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It is alarming that an overwhelming 35.46% of unmanaged garbage comprises plastic waste, amounting to 10,129,984 million metric tons. It constitutes approximately 15.6% of the total waste globally. Immediate measures must be taken to curb our plastic consumption and ensure its proper disposal to safeguard our planet. Even though plastic scrap is challenging to recycle, it harms the environment. Instead, using plastic waste as an addition to cement manufacturing becomes a good solution for the construction industry. Concrete's brittle qualities have an impact on the bending moment. Hence, adding fiber is a solution to this problem to improve the mechanical properties of concrete. Polypropylene is a thermoplastic fiber that can be added to strengthen the concrete's ductility and increase its compressive strength and bending moment value. Experimental tests are conducted to achieve this. f'c 25 MPa of compressive strength with a mixed design using polypropylene The compressive strength of the 15 cm x 15 cm x 60 cm fiber beam specimen increases significantly. The average compressive strength of the concrete mixture using PPF 0.7 kg/m3 was increased for fourteen days, reaching 27.93 MPa and 30 MPa for 28 days, respectively. Compared to regular concrete, compressive strength rose from 9.53% to 9.69%. The bending moment is increased, reaching 11231116.95 N.mm at 14 days and 13796629.6 N.mm at 14 days, respectively. Instead, it can reduce the workability of fiber concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous development of the city, many new tunnels inevitably pass through the area near the existing tunnel, which may have a greater impact on the existing tunnel. In this paper, the finite element model reflecting the tunnel position is established by using ABAQUS software combined with dynamic simulation analysis method and Python language programming. The influence of the relative position of the new tunnel (L,α) on the deformation of the existing tunnel, the stress of the supporting structure and the ground settlement is studied. The results show that with the increase of relative distance (L), the convergence force, maximum axial force and bending moment of lining decrease gradually. When L is constant, with the increase of α, the convergence of the roof and floor of the existing tunnel increases, and the maximum ground settlement decreases. The maximum axial force and bending moment of the existing tunnel lining increase with the increase of |α|. This paper provides a reference for the rational planning and line selection of the tunnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main ideal of this document is to Analyze and Design of a Multi storey structure applying a Software usually known as STAAD Pro and its cost prediction using a AI technique called Machine Learning. In this we are designing a multi storey building of G+12 which involves load calculations, sesmic load conditions and analysing of building by STAAD pro and also analyzing the building erect for chancing the bending moments, shear forces, deflections and also underpinning details for the structural members of structure(similar as shafts, columns & crossbeams) for developing the provident and sustainable design. For this design process we used Indian standard code books of IS 456-2000, IS 875 (Part 1,2,3,5). AUTOCAD software is used for development of plans and the plan is imported to staad pro and designed. The total height of the building is 39m and the area of the building is around 8000sq.ft consisting of 12 floors. This paper also introduces machine learning (ML) technology to optimize design costs. In our project we used linear regression algorithm. Linear regression relationships are modelled using a linear prediction function that estimates unknown model parameters from data. Data is given in form of datasets that comprises of attributes such as essential building materials and their cost according to the area, so that the future cost is predicted accordingly. The result obtained in trained model and the manual estimation is accurate. In this project we are calculating and comparing the cost of high rise, mid rise and dwarf buildings through machine learning as well as through manual estimation of the building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study a simplified bilinear capacity curve of a frame structure is reconstructed by means of a limit analysis strategy based on the implementation of genetic algorithms. The proposed procedure takes into account the second order effects considering a post-yielding softening branch. In order to consider the progressive damage in the frame, the pre-yielding branch is determined with reference to a linear model where rotational springs are introduced in some critical sections of the frame. The calibration of the stiffness of each rotational spring is performed considering the bending moments at the corresponding section when the first plastic hinge in the frame opens. The results obtained through the proposed simplified strategy are validated with well-established approaches based on nonlinear static analyses, showing the reliability and the computational efficiency of this methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is proposed to numerically study effects of impact angle, impact position, posture, and height of pedestrian on kinematics and injury responses. A finite element human body model was employed to develop vehicle-pedestrian crash simulations. A 50th-percentile adult male (AM50) in standing and walking postures were considered. The human body model was set to impact a passenger car at its corner and at the centre of the bumper with 90° and 45° impact angles. Eight simulations were conducted. Since Asian pedestrians are usually smaller than their American counterpart, this paper also investigated the effect of pedestrian height by scaling down the AM50 model to a typical Asian height and weight. Four additional simulations were conducted. It was found that the impact position at the vehicle front-end affected the head impact location. Impacting at the corner position had high chance of head impacting the A-pillar which led to severe head injury. Impact angles also showed influence on the kinematics and injury response. Knee bending moment for the 45°impact angle was smaller than the 90°impact angle while bone bending was not much different. The 90° impact angle exhibited lower head injury criteria than the 45° impact angle. The results also revealed that different pedestrian postures led to some different kinematics with respect to the head impact location and speed. Pedestrian in walking posture exhibited more severe head and thorax injuries while the standing posture showed higher bending moment of the lower extremities. Finally, the human body model with Asian height exhibited higher risk of head injury than using AM50 data. The results of this study will be useful to vehicle manufacturers in designing a front structure of the vehicle and pedestrian protection systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simulation of the injection molding process of semi-crystalline thermoplastics is widely used and commercially available. Typical use cases for process simulations are melt flow optimization, tool design and finding process parameter sets for the production. In recent years, injection molding simulations also provide the prediction of shrinkage and warpage. These simulations, however, neglect the variations in local mechanical properties caused by inhomogeneous solidification and the resulting locally different spherulites microstructure. In order to account for the locally inhomogeneous solidification and the resulting local microstructure, and hence to improve the precision of the warpage prediction, a multi-scale simulation chain is developed and presented here. The multi-scale simulation chain predicts the shrinkage on the part scale taking into account the mechanical property distribution, which is derived based on the local microstructure using a two-stage numerical homogenization scheme. The numerical homogenization is able to consider the local degree of crystallization, which is noticeable reduced in the surface layers of the component, resulting in a reduction of the mechanical properties. To show the applicability of the multi-scale simulation chain, an experimental validation is presented using injection molded plates with thickness steps. The final warpage is measured using a tactile measurement (Zeiss O-Inspect 442). The bending moment caused by warpage and relative magnitude are compared with the numerical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to compare the results of utilising the manual approach vs STAAD Pro to assess and design a roof for a circular water tank that is lying on the ground. Two groups were compared using a t-test based on an independent sample. Both groups, 1 (the control) and 2 (the experimental) each have 9 samples total (STAAD Pro). Using G power of 50 and alpha of 0.05, we were able to acquire an accurate sample size of 18. Manual and STAAD Pro were used for the analysis and design. Shear stress, bending moment (BM), and deflection were all tested using an independent t-test, and the results indicated no statistically significant differences between the groups (p-values of 0.25, 0.88, and 0.20, respectively; p>0.05). Since p>0.05, it may be inferred that there are no statistically significant differences between the manual and STAAD pro approaches to design. With less work, STAAD Pro produces outcomes that are on par with those of a solution developed in accordance with the requirements of the IS code. Thus, STAAD Pro is an effective tool for modelling, analysing, and designing lightweight buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative tests of glass and glass-basalt-plastic samples were carried out and quantitative values of the characteristics of strength, rigidity and durability were obtained. The glass and glass-basalt plastic samples differed in their technological manufacturing parameters, namely: filler nomenclature (samples made of glass fiber and samples made of glass-basalt fiber), winding modes (amount of filler to the total volume of content). The diagnostic results showed that the ratio of loads at which the samples have the same durability indicates the advantage of glass-basalt-plastic samples. This characteristic allows us to judge the load-bearing capacity of the sample. The purpose of this work was to determine the ring stiffness, strength and durability under loading conditions similar to the operation of a geophysical probe in an aggressive environment (temperatures up to 150°C, hydrogen sulfide up to 0.1%, hydrochloric acid up to 10%, cyclic dynamic axial loads, bending moment, high external pressure (up to 100 MPa). As a result of studying the loading process, the following results were obtained: the superiority of the strength characteristics of samples made of glass basalt fiber over samples made of glass was confirmed; the sample loading program has been adjusted to minimize the influence of residual deformations on the maximum force value; a hybrid material – glass-basalt plastic – was proposed as an alternative to glass, capable of maintaining load-bearing characteristics in the aggressive operating conditions of a geophysical probe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are innumerable methods for solving continuous beams, including the slope and deflection method, the moment distribution method, the flexibility matrix method, and the stiffness matrix method. Each method has its own identity. The final results of all four methods are shear force, bending moment, slope, and deflection. Even if all approaches yield the same result. The issue now is the time duration of those methods. One assessment should take approximately over thirty minutes to complete. Another issue is that the entire analysis will be repeated even if only one parameter is changed. Computer-based analysis is the best solution to all of these problems. Python is a computer programming language that has recently gained popularity due to its syntax simplicity. The code can be executed as soon as it is written in this case. A four-span continuous beam will be analyzed using Python in this paper, and the results will be compared to the conventional stiffness method. Initially, inputs are sent to Python using finite element procedures. The analysis is performed with Numpy, and the results are printed. Numpy is a Python library that is capable of performing all mathematical analysis, particularly on arrays and matrices. The analysis in this paper is carried out using Google colab as a plot form and Numpy as a tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript is about designing a glass wall cleaning machine on the outside of a high-rise building, where the walls are almost entirely glass. Previous cleaner design has many weaknesses than this product. This design includes the calculation of mechanical systems, DC motors, suction pads, construction, and control system circuits. The calculation and experimental data such as the Suction pad can withstand a maximum load of 35kg. From the DC motor test results, the time value is 5000 µs. It takes 5 seconds to rotate the cleaning cloth and move the vacuum foot. The highest deflection value and bending moment value occur when the loading point is in the middle. This product has better work time, power efficiency, and a bigger safety factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the compression behavior of concrete has been widely carried out, on the other hand, information about the behavior of concrete in tension was limited. The existing concrete tension tests are the splitting, direct tensile, and rupture tests. These methods provide information on the tensile strength of concrete through concrete tension stiffening tests. This paper aims to elaborate on the experimental study to develop and construct the equation of concrete tensile strength based on the tension stiffening effect mechanism. The basic principle of this newly proposed method was the composite action between steel and concrete. The straight and continuous steel bar was embedded in concrete to ensure no eccentricity that could interfere with research data due to the bending moment. 45 Specimens made from cylinder concrete with 101.6 mm diameter and 450 mm length, steel bar embedded at the center of the section. Three concrete mixes with actual compressive strength of 31.66 MPa, 40.27 MPa, and 46.60 MPa and steel bar diameters of 15.9 mm, 18.7 mm, and 21.7 mm were used as variables. The test was performed by applying an incremental tensile loading at both ends of the steel specimen with a load rate of 5-10 kN/minute to obtain a force-displacement relationship. The curve must be lessened with steel bar response to get the load-displacement of tension concrete, and then by dividing load with concrete area and displacement with the length of both LVDT can be generated stress-strain of tension concrete. This study shows that the tension-stiffening effect is affected by the reinforcement ratio. Where the reinforcement ratio increases, the tension-stiffening decreases. The steel bar to concrete-area ratio higher tends to more cracks. The concrete tensile strength of this research is taken from the stress of the first crack indicates very close to the direct tensile test but slightly higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study are to inspect structural member of bridge to identify any damage in these members, to analyze the internal forces in designed and service stage by adopting static analysis, to determine bending moment, vertical shear force, axial force, tensile stress, compression stress, and vertical deflection under effect of dead load, prestressed load, moving load, temperature load, and combination of these loads, to evaluate the structural performance of bridge structure. Bata bridge was selected as case study in this study which was located in Babylon province near center of Hilla city. Ver. 24 is used in the analysis of bridge structure model for static. The inspection process of structural damages for bridge structure show that there are many damages in the old bridge especially in the concrete deck, expansion joints, and abutments structure. The results of analysis showed that the span No. 1 of bridge structure suffers from higher values of positive bending moment, tensile stress, and downward vertical deflection than others spans, and lower values of compression stress and negative bending moment. After improvement of prestressed tendons, the values of vertical deflection of bridge structure were decreased by more than 50% according to values before improvement. In general, the structural performance of old bridge structure need to improve by using some methods of repairing and strengthening to decrease the tensile stress and downward vertical deflection. External prestressing tendons is suitable method in the state of old bridge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article conducts an experimental study to investigate the opening effect on the capacity and behavior of built-up steel beams with corrugated webs. Five specimens were fabricated and tested under a two-point load, one of them without openings in its web (control specimens), while the other four specimens had openings at their maximum bending moment zone with various shapes of the same equivalent area (circular, rectangular, square, and rhombus). The results of load-deflection curves for all tested specimens were recorded; also, the distributed of deformation in control beam and around of openings was plotted using Digital Image Technique (DIC). The results show that the presence of an opening in the pure flexural zone of a beam negligible affect the beam's final carrying capacity compared with the control specimen and the difference between them is only in the form of mode failure in the beam. The specimen that contains one opening has more toughness because the load capacity is greater and shows less ductility. From this test, the circular opening is the best type of opening, while the failure shape of rhombus opening is the more dangerous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using steel jackets around reinforced concrete columns is a widespread technique for static and seismic retrofitting applications. The dimensionless interaction diagrams for reinforced concrete columns strengthened with steel angles are not attempted yet. Thus, this paper presents the formulation of dimensionless interaction diagrams for reinforced concrete columns strengthened with steel angles and strips. The axial loads and uniaxial bending moments are calculated using the plastic stress distribution method, and then the dimensionless interaction diagrams are generated. These diagrams enable analysis (estimation of the column load carrying capacity) and design (required amount of steel reinforcement) of such columns. Numerous examples are given to explain the Use of the new proposed diagrams. These examples have shown that the new proposed charts are straightforward in structural analysis and design applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]