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Background: Altered meal timing patterns can disrupt the circadian system and affect metabolism. Our aim was to describe sex-specific chrono-nutritional patterns, assess their association with body mass index (BMI) and investigate the role of sleep in this relationship. Methods: We used the 2018 questionnaire data from the population-based Genomes for Life (GCAT) (n = 7074) cohort of adults aged 40–65 in Catalonia, Spain, for cross-sectional analysis and its follow-up questionnaire data in 2023 (n = 3128) for longitudinal analysis. We conducted multivariate linear regressions to explore the association between mutually adjusted meal-timing variables (time of first meal, number of eating occasions, nighttime fasting duration) and BMI, accounting for sleep duration and quality, and additional relevant confounders including adherence to a Mediterranean diet. Finally, cluster analysis was performed to identify chrono-nutritional patterns, separately for men and women, and sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics were compared across clusters and analyzed for associations with BMI. Results: In the cross-sectional analysis, a later time of first meal (β 1 h increase = 0.32, 95% CI 0.18, 0.47) and more eating occasions (only in women, β 1 more eating occasion = 0.25, 95% CI 0.00, 0.51) were associated with a higher BMI, while longer nighttime fasting duration with a lower BMI (β 1 h increase=-0.27, 95% CI -0.41, -0.13). These associations were particularly evident in premenopausal women. Longitudinal analyses corroborated the associations with time of first meal and nighttime fasting duration, particularly in men. Finally, we obtained 3 sex-specific clusters, that mostly differed in number of eating occasions and time of first meal. Clusters defined by a late first meal displayed lower education and higher unemployment in men, as well as higher BMI for both sexes. A clear "breakfast skipping" pattern was identified only in the smallest cluster in men. Conclusions: In a population-based cohort of adults in Catalonia, we found that a later time of first meal was associated with higher BMI, while longer nighttime fasting duration associated with a lower BMI, both in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Data on overuse of diagnostic and therapeutic resources underline their contribution to the decline in healthcare quality. The application of "Do Not Do" recommendations, in interaction with gender biases in primary care, remains to be fully understood. Therefore, this study aims to identify which low-value practices (LVPs) causing adverse events are susceptible to be applied in primary care setting with different frequency between men and women. Methods: A consensus study was conducted between November 1, 2021, and July 4, 2022, in the primary care setting of the Valencian Community, Spain. Thirty-three of the 61 (54.1%) health professionals from clinical and research settings invited, completed the questionnaire. Participants were recruited by snowball sampling through two scientific societies, meeting specific inclusion criteria: over 10 years of professional experience and a minimum of 7 years focused on health studies from a gender perspective. An initial round using a questionnaire comprising 40 LVPs to assess consensus on their frequency in primary care, potential to cause serious adverse events, and different frequency between men and women possibly due to gender bias. A second round-questionnaire was administered to confirm the final selection of LVPs. Results: This study identified nineteen LVPs potentially linked to serious adverse events with varying frequencies between men and women in primary care. Among the most gender-biased and harmful LVPs were the use of benzodiazepines for insomnia, delirium, and agitation in the elderly, and the use of hypnotics without a previous etiological diagnosis. Conclusions: Identifying specific practices with potential gender biases, mainly in mental health for the elderly, contributes to healthcare promotion and bridges the gap in gender inequalities. Trial registration: NCT05233852, registered on 10 February 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The main objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH), an alteration of tooth enamel with an estimated worldwide prevalence rate of 14%, among children using primary care services in the Community of Madrid, Spain. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional and multicentre study. After calibrating all researchers and following the diagnostic criteria of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD), children aged between 8 and 16 years who were users of the dental services at 8 primary oral health units of the Madrid Health Service (SERMAS) were included. The children underwent a dental examination, and the parents were asked to complete a questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of MIH was 28.63% (CI: 24.61–32.65%). The age cohorts most affected by MIH were 8 years (21.4%) and 11 years (20.7%). The presence of MIH was greater among girls (85; 60.71%) than among boys (55; 39.28%). The mean number of affected teeth per patient was 4.46 ± 2.8. The most frequently affected molar was the upper right first molar (74.3%), and the upper left central incisor was the most affected incisor (37.85%). Opacities were the defects most frequently recorded (63.57%). Conclusions: The prevalence of MIH in this study is the highest of all relevant studies conducted in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]