended to other ring conditions with appropriate changes. Through continuity conditions at the interfaces, orthogonal modes are used to project solutions in liner regions, resulting in linear algebraic systems. The performance of the waveguide is examined in terms of scattering powers and transmission loss as functions of frequency, chamber length, liner length, and porous screen impedance. It is observed that the variations in these parameters have a major influence on acoustic attenuation in the waveguide. These results are relevant for designing acoustic enclosures for different frequency bands.

The study of twisted light is an imperative field of exploration in both the classical electromagnetics and quantum regimes. So, in this manuscript, using the Generalized Lorenz-Mie theory (GLMT), the electromagnetic efficiencies and differential scattering on a homogeneous and isotropic dielectric sphere have been investigated in the presence of a vortex Gaussian beam (VGB) with Gaussian field profile. To do this, a mathematical model is proposed for analyzing the scattering characteristics of the VGB from a dielectric sphere. Electromagnetic fields are expressed in the context of the spherical vector wave-functions (SVWFs). The unknown field coefficients regarding scattered fields and the internal fields are calculated by the implementation of continuous boundary conditions (BCs) at the surface of the dielectric sphere. Scattering efficiency, extinction efficiency, absorption efficiency as well as differential scattering of an isotropic dielectric sphere are numerically studied. The influence of various parameters like as orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode number, beam waist radius, and the relative refractive index for efficiency factors and differential scattering has been computed and numerically analyzed. Our research offers a more comprehensive investigation of the scattering of structured light towards scattering media.

Understanding the stability of mRNA loaded lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNPs) is imperative for their clinical development. Herein, we propose the use of size-exclusion chromatography coupled with dual-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS) as a new approach to assessing mRNA-LNP stability in pure human serum and plasma. By applying a dual-column configuration to attenuate interference from plasma components, SEC-MALS was able to elucidate the degradation kinetics and physical property changes of mRNA-LNPs, which have not been observed accurately by conventional dynamic light scattering techniques. Interestingly, both serum and plasma had significantly different impacts on the molecular weight and radius of gyration of mRNA-LNPs, suggesting the involvement of clotting factors in desorption of lipids from mRNA-LNPs. We also discovered that a trace impurity (~1 %) in ALC-0315, identified as its O-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-protected form, greatly diminished mRNA-LNP stability in serum. These results demonstrated the potential utility of SEC-MALS for optimization and quality control of LNP formulations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer worldwide. As artificial intelligence (AI) expands its scope within dermatology, leveraging technology may aid skin cancer detection. Objective: To assess the safety and effectiveness of an elastic-scattering spectroscopy (ESS) device in evaluating lesions suggestive of skin cancer. Methods: This prospective, multicenter clinical validation study was conducted at 4 US investigational sites. Patients with skin lesions suggestive of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers were clinically assessed by expert dermatologists and evaluated by a device using AI algorithms comparing current ESS lesion readings with training data sets. Statistical analyses included sensitivity, specificity, AUROC, negative predictive value (NPV), and positive predictive value (PPV). Results: Overall device sensitivity was 97.04%, with subgroup sensitivity of 96.67% for melanoma, 97.22% for basal cell carcinoma, and 97.01% for squamous cell carcinoma. No statistically significant difference was found between the device and dermatologist performance (P = .8203). Overall specificity of the device was 26.22%. Overall NPV of the device was 89.58% and PPV was 57.54%. Conclusion: The ESS device demonstrated high sensitivity in detecting skin cancer. Use of this device may assist primary care clinicians in assessing suspicious lesions, potentially reducing skin cancer morbidity and mortality through expedited and enhanced detection and intervention.

Cu3SbSe4, a copper-based sulfide free of rare earth elements, has received extensive attention in thermoelectric materials. However, its low carrier concentration restricts its widespread application. In this study, a microwave-assisted solution synthesis method was used to produce samples of Cu3SbSe4, which enabled the formation of CuSe in situ and increased the yield. Through the use of first-principles calculations, structural analysis, and performance evaluation, it was found that CuSe can enhance the carrier concentration and that induced nano-defects have a positive effect on reducing the lattice thermal conductivity. Moreover, doping with Sn decreases the band gap of the system and moves the Fermi level into the valence band, increasing the carrier concentration to 1.15 × 10−20 cm−3. Finally, the zT value of the Cu3Sb0.98Sn0.02Se4 sample was achieved at 1.05 at 623 K when the theoretical yield of a single synthesis was 10 mmol.

The proposed research adheres to a certain methodology to ensure that the technique used for analyzing the centrophenoxine drug is sustainable and green. It is important to highlight that several tools that have been recently developed were utilized as potential indicators of environmental sustainability and applicability. The present research presents a novel and entirely innovative method utilizing ultrasensitive spectrofluorimetry for the detection of centrophenoxine (CPX) drug. The employed methodology in this study involved the utilization of one-step, one-pot, and direct spectrofluorimetric technique, which was found to be both efficient and environmentally sustainable in the validation and assessment of the drug. Simply, when CPX and erythrosine B reagent were combined in an acidic environment, the highly resonance Rayleigh scattering product was immediately produced. The sensitivity limits were observed to be within the range of 15-47 ng mL -1 , whereas the linearity was assessed to be in the range of 50-2000 ng mL -1 . The optimal settings for all modifiable parameters of the system were ascertained through an analysis of centrophenoxine-erythrosine B complexes. Moreover, the system demonstrated compliance with International Council for Harmonization (ICH) specifications without encountering any issues. The suggested process was then rated on different recent environmental safety measuring metrics to see how good it was for the environment. Fortunately, the WAC standards that combine ecological and functional elements utilizing the Green/Red/Blue (RGB 12) design also acclaimed the current analytical technique as a white one. Additionally, a new applicability evaluation tool (BAGI) was employed to estimate the practicability of the planned method in the analytical chemistry field., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The pervasive presence of nanoplastics (NPs) in environmental media has raised significant concerns regarding their implications for environmental safety and human health. However, owing to their tiny size and low level in the environment, there is still a lack of effective methods for measuring the amount of NPs. Leveraging the principles of Mie scattering, a novel approach for rapid in situ quantitative detection of small NPs in low concentrations in water has been developed. A limit of detection of 4.2 μg/L for in situ quantitative detection of polystyrene microspheres as small as 25 nm was achieved, and satisfactory recoveries and relative standard deviations were obtained. The results of three self-ground NPs showed that the method can quantitatively detect the concentration of NPs in a mixture of different particle sizes. The satisfactory recoveries (82.4% to 110.3%) of the self-ground NPs verified the good anti-interference ability of the method. The total concentrations of the NPs in the five brands of commercial bottled water were 0.07 to 0.39 μg/L, which were directly detected by the method. The proposed method presents a potential approach for conducting in situ and real-time environmental risk assessments of NPs on human and ecosystem health in actual water environments., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Transmission Laser Welding (TLW) is a promising technique for joining thermoplastic and composite components, especially those produced through additive manufacturing or 3D printing processes. However, achieving optimal welding quality and efficiency in TLW of 3D printed parts is challenging due to the presence of highly heterogeneous and anisotropic materials, which introduce light scattering and absorption issues. Light scattering is caused by the refraction phenomenon. These phenomena significantly impact the laser intensity profile within the materials and at the welding interface, thereby affecting the energy required for successful welding and the mechanical strength of the final assembly. In this paper, we present an in-depth investigation into the laser intensity profile and the effects of laser-matter interaction on the welding of 3D-printed parts. Our approach combines experimental measurements using a heat flux sensor and an analytical inverse model to measure the laser intensity distribution within the materials at the welding interface. The results obtained from the experimental measurements and numerical identification are compared and analyzed, providing insights into the laser intensity profile in TLW of 3D printed parts.

In PolSAR image, the presence of speckle brings significant fluctuations in the information of adjacent pixels. However, most target decomposition (TD) methods only focus on a single pixel then ignore spatial scattering information of neighborhood pixels, resulting in poor stability of decomposition features and low representation ability to terrain targets. In this paper, spatial scattering decomposition feature learning (SSDFL) model is proposed to introduce spatial information into TD. The model contains decomposition feature extraction and polarimetric data reconstruction modules. Specifically, the spatial-level and pixel-level decoders are designed to implement spatial TD and maintain the terrain details, respectively. Since the SSDFL is based on deep model learning, it can learn appropriate decomposition bases and features according to different input data. Furthermore, scattering power and component sparsity restrictions are equipped to enhance the physical scattering meanings of SSDFL model. By experiments on real PolSAR datasets, the results shown spatial information plays an irreplaceable role in TD and it also enhances the resistance to speckle. Meanwhile, the learned decomposition features could reveal the scattering characteristics of terrain targets to some extent. Finally, the effectiveness of decomposition features is verified through the features’ discriminability and the performance on real terrain classification task.

Atmospheric aerosols play a pivotal role in the earth-atmospheric system. Analyzing their optical properties, specifically absorption and scattering coefficients, is essential for comprehending the impact of aerosols on climate. When different optical properties of aerosols are individually measured using multiple devices, cumulative errors in the detection results inevitably occur. To address this challenge, based on photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) and integrating sphere (IS) scattering enhancement, a compact gas cell (PASIS-Cell) was developed. The PASIS-Cell comprises a dual-T-type photoacoustic cell (DTPAC) and an IS. IS is coupled with DTPAC through a transparent quartz tube, thereby enhancing the scattering signal without compromising the acoustic characteristics of DTPAC. Concurrently, DTPAC can realize high-performance photoacoustic detection of absorption signal. Experimental results demonstrate that PASIS-Cell can simultaneously invert atmospheric aerosol absorption and scattering coefficients, with a minimum detection limit of less than 1 Mm−1, showcasing its potential in the analysis of aerosol optical properties.

Local gauge invariance of the baryon wave function leads to the emergence of a baryon junction, where three (or N, in SU(N) gauge theory) string operators merge. The existence of baryon junction dramatically affects the dynamics of baryon stopping at high energies, and the corresponding predictions are supported by the recent data from STAR Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Here we outline the ways in which the baryon junctions can be tested in semi-inclusive deep inelasttic scattering at Jefferson Laboratory and the future Electron Ion Collider.

In the present study, Integral [QI(E)], Momentum transfer [QM(E)] and Total [QT(E)] cross-sections have been successfully determined for the elastic scattering of electrons with Neon (Ne) atoms in intermediate incident energy range (100 – 500 eV). The Partial Wave Analysis (PWA) method and modified absorption potential of Raj and Kumar, Phys. Letters A 282 (2001) 284 have been employed to investigate these cross-sections. The present results were compared with the existing experimental data and theoretical calculations for the different cross-sections. These results were in better agreement with the existing studies of cross-sections.

Microplastics (MP) and nanoplastics (NP) pollutions pose a rising environmental threat to humans and other living species, given their escalating presence in essential resources that living subjects ingest and/or inhale. Herein, to elucidate the potential health implications of MP/NP, we report for the first time by using label-free hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging technique developed to quantitatively monitor the bioaccumulation and metabolic toxicity of MP/NP within live zebrafish larvae during their early developmental stages. Zebrafish embryos are exposed to environmentally related concentrations (3–60 μg/ml) of polystyrene (PS) beads with two typical sizes (2 μm and 50 nm). Zebrafish are administered isotope-tagged fatty acids through microinjection and dietary intake for in vivo tracking of lipid metabolism dynamics. In vivo 3D quantitative vibrational imaging of PS beads and intrinsic biomolecules across key zebrafish organs reveals that gut and liver are the primary target organs of MP/NP, while only 50 nm PS beads readily aggregate and adhere to the brain and blood vessels. The 50 nm PS beads are also found to induce more pronounced hepatic inflammatory response compared to 2 μm counterparts, characterized by increased biogenesis of lipid droplets and upregulation of arachidonic acid detected in zebrafish liver. Furthermore, Raman-tagged SRS imaging of fatty acids uncovers that MP/NP exposure significantly reduces yolk lipid utilization and promotes dietary lipid storage in zebrafish, possibly associated with developmental delays and more pronounced food dilution effects in zebrafish larvae exposed to 2 μm PS beads. The hyperspectral SRS imaging in this work shows that MP/NP exposure perturbs the development and lipid metabolism in zebrafish larvae, furthering the understanding of MP/NP ingestions and consequent toxicity in different organs in living species.

A nonlocal velocity-dependent optical potential was used to study the angular distribution of the differential cross section of nucleon–nucleus elastic scattering. The potential parameters were calculated by fitting elastic angular distributions over a wide range of energy (10-65 MeV) and mass (12-208). The real part of the local optical potential was calculated using the CDM3Y6-Paris interaction, whereas the imaginary part was a Woods-Saxon form factor and its derivative.

Combining size exclusion chromatography-small angle X-ray scattering (SEC-SAXS) and molecular dynamics (MD) analysis is a promising approach to investigate protein behavior in solution, particularly for understanding conformational changes due to substrate binding in cytochrome P450s (CYPs). This study investigates conformational changes in CYP119, a thermophilic CYP from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius that exhibits structural flexibility similar to mammalian CYPs. Although the crystal structure of ligand-free (open state) and ligand-bound (closed state) forms of CYP119 is known, the overall structure of the enzyme in solution has not been explored until now. It was found that theoretical scattering profiles from the crystal structures of CYP119 did not align with the SAXS data, but conformers from MD simulations, particularly starting from the open state (46 % of all frames), agreed well. Interestingly, a small percentage of closed-state conformers also fit the data (9 %), suggesting ligand-free CYP119 samples ligand-bound conformations. Ab initio SAXS models for N-His tagged CYP119 revealed a tail-like unfolded structure impacting protein flexibility, which was confirmed by in silico modeling. SEC-SAXS analysis of N-His CYP119 indicated pentameric structures in addition to monomers in solution, affecting the stability and activity of the enzyme. This study adds insights into the conformational dynamics of CYP119 in solution., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Nur Basak Surmeli reports travel was provided by Turkish Energy Nuclear and Mining Research Institute. Nur Basak Surmeli reports equipment, drugs, or supplies were provided by EMBL Hamburg. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The analysis method proposed by Ruland et al. is widely used to analyze the void lengths in carbon fibers, but it could not apply to mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers. We thought that the reason for the inability to analyze pitch-based carbon fibers was the length distribution of voids that Ruland neglected. We investigated an analytical method that considers the length distribution of voids in carbon fibers. The proposed new method could be applied to various carbon fibers from polyacrylonitrile and mesophase pitch. The analysis results revealed that the average length of voids in mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers is not only long but also widely distributed. On the other hand, the voids of carbon fibers tend to be longer as the crystallite length is longer in both polyacrylonitrile-based and mesophase-based carbon fibers. It suggests that the growth of void length is strongly influenced by the growth of crystallites in the plane direction.

A high-order-mode (HOM) Brillouin random fiber laser (BRFL) based on distributed Rayleigh scattering in an all-few-mode fiber random cavity is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Compared to traditional BRFLs oscillating in the single-mode-fiber cavity, the few-mode-fiber random cavity allows the high-order spatial mode Stokes beams to be activated and amplified via intra-mode stimulated Brillouin scattering for sufficient gain. Besides random feedback of distributed Rayleigh scattering along few-mode fibers, a few-mode fiber Bragg grating (FM-FBG) is employed to provide the one-end transverse mode-dependent reflection, which facilitates a high-purity oscillating random laser mode switchable between LP01 and LP11 mode by readily tunning the working wavelength of the Brillouin pump. Consequently, the all few-mode fiber-based BRFL emits a 600-Hz narrow-linewidth LP11 mode with a high mode purity of ∼91.3 %, which paves the way for spatial multiplexing coherent communication, high-resolution imaging, highly sensitive sensing, etc.

This work provides the first combined analysis of low-energy pΛ scattering, considering both cross section and correlation data. The obtained results establish the most stringent constraints to date on the two-body pΛ interaction, pointing to a weaker attraction than so far accepted. The best set of scattering lengths for the spin singlet and triplet are found to range from f0,f1=(2.1,1.56) to (3.34,1.18) fm. With a chiral NY potential fine-tuned to those scattering parameters, the in-medium properties of the Λ are explored and a potential depth of UΛ=−36.3±1.3(stat)−6.2+2.5(syst) MeV is found at nuclear matter saturation density.

Cellulose from biomass is an abundant and renewable alternative source for chemicals and fuels, yet its utilization by chemical or biological process requires pre-treatment in order to release the macromolecules from their tightly packed crystal structure. Phosphoric acid (PA) has been known for many years to be an efficient solvent for crystalline cellulose. It is also established that a certain quantity of water content in PA is required for efficient pretreatment. This study uses small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements to evaluate cellulose dissolution in deuterated phosphoric acid (dPA), at different wt% dPA between 78 and 97 % (different D2O content). The SANS method is useful for this purpose due to the availability of deuterated dPA, its contrast in scattering length density towards cellulose, and its low incoherent scattering cross-section. The results indicate that most of the cellulose in 2 wt% solution is dissolved in PA as individual chains, at acid content of 81–94 wt% PA. Structural differences of the dissolved cellulose in PA of the various water compositions in this range are insignificant. At 78 % dPA the cellulose crystal still seem to be disrupted, yet the structure can be modeled as mass-surface fractals of small fibrils with irregular surface, possibly due to dissolved chain segments, which are aggregated as mass fractals of rods. At 97 % dPA evidence for a small content of undissolved fibrils is noted.

To calculate the scattering impact of scratches on space-based telescope systems accurately, this study proposes fitting scratch scattering using an anisotropic scattering model based on actual test results. The stray light nonuniformity and total stray light of each mirror in a Cook-type off-axis three-mirror system was calculated. A scratch illuminated with unit radiation power can generate a maximum stray light level of 7 × 10-5 and can obscure dark targets with a brightness ratio of 1 × 10-5 to 8 × 10-5. Furthermore, as the wavelength decreases, the total stray light generated by this scratch can reach 5.7 × 10-4 when illuminated with unit radiation power in the 200 nm ultraviolet band. Such scratches on the mirrors of an off-axis three-mirror telescope cause 7–8 times higher nonuniformity of stray light than roughness scattering, decreasing signal-to-noise ratio and affecting target recognition and image processing.