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This document is a response to a letter regarding a study titled "Assessment of Quality of Diabetic Care in Teaching Hospitals in Ethiopia: In Comparison to International Guidelines." The authors express appreciation for the comments and acknowledge the importance of delivering good quality care. They mention that financial constraints limited the study to a single center but express hope for a nationwide study in the future. The authors also address the data collection technique and state that interviewer-directed questions were used due to participants' lack of formal education. The authors disclose no conflicts of interest. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses a study conducted in Northwest Ethiopia on the decision to delivery time for emergency cesarean deliveries. The study found that only 21.8% of women gave birth within the recommended delivery time of under 30 minutes. Factors that contributed to delays included the interval between decision-making and delivery, particularly at night, and the referral of mothers from health services that did not have access to cesarean sections. The authors suggest the need for a model to predict the risk of cesarean delivery and urgency categorization for non-elective cesarean sections to reduce perinatal mortality rates. [Extracted from the article]

This study aimed to compare the effects of DTG-based and EFV-based regimens on the MTCT of HIV among HIV-exposed infants in Ethiopia. Methods: An uncontrolled before-and-after study design was conducted among 958 mother-infant pairs (479 on EFV-based and 479 on DTG-based regimens) enrolled in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) care from September 2015 to February 2023. The outcome variable was the HIV infection status among the exposed infants. A log-binomial model was employed, and the proportion was computed to compare the incidence of MTCT of HIV in both groups. The risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to assess the predictor variables. Results: Mothers on DTG-based regimens were approximately 44% (adjusted risk ratio (aRR): 0.56; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.70) less likely to transmit HIV to their infants than those on EFV-based regimens. In addition, poor or fair adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) (aRR: 5.82; 95% CI: 3.41, 9.93), home delivery (aRR: 3.61; 95% CI: 2.32, 5.62), mixed feeding practice (aRR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.45, 2.3) and not receiving antiretroviral prophylaxis (aRR: 3.26; 95% CI: 1.6, 6.64) were found to increase the risk of MTCT of HIV infection, whereas older maternal age (aRR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.9, 0.96) was a protective factor. Conclusion: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV was less frequently observed in mother-infant pairs exposed to the DTG-based regimens as compared to those exposed to the EFV-based regimens. Thus, DTG-based first-line ART regimens supplementation should be sustained to achieve global and national targets for zero new infections in HIV-exposed infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Second-line antiretroviral treatment failure has become a major public health issue, and the time to treatment failure among second-line ART clients varies globally, and the Sub-Saharan African region having a high rate of second-line ART treatment failures. In addition, after the ART treatment guideline changed there is limited information on Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess time to treatment failure and its determinants among second-line ART clients in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Methods: A multi-centered retrospective follow-up study was conducted. A random sample of 860 people on second-line ART was selected by using a computer-generated simple random sampling technique from January 30, 2016, to January 30, 2021, at the University of Gondar Compressive Specialized Hospital, Felege Hiwot Compressive Specialized Referral Hospital, and Debre Tabor Compressive Specialized Referral Hospital, in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Data was captured using a checklist. Results: A total of 81 (9.4%) ART clients developed second-line treatment failure, with a median follow-up time of 29 months with an interquartile range (IQR: 18, 41]. The risk of second-line treatment failure is higher among patients aged 15 to 30 years (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 2.01, 95% confidence interval (CI): [1.16, 3.48]). Being unable to read and write (AHR = 1.312, 95% CI: [1.068, 1.613]), and poor ART drug adherence (AHR = 3.067, 95% CI: [1.845, 5.099]) were significant predictors of second-line ART treatment failures. Conclusion: In the current study, the time to second-line ART treatment failure was high compared with a previous similar study in Ethiopia. Factors like being younger age, ART clients who are not being able to read and write, and having poor ART drug adherence was significant predictors of second-line ART treatment failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to compare knowledge and attitudes towards obstetric danger signs and care between females receiving maternal care and their male partners. Methods and Materials: A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural setting of Jimma, Ethiopia. Female and their male partners were selected randomly. The number of participants included from each sex was 3235 totaling 6470. Face-to-face data collection was employed using open data kit (ODK) software. A pre-test was performed before the data collection. Descriptive and analytical statistical analysis was used to compare knowledge and attitudes regarding obstetric danger signs and care. Predictor variables were declared considering a 95% confidence interval, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and P-value less than 0.05. Results: On average, male and female participants identified at least two obstetric danger signs. More females could mention more antenatal, childbirth, and postnatal danger signs than their male partners. Both females and their male partners who listened to the radio at least once per week had a statistically significant positive attitude towards obstetric care. Nonetheless, both had an almost similar magnitude of attitude towards obstetric care irrespective of belonging to different occupational, educational, and other social strata. Males' knowledge of danger signs during pregnancy (95% CI = (1.07– 1.62), AOR = 1.32, P < 0.008) and postnatal care (95% CI = (1.16– 1.89), AOR = 1.48, P < 0.002) had a statistically significant association with the females utilization antenatal care (ANC) service, though not delivery care (DC) or postnatal (PNC). Conclusion: There were inequalities in obstetric danger signs knowledge between females and their male partners. Male partners' knowledge of obstetric danger signs is not only significant during pregnancy and delivery but also has a lasting impact on post-natal service utilization, which underscores the importance of their involvement in maternal healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify the determinants of disability among individuals living with schizophrenia attending the psychiatric follow-up clinic at Jimma Medical Center (JMC). Methods: An institution-based unmatched case-control study was conducted among 98 Cases and 98 controls of individuals living with schizophrenia attending the JMC psychiatric clinic from September 1 to October 30, 2022. Consecutive sampling technique was used to recruit the required sample size of both groups. The cases group were participants who scored > 12 total on the WHO Disability Assessment Scale version 2– 0 (WHODAS 2– 0) whereas the control group were those who scored 12 total on the WHODAS 2– 0. Results: Being jobless (AOR = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.10– 4.77), longer than 5-year duration of illness without treatment (AOR = 3.13; 95% CI: 1.23– 7.98), poor social support (AOR = 2.54; 95% CI: 1.04– 6.22), negative symptoms (AOR = 2.45; 95% CI: 1.14– 5.29), known family history of mental illness (AOR = 3.59; 95%: 1.67– 7.73) and risky khat use (AOR = 4.37; 95% CI: 1.86– 10.29) were found to be determinants of disability among schizophrenia patients. Conclusion: Joblessness, longer than 5-year duration of illness without treatment, poor social support, negative symptoms, known family history of mental illness and risky khat use were found to be determinants of disability in schizophrenia patients. Interventions targeting reducing of disability and improving quality of life of schizophrenia patients should consider the aforementioned determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria is one of the most widespread infections worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Accordingly, Jimma Zone is one of the widely affected areas by malaria in Ethiopia. In 2020 woreda health offices have reported the possible malaria epidemic that needs further investigation. Accordingly, this study aims to characterize the scope, pinpoint determinants connected to the Nono Benja woreda malaria outbreak, and implement suitable public health management measures. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was followed by an unmatched case-control study with a 1:1 ratio of cases to controls. The sample size of 136 individuals (68 cases and 68 controls) was used. The collected data was imported into Epi-data version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. By doing multivariate logistic regression association was determined at 95% confidence intervals P value of 5%. Results: A total of 687 instances were identified, giving an overall attack incidence of 1%. The assault rate ranged from 51.6 per 1000 people in Benja rural to 1.1 per 1000 people in Dhokonu Kebele. But there were no recorded deaths. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax were the major types of Plasmodium species reported. From independent variables absence of ITNS [AOR 3.98 (CI = 1.11– 24.8)], residing in an unsprayed home [AOR = 3.83 (CI = 1.04– 14.08], presence of stagnant water in residential area [AOR = 4.25, CI (1.37– 12.24113.10)], and lack of awareness on malaria prevention [AOR = 8.28 (CI 2.31– 29.73)] were significantly associated with Malaria outbreak. Conclusion: A number of factors, including lack of ITNS, lack of malaria health education, stagnant water, and IRS (indoor residual spray), were significantly linked with the occurrence of malaria outbreaks. The woreda health office should therefore provide ITNS to the community, use indoor residual spray, and disseminate health information regarding efficient and long-lasting malaria preventive and control techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One in five people will eventually develop cancer, and one in eleven women will lose their lives to the disease. The main aim of this study is to determinants of survival time of women with breast cancer using appropriate Frailty models. Methods: A study involving 632 Ethiopian women with breast cancer was conducted between 2018 and 2020, utilizing medical records from Felege-Hiwot Referral Hospital, the University of Gondar, and Dessie Referral Hospital. To compare survival, the Kaplan-Meier plot (s) and Log rank test were employed; to assess mean survival, one-way analysis of variance and the t test were utilized. The factors influencing women's survival times from breast cancer were identified using the parametric shared frailty model and the accelerated failure time model. Results: The median time to die for breast cancer patients treated at FHRH, UoGCSH, and DRH was 14.91 months, 11.14 months, and 12.32 months, respectively. The parametric model of shared frailty fit those who were statistically significant in univariate analysis. The results showed that survival of women with breast cancer was significantly influenced by age, tumor size, comorbidity, nodal status, stage, histologic grade, and type of primary treatment initiated. When comparing mean survival times between hospitals, the results showed a significant difference; patients who were treated in FHRH live significantly longer than patients treated in UoGCSH and DRH, whereas patients treated in UoGCSH have comparatively lower survival. Women with stage IV and comorbidities have 22.4% and 27.1% shorter expected survival, respectively. Conclusion: This finding suggests that improving the availability and accessibility of radiation therapy and surgery, eliminating disparities between hospitals, raising awareness of early signs and symptoms of breast cancer and encouraging women to seek clinical help, and highlighting women with comorbidities at diagnosis are important ways to increase survival time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess childhood IP reinfection and its association with sanitation and hygienic practice in eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A population-based case-control design was used in this study. Data were collected from 75 reinfected cases and 147 unmatched controls. Fecal specimens were observed for parasites using direct smear and formol ether techniques. Epi-Info and SPSS (the statistical package for social science) were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify significant associations (P< 0.05) between variables. Results: The overall IP reinfection rate within 24 weeks after treatment was 33.8% (75/222), with a 95% CI=27.7%– 40.5%. The frequency of intestinal protozoa was 18%, and for helminths was 15.8%. Children who swam in a polluted water had 3.7 times greater odds of IP reinfection than children who did not swim (P =0.01, 95% CI: 1.4– 10.0). Children who regularly bathed in streams and children who bathed both at home and in streams were found to have 12.6 times and 5.8 times higher odds of IP reinfection than children who bathed regularly at home (P=0.002, 95% CI:2.5– 64.8) and (P = 0.042, 95% CI:1.1– 31.3), respectively. Children in households that owned domestic animals had 4.5 times higher odds of IP reinfection than the reference group (P = 0.013, 95% CI: 1.3– 12.5). Conclusion: IP reinfection rates were significantly associated with habits of swimming in a polluted water, places of bathing, and ownership of domestic animals. Therefore, efforts should be made considering such factors to minimize IP reinfection in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication in critical patients, leading to a worse prognosis. Although its consequences are worse among critical patients, AKI is also associated with less favorable outcomes in non-critical patients. Therefore, understanding the magnitude of the problem in these patients is crucial, yet there is a scarcity of evidence in non-critical settings, especially in resource limited countries. Hence, the study aimed at determining the incidence and predictors of hospital acquired acute kidney injury (HAAKI) in non-critical medical patients who were admitted at a large tertiary hospital in Ethiopia. Methods: A retrospective chart review study was conducted from September 25, 2022 to January 20, 2023 among 232 hospitalized non-critical medical patients admitted to St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College between January 2020 and January 2022. The incidence of HAAKI was estimated using incidence density per total person day (PD) observation of the study participants. To identify predictors of HAAKI, a log binomial regression model was fitted at a p value of ≤ 0.05. The magnitude of association was measured using adjusted relative risk (ARR) with its 95% CI. Results: During the median follow-up duration of 11 days (IQR, 6– 19 days), the incidence of HAAKI was estimated to be 6.0 per 100 PD (95% CI = 5.5 to 7.2). Significant predictors of HAAKI were found to be having type 2 diabetes mellitus (ARR = 2.36, 95% CI = 1.03, 5.39, p-value=0.042), and taking vancomycin (ARR = 3.04, 95% CI = 1.38, 6.72, p-value=0.006) and proton pump inhibitors (ARR = 3.80, 95% CI = 1.34,10.82, p-value=0.012). Conclusion: HAAKI is a common complication in hospitalized non-critical medical patients, and is associated with a common medical condition and commonly prescribed medications. Therefore, it is important to remain vigilant in the prevention and timely identification of these cases and to establish a system of rational prescribing habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose special challenges in developing countries In Ethiopia, the growing NCD burden has raised a public health concern with significant social, economic, and developmental effects. Thus, the study sought to examine health communication practices in addressing the NCDs in Bahir Dar City of the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Methods: A qualitative case study was conducted from January to April 2023. The study employed in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and observations to gather data from health extension workers, NCD experts, and NCD focal persons about their experiences and perspectives regarding NCD prevention and control. The participants were purposively selected, and a thematic analysis technique was employed to analyze the data. Results: The study found that several health communication strategies, such as health promotion, training and creating model households, screening, referrals, follow-ups, rehabilitation services, and activities reporting were employed. Nevertheless, there was a lack of consistent, reliable, and long-lasting and professional health communication regarding NCD prevention and management. Some of the challenges contributing to such deficient practices were overloading HEWs with various tasks, allocating many households to a single HEW, shortage of screening tools, shortage of financial and human resources, weak interdisciplinary collaboration, COVID-19, and recurrent conflicts in the city and the region. Above all, lack of health communication skills affected the health interventions. Concerning communication methods, one-to-one communication was frequently employed, while mass media and social media were rare. Generally, NCD communication, in particular, and health communication, in general, did not receive priority as other health-related activities in the city. Conclusion: The study found that there were poor health communication practices in preventing and controlling NCDs. Thus, professional practice of health communication about NCDs must be prioritized, and emphasis should be given to inter-sectoral collaborations. Prioritizing financial and human resources is also essential for effective NCD communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The roots of Verbascum sinaiticum have been used traditionally for the management of wound in different regions of Ethiopia. Despite the presence of several claims and in vitro studies regarding its role in wound healing, no scientific studies have been conducted so far. Therefore, this study aims to scientifically evaluate the wound healing activities of the crude extract and solvent fractions of the roots of Verbascum sinaiticum in Swiss albino mice. Methods: The dried root powder of Verbascum sinaiticum was extracted using 80% methanol by maceration technique. This was then fractionated with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water. These extracts were formulated as ointment at 5% and 10% concentration by using simple base. Acute dermal toxicity was performed on mice. The wound healing potential was evaluated using excision, incision, and burn wound models. Results: In excision wound, 10% and 5% of crude extract ointment provided a significant (P< 0.001) percentage of contraction starting from day 4 and day 6 onwards respectively. Moreover, the rate of epithelialization was significantly (P< 0.001) improved in 10% crude extract. In burn wound, 10% and 5% crude extract showed significant (P< 0.001) wound contraction starting from day 4 and 8 onwards respectively. In both excision and burn wounds, a moderate concentration of fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition was observed on the 10% crude extract. The 5% and 10% aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions produced a significant (P< 0.001) percentage of wound contraction and shortening of epithelialization at different time points compared to simple ointment. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that the 80% methanolic crude extract, aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions of Verbascum sinaiticum root have wound healing potential which assimilates its traditional use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An emergency cesarean section requires prompt delivery to reduce the risk for a pregnant woman or newborn. Studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between decision-to-delivery time and neonatal outcomes, but the findings are contradictory. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the average of decision-to-delivery time of an emergency cesarean section and its effect on adverse neonatal outcomes at East Gojjam Zone Public Hospital. Methods: A multicenter prospective study design would be carried out between November 2022 and January 2023. Using the consecutive method, a sample of 352 mother-newborn pairs was studied. Direct observation and face-to-face interviews were undertaken to gather the data using a semi-structured questionnaire. For both data input and analysis, Epi Data version 4.6 and Stata version 14 software were used. Both the crude and adjusted odds ratios were computed. Measure of significance was based on the adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of less than 0.05. Results: Decision-to-delivery time interval within 30 minute was seen in 21.9% of emergency cesarean delivery. The study found a significant relationship between the first-minute low Apgar score and the delayed decision-to-delivery time interval (OR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.1– 6, p = 0.03). In addition, determinant factors for poor 1st-minute Apgar scores include danger signs during pregnancy (AOR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.1– 7.8, p = 0.03), women referred from another facility (AOR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.5– 4.6, p = 001), and non-reassuring fetal heart rate (AOR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.1– 17, p = 0.04). A delayed decision-to-delivery time interval is not statistically significantly associated with a low 5th-minute Apgar score or neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. Conclusion: The study found unfavorable 1st-minute Apgar score and a longer decision-to-delivery period than recommended. This duration and negative newborn outcomes may be reduced by increasing and involving comprehensive obstetric and neonatal care facilities with skilled emergency obstetric surgeons, such as clinical midwife, integrated emergency surgeon officers, and physician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A research gap exists in finding practical solutions to provide affordable and accessible health insurance coverage to improve CBHI enrollment and sustainability to people in resource-poor settings and contribute to achieving universal health coverage (UHC) in Ethiopia. This research was initiated to analyze the role of community trust in scheme management and health choice to identify significant factors based on the health belief model (HBM). This psychological framework explains and predicts health behavior by considering individual perceptions. Methods: Cross-sectional information was gathered from 358 families, and original facts were utilized. Descriptive data and the Binary logistics in the econometric model were applied for data analysis. Findings: The descriptive findings demonstrated that other variables were established to possess a significant consequence except for job and occupation variables. The results of the logistic regression model showed that the distance of the nearest health station from the family's home in a minute [AOR (95% CI) =0.177 (0.015, − 0.399)], being a member of the families having an official position in local government or cultural structure [AOR (95% CI) =0.574 (0.355, 0.793)], having an experience of visiting health facilities [AOR (95% CI) =0.281 (0.166, 0.396)], and perceiving the local CBHI scheme management as trustworthy [AOR (95% CI) =0.404 (0.233, 0.575)] were positively associated with family enrollment in the CBHI scheme. On the other hand, being a member of the "rotating saving and credit association" (ROSCA) [AOR (95% CI) =−.299 (−.478, − 0.120)] was negatively associated with the family's enrollment in the CBHI scheme. Conclusion: Trust in CBHI scheme management, family's experience of visiting health facilities, and distance from the nearest health station were essential factors influencing enrollment in CBHI schemes. "Rotating saving and credit association" (ROSCA) ° negatively and statistically significantly impacted the family's CBHI enrolment status. Income level was not associated with enrollment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fighting health threats, especially the rise of new infectious diseases, is one of the main responsibilities of healthcare workers. However, their knowledge and attitudes toward monkeypox have not yet been assessed. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and factors associated with monkeypox infection among healthcare workers at Injibara General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 1– 30, 2022. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analyses were computed. The degree of association was interpreted using an odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and a p-value < 0.05. Results: Among the 200 healthcare workers who participated, 38.5% (95% CI: 32.5%– 45%) and 62% (95% CI: 55– 68.5%) had good knowledge and positive attitudes regarding monkeypox respectively. Having a master's degree or above (AOR = 11.25: 95% CI: 2.03– 62.33), being vaccinated against COVID-19 (AOR = 2.60: 95% CI: 1.37– 4.94), and having access to information about monkeypox (AOR = 3.37: 95% CI: 1.33– 8.50) were the factors associated with good knowledge. Furthermore, a positive attitude was significantly associated with being 30 years of age or older (AOR = 2.95: 95% CI: 1.55– 5.60) and having access to information about monkeypox (AOR = 4.14: 95% CI: 2.06, 8.30). Conclusion: Both good knowledge and positive attitudes were relatively low among healthcare workers. Factors such as age, education level, COVID-19 vaccination status, and access to information about monkeypox were significantly associated with the knowledge and attitude of healthcare workers. To enhance the knowledge and attitude of healthcare workers, hospitals should consider offering educational upgrades, hosting educational events like seminars, conferences, webinars, and campaigns, and ensuring comprehensive coverage of the topic in medical curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the magnitude, associated factors and morphological types of anemia among hospitalized 6– 59 months age children from June 15 to October 15, 2022 at Jimma Medical Center, southwest Ethiopia. Methodology: Hospital-based cross- sectional study design was conducted from June 15 to October 15, 2022 at Jimma Medical Center, involving 383 hospitalized children aged 6– 59 months by employing convenient sampling technique. Data of sociodemographic characteristics and other associated factors of the study individuals waere collected using a pre-structured questionnaire. Clinical data were collected by physical examination and from history of client by medical interns and nurses. Then 3 mL venous blood was collected and analyzed for complete blood count. Data were coded, cleared and entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression was used to identify associated factors. Results: The overall prevalence of anemia among hospitalized 6– 59 months age children was 57.2%; out of them 30.82% were moderate. In the present study children with malaria infection, AOR = 1.15 (95% CI: 0.017, 0.781), Cchildren with severe malnutrition, AOR = 2.046 (95% CI: 0.306, 1.366), and children with low family income, AOR = 2.6 (95% CI 0.475, 0.894) were independent variables associated with anemia. Conclusion and Recommendation: Anemia among study participants is found to be a severe public health problem. Based on this finding, more intervention is needed with health education on nutrition and child feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes, one of the major global health emergencies of the 21st century, can affect a patient's quality of life. A compromised quality of life has adverse effects on self-care practices, resulting in inadequate glycemic control and an increased susceptibility to complications. In Ethiopia, there is a paucity of information regarding the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, this study aimed to assess health-related quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending diabetes follow-up clinics in selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa using short form- 36 (SF-36) health survey measures. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the characteristics of the study participants. Simple and multiple linear regressions were done to identify significantly associated factors with health-related quality of life. Result: A total of 309 patients participated in this study. The mean scores of the physical and mental component summaries were 40.15 (SD = 7.27) and 48.11 (SD = 8.87), respectively. Being old, being overweight or obese, living with type 2 diabetes mellitus for more than fifteen years, taking combined medication, having diabetes-related complications, and having comorbidities were factors that reduced the mean score of the physical component summary (p-value< 0.05). Being obese and diabetes related complication were factors that negatively affect mental component summary (p-value < 0.05). On the other hand, being married was factors that positively affect mental component summary (p-value < 0.05). Conclusion: Older age, being married, obesity, overweight, longer duration of diabetes, using combined medications, diabetic-related complications, and co-morbidities were factors associated with health-related quality of life. Healthcare providers should strengthen counseling patients on lifestyle modifications such as diet modifications, and weight reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to determine the prevalence of diabetes and identify its associated factors among office workers of Mizan-Aman Town administration and Bench Sheko Zone Sector Office. Methods: A sector office-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 559 randomly selected employees of Mizan Aman Town Administration and Zonal Office from June 5 to June 30, 2022. Fasting plasma glucose was tested, and the result ≥ 126 mg/dL was used to diagnose DM. Data were entered using Epi Data version 4.0.2 and exported to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 26) for analysis. Bivariate analyses were included in the multivariable model with p < 0.25. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with a confidence interval (CI) of 95% are reported, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The overall prevalence of Diabetes was 9.4% with 95%CI(7.1,12.1)). Among the participants,60.8% were men, 58.2% of workers were aged 40 years or older, and the mean age was 39.7 ± 9.9 years. Having hypertension (AOR 3.85, 95% CI (1.7,7.4), family history of diabetes (AOR 4.5, 95% CI (1.2, 15.8), physical inactivity defined as failure to participate in moderate intensity activities at work, sitting ≥ 180 minutes per day (AOR = 3.57, 95% CI (1.1, 11.0)) and having central obesity AOR: 3.25, 95% CI (1.5, 6.7) independently associated with higher odds of DM. However, those having good knowledge of DM (AOR=0.26, 95% CI: (0.10, 0.6)) and consuming fruits and vegetables greater than five servings per week (AOR=0.32 95% CI (0.1, 0.7)) predicted lower odds of DM. Conclusions and Recommendations: The prevalence of DM among office workers was high and is associated with lifestyle, family history, dietary practices, and knowledge about DM. Therefore, arranging regular screening programs at the workplace and promotion of healthy diet, exercise, and awareness creation are needed to lower the prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Long-term use of antiretroviral therapy, especially dolutegravir and boosted-atazanavir, raises concerns about cardiovascular disease. Thus, this study aimed to assess lipid profiles, blood glucose, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels among people living with HIV on dolutegravir and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir-based therapy. Methods: An institutional-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from November 4, 2021, to January 4, 2022. An equal number of dolutegravir- and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir-treated patients (n = 64 each) was enrolled. A consecutive sampling was used to select participants. The Chi-square, Student's t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, and logistic regression were used as appropriate statistical tests using SPSS Version 25.0. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Dyslipidemia was found in 67.2% (43/64) of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir group and 48.4% (31/64) of dolutegravir group. The dolutegravir group had significantly higher mean and median values of high-density lipoprotein and random blood sugar, respectively, as well as lower median triglyceride and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels than the ritonavir-boosted atazanavir group. Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir-based regimens (AOR=3.4, 95% CI: 1.5, 8) and age > 40 years were predictors of dyslipidemia, while BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (AOR=3.7, 95% CI: 1.3, 10.8) and dolutegravir-based regimens (AOR=4.6, 95% CI: 1.5, 14) were predictors of hyperglycemia. Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir-based regimens (ARR=3, 95% CI: 1.3, 8) and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (ARR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.1, 6) were associated with increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein by 1– 3 mg/L. The risk of increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein by > 3 mg/L was greater in those patients with a CD4 cell count of < 500 cells/mm3 (ARR=5, 95% CI: 1.1, 24). Conclusion: When compared to ritonavir-boosted atazanavir-based regimens, dolutegravir had favorable lipid profiles and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein but unfavorable blood glucose levels. Therefore, baseline blood glucose, lipid profiles, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels should be routinely measured in patients on these regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Compliance with workplace health and safety measures can result in considerable reduction in workplace injuries and fatalities and attributed economic costs. However, majority of studies conducted in small-scale industries in numerous countries, including Ethiopia focused on the prevalence of occupational injuries and there is a paucity of evidence on level of employees' adherence to safety measures and the associated factors. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess workers' compliance and factors associated with occupational health and safety practices in small-scale metal industries in Central Ethiopia. Methods: This study was conducted in Central Ethiopia. A total of 415 small-scale metal workers were included in this study. Study participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The collected data were entered using EPI Info version 7.2 and exported to IBM-SPSS Version 22 for further cleaning and analysis. Bivariate and multivariate Binary Logistic Regression were conducted to determine association and during the multivariable regression variables with a p-value < 0.05 were considered significantly associated factors. Results: The study found a 39.3% (95% CI: 34.7, 44.1) prevalence of good compliance with safety and health measures among small-scale metal workers. Temporary employed workers were less likely to adhere [AOR=0.43, 95% CI (0.21, 0.93)] and workers who received training were more likely to adhere [AOR=5.75, 95% CI (2.56, 12.9)] to safety precautions. Other significantly associated variables included work experience, working at night, and satisfaction with the current salary. Conclusion: This study sheds light on small-scale metal workers' commitment to workplace safety and health procedures, indicating a compliance rate of 39.3%, which is low. Temporary employees and less experienced workers are less likely to follow health and safety precautions. Workplace health and safety training are associated with increased safety precautions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore Women's experiences on contraceptive preference among Jimma town public health facilities, southwest Ethiopia, 2023. Methods: An interpretative phenomenological study design was employed. Women aged between 18 and 49 who have been using injectable contraceptives for more than one year were our study population. Data were collected through in-depth interviews using an open-ended, structured interview guide. The purposive sampling technique was used to select 12 participants from three randomly selected public health facilities in Jimma town. Audio data were transcribed verbatim into word files, and finally, Atlas.ti 7.0 software was used to facilitate coding and categorizing. Results: Twelve women who have been using injectable contraceptives for the last year were involved in this study. Religious beliefs, fear of side effects, visiting Arab countries, and previous contraceptive experiences were the main reasons for respondents to prefer injectable contraceptive methods. This study revealed that women were experiencing positive and negative effects while using injection contraceptives. The majority of the respondents felt comfortable and pleased and had not encountered any health-related issues since beginning to use injection contraceptives. Conclusion: The key factors influencing respondents' preference for injection methods of contraception included fear of side effects, religious convictions, travel to Arab nations, and prior contraceptive experiences. The majority of respondents felt at ease and pleased and reported no substantial health difficulties associated with injection contraception, despite a few women reporting minor adverse effects. Therefore, switching to long-acting methods of contraception necessitates increased women's understanding of contraceptives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human exposure to benzene is associated with many adverse health effects. It is mainly related to impairment of the hematopoietic system and bone marrow suppression, causing abnormalities in hematological parameters. However, the reports obtained from different studies are contradictory, and there are little data regarding the hematological parameters of gas station workers in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the hematological parameters of gas station workers in Hosanna town, southwest Ethiopia, from May 01 to June 15, 2020. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted by involving 180 (60 gas-stations workers and 120 controls) participants. Socio-demographic and related data of the study participants were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire through face-to-face-interviews. All phases of quality assurance were maintained, and hematological parameters were determined using Uni-Cel DxH 800 automated hematological analyzer. Independent sample T-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, and one-way ANOVA were used for data analysis. Statistical significance was declared at P< 0.05. Results: Statistically significant difference was observed in hematological parameters of gasoline-workers and control groups. The mean of red blood cell count among gasoline-workers was significantly reduced as compared to control groups (p=0.007). In addition, the median of hemoglobin levels among gasoline-workers was significantly decreased as compared to the control groups (p=0.001). In contrast, a significant increase was observed in median of absolute eosinophil count among the gasoline-workers as compared to control groups (p=0.01). The mean of mean cell volume was significantly decreased with respect to the duration of work experience (p=0.04). Conclusion: In this study, a statistically significant difference was observed in some hematological parameters of gas station workers compared to the control group. Therefore, medical observation and periodic medical check-ups of the hematological profile should be considered to prevent the development of medical complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases worldwide. Approximately 9.3% of the general population was estimated to have DM globally in 2019. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) in hyperglycemic patients is expected to increase and determine the rate of erythrocyte hemolysis. Purpose: This study aimed to assess erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) and its determinants and to compare hematological indices among T2DM patients on follow-up at the Jimma Medical Center (JMC), Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study involving 124 participants (each 62) of T2DM patients and controls was conducted from October to November 2020 using a structured questionnaire. 5 mL of venous blood was drawn to assess OF, complete blood count, and blood glucose levels. EOF was investigated using a series hypotonic solution of NaCl. The supernatant of the centrifuged sample was transferred to cuvette test tubes, and the hemolysis stage was read on a spectrophotometer. The collected data were coded and entered into Epi-data Version 3.1. The analysis was performed using SPSS Version 23. Results: Compared with non-diabetic controls, patients with T2DM had significantly increased EOF. FBG > 126mg/dl (AOR=7.741, 95% CI: 1.562– 38.360), PPBG > 200 mg/dl (AOR=7.576, 95% CI: 1.519– 37.791), RDW (AOR=4.558, 95% CI: 1.136– 18.284) were significantly associated with abnormal EOF. A statistically significant increase in total white blood cells and absolute neutrophil counts (P < 0.001) were observed in T2DM patients. From RBC indices, red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were significantly increased in T2DM patients (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study suggests that EOF was greater in patients with T2DM than in non-diabetic controls and was determined by FBG, PPBG, and RDW. The study also demonstrated that hematological index alterations were higher in T2DM subjects than in non-diabetic controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A pacemaker is a device implanted in the chest to help people with symptomatic bradycardia and life-threatening irregular rhythm. However, it is also associated with many complications. Therefore, this study evaluated pacemaker-related complications and factors associated with them, as there is little data on pacemaker-related complications in sub-Saharan Africa and Ethiopia.Methods: The study was conducted on 118 patients over 18 years old who had pacemakers implanted between 2017 and 2022 at Tikur Anbessa Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia who were reviewed by the authors from September 2022 to December 2022. Sociodemographic factors, clinical characteristics, and complications data were extracted using a structured questionnaire by retrospective review of patient records. The chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was performed to evaluate factors associated with complications.Results: The median age of patients was 60.5 years (IQR = 15 years), with men accounting for 50.8% of patients. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (64.2%). Symptomatic grade 3 AV block was the most common indication (78.8%) for pacemaker implantation. With a mean follow-up of 3.92 ± 1.94 years, 15.3% of patients had complications. Pneumothorax, pocket site infection, and lead dislodgement were the most common complications occurring in 2.54% of patients each. Patient age during surgery (p-value = 0.02), patient gender (p-value = 0.04), pacemaker implanting team (p-value = 0.01), and adherence to follow-up (p-value = 0.04) are related to pacemakers-related complications.Conclusion: Pacemaker implantation is associated with many complications. Pneumothorax, pacemaker pocket infection, and lead dislodgement were the most common complications. Patient age at pacemaker implantation, patient gender, pacemaker implanting team, and follow-up compliance were factors associated with pacemaker-related complications. Skill development through specialized training and compliance counseling may improve outcomes for patients who have complications related to pacemaker implanting team and poor adherence to follow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Communication in healthcare organizations is an important factor in quality care, patient safety, and financial function. However, there was a dearth of evidence on the organizational communication skills of healthcare providers in Ethiopia, including the current study area, Wolaita Sodo. This study is aimed at assessing the level of organizational communication skills and their associated factors among healthcare providers working at Wolaita Sodo health facilities, SNNPRS, Ethiopia. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted. A pretested and structured questionnaire was utilized using the self-administration method. The data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and analyzed using STATA version 17.0. Pearson correlation, a binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify factors associated with outcome variables. Accordingly, variables that fulfilled p-values < 0.25 on the bivariate logistic regression were considered candidates for multivariate logistic regression to control for possible confounders. The odds ratios along with the 95% confidence interval were used to present the finding, and statistical significance was reported at a p-value of 0.05. Results: In the current study, about 45.8% (95% CI: 40.9– 50.7) of the health professionals experienced good organizational communication skills. Males [AOR = 2.29; 95% CI = 1.38, 3.82], who had training in communication skills [AOR = 2.30; 95% CI = 1.46, 3.63], and those working at laboratories [AOR = 3.22; 95% CI = 1.07, 9.65] were significantly associated with organizational communication skills. Conclusion: Less than half of the participants practiced good organizational communication skills. Sex, training on communication skills, and working units were important factors affecting the communication skills of healthcare providers. Interventions to improve the communication skills of healthcare providers should be instituted targeting females, those who have never taken training on communication skills, and those who are working at the ward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Heart failure is major public health problem that affects many people worldwide. It affects all aspects of patients' lives, leading to extreme physical, social, and functional restriction and increasing psychological distress. The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experience of adult patient with heart failure at Tibebe Ghion Specialize Hospital, Ethiopia, 2022. Method: Qualitative Phenomenological study design was conducted at Tibebe Ghion Specialized Referral Hospital, from November 10 to December 15, 2022. Heterogenous purposive sampling technique was used to select 11 study participants. Data were collected through in-depth interviews guides and observational checklist. The rigor and trustworthiness of the study were maintained by transferability, dependability, credibility, and conformability. Thematic analysis method was used for the development of codes and themes using ATLAS. ti.7 software for analysis. Result: Five main themes and eleven subthemes were developed that explore the lived experience of adults with heart failure. Impact of heart failure on daily life, psychological and spiritual experiences, financial experiences, experiences related to hospital service, and challenges to getting treatment are major themes. Unavailability of medicine, lab investigations, and the inaccessibility of cardiac centers were the main challenges during their treatment. Conclusion: This study explored that lived experience of adult HF patients were addressed in in terms of Physical, Psychological and Spiritual, financial, hospital service and challenges to get treatment. Therefore, we recommended providing psychological and economical support for HF patients and in addition to accessing medication and medical care centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a response to a study conducted in Ethiopia that assessed the quality of diabetic care at a teaching hospital. The authors commend the study for its contribution to diabetic care in Ethiopia and suggest areas for improvement. They recommend conducting a multi-center study with a larger participant pool to ensure representativeness, adopting a mixed-method approach to collect data, and including more specific variables to identify risk factors. They also suggest exploring current advancements in diabetic care and investigating the impact of targeted interventions. Overall, the authors appreciate the study's insights and emphasize the need for interventions to improve patient outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses a research study on adherence to lifestyle modification practices among hypertensive patients in Bahir Dar City Hospitals, North West Ethiopia. The study used validated tools to measure various factors related to lifestyle behaviors, knowledge, social support, and the patient-physician relationship. The findings provide insights into personal and social influences on adherence and highlight the importance of exploring modifiable factors to improve hypertension management strategies. However, the study has limitations, such as being conducted in a single city and relying on self-reported data. The author recommends future research to address these limitations, including longitudinal intervention studies and multicenter studies across different regions of Ethiopia. Additionally, the author suggests using objective measures alongside self-reported measures to validate adherence levels. Overall, the study contributes to understanding adherence to lifestyle modifications among hypertensive patients in Ethiopia and emphasizes the need for awareness and advice regarding lifestyle changes for hypertension patients. [Extracted from the article]