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3 techniques for studying reproductive function in the marmoset are described. Abdominal palpation was found to be the most successful method for diagnosis of pregnancy. Vaginal cytology and urinary immunoassays met with limited success and were of supportive value only.

— —The different cellular elements which are encountered in vaginal smears made during pre-oestrum, oestrous and metoestrum and the degree of variation during these phases, are discussed. Resume— —Les differents elements cellulaires se trouvant dans les macules vaginales durant les phases preoestrus, oestrus et postoestrus et le degre de variations durant ces phases, sont discutes. Zusammenfassung— —Es werden die verschiedenartigen Zellengrundstoffe, die vor, wahrend und in der transzendentalen Brunstperiode in Scheidenausstrichen vorgefunden werden und der Variationsbreitengrad wahrend dieser Stadien besprochen.

— —The establishment of indices for the vaginal cellular elements and the practical significance of these in canine reproduction is emphasised. Resume— —L'etablissement d'indices pour les elements cellulaires vaginaux et leur importance dans la reproduction canine est souligne. Zusammenfassung— —Die Aufstellung von Tabellen fur Scheidezellengrundstoffe und die praktische Bedeutung derselben fur die Fortpflanzung von Hunden wird hervorgehoben.

This presentation aims to review what is currently known of several aspects of the endocrinology of reproduction in the dog. Each phase of the oestrous cycle is described with respect to the changes occurring in clinical appearance, vaginal cytology, behaviour and the levels of pituitary and ovarian hormones; comment is also made about the factors influencing the length of the oestrous interval. The variable nature of the reproductive cycle in the bitch is emphasized as is the care necessary, on the part of the practising veterinary surgeon, in interpreting the significance of the changes that occur. Resume. Dans cet article, les auteurs passent en revue les connaissances actuelles sur divers aspects de I'endocrinologie de la reproduction chez le chien. 11s decrivent chaque phase du cycle de l'oestre en considerant les changements de l'aspect clinique, de la cytologie vaginale, du comportement et du taw des hormones pituitaires et ovariennes; ils parlent egalement des facteurs qui influencent la duree de l'intervalle entre les oestres. 11s soulignent la nature variable du cycle reproducteur de la chienne, ainsi que le soin avec lequel le chirurgien veterinaire doit interpreter I'importance des changements qui se produisent. Zusammenfassung. Diese Arbeit beabsichtigt darzustellen, was gegenwartig uber verschiedene Aspekte der Endokrinologie der Fortpflanzung des Hundes bekannt ist. Jede Phase des Ostruszyklus wird hinsichtlich der Veranderungen des klinischen Bildes, der Vaginalcytologie, des Verhaltens und der Konzentrationen der Hypophysen- und Ovarialhormone beschrieben; ausserdem werden die Faktoren behandelt, welche die Lange des Ostrusintervalls beeinflussen. Die veranderliche Natur des Fortpflanzungszyklus der Hundin wird betont, ebenso wie die Sorgfalt, die seitens des praktischen Tierarztes bei der Beurteilung der Signifikanz der auftretenden Veranderungen erforderlich ist.

The adult female bonnet monkey has been studied by: (a) cervical mucus weight, spinnbarkeit and ferning, (b) vaginal cytology, (c) sex skin changes, (d) uterine and ovarian size and consistency, and (e) urinary estrogen excretion. Daily measurements were made during 4 cycles, the ovulatory character of which was validated laparoscopically. Cervical mucus weight proved to be a valuable index which correlated closely with endogenous estrogen levels. Aspiration of the mucus also enabled vaginal cytology to be studied with the aid of an irrigation technique. The ovulatory cycle of the bonnet monkey is shown to be of the 4-week type, with a characteristic pattern of changes in these indices.

The social interactions of 12 adult Lemur catta were observed under standard conditions over a 20-month period. Descriptions of the behavioural repertoire and of vaginal cytology throughout two breeding seasons provided the basis for a preliminary analysis of hormonal influences on social behaviour in a“lower”primate. Both long and short term fluctuations in gonadal activity were associated with changes in the frequency of expression of several non-sexual patterns, particularly of the species-characteristic and sexually differentiated displays of males. The latter appear to be predominantly olfactory gestures and serve to distribute skin-gland secretions, thereby integrating much social activity. In contrast to the extended receptivity characteristic of some monkeys and apes, mating in the Ring-tail is restricted to a brief period during the 51/2-week cycle, being invariably coincident with vaginal oestrus. Hormonal factors alone are probably sufficient to determine the appearance of full behavioural oestrus. Patterns (other than fighting) tentatively associated with territoriality and/or dominance appear the least sensitive to influence by gonadal secretions.

Summary: 1 Forty-four patients with threatened abortion have been investigated for progestational activity by pregnanediol excretion and lateral vaginal smears. 2 The prognostic accuracy of both methods of estimation was similar. 3 When both pregnanediol and smear reports were normal over 80% of pregnancies reached viability. 4 When either report indicated severe progesterone deficiency no pregnancy reached viability. 5 It is suggested that the lateral vaginal smear should be used as an index in most cases of threatened abortion if progestational therapy is considered.

A review of findings in a series of more than 10,000 patients between 13 and 19 years of age confirm the advisability of obtaining cervical smears in all gynecologic and obstetric patients, regardless of age. A significant number of patients screened were found to have some degree of significant cervical atypia. Cytohormonal evaluation can be a useful tool in the young child or adolescent with an endocrine or genetic abnormality.

Increasing concern has been expressed over the likelihood of the failure of vaginal cytology to detect existent cervical cancer. A review of 39,343 women, cytologically screened over a 6 year interval suggests that true false negative cytology is an infrequent occurrence if adequate cellular samples are interpreted by competent cytologists. Cervical carcinoma, however, may be frequently suspected initially by the atypical smear and may primarily reflect coexistent dysplasia. After the initial screening examination, a significantly greater number of carcinomas will be detected through atypical smears. Invasive cervical cancer probably does not invariably follow a predictable period of dysplasia and in situ carcinoma; if such changes do precede the invasive lesion, the transition phase may be remarkably accelerated.

卵管癌は, 女性々器原発癌の中でももっとも稀な疾患とされている.その報告はOrthmann(1888年) に始まり, 本邦では佐野(1917年) を嚆矢としている.本症の診断はむずかしく, 特に早期診断はきわめて困難といわれている.また近年細胞診の発展も著しいが, 卵管癌での検出率は低く, その有用性, 方法が論議されている.今日, 子宮腟部細胞診によって異型細胞を検出しえた卵管癌の1例を経験したので報告する.

This reports the cytologic and clinical observations of 207 patients who underwent hysterectomy with or without removal of the ovaries. The incidence of pathologic changes in the retained ovaries was low, the incidence of postoperative menopausal symptoms was higher among patients in whom both ovaries were removed at the time of hysterectomy than among patients who had ovarian tissue preserved. The age of 45 did not appear to be a realistic dividing line for the decision to remove healthy ovarian tissue because ovarian function was not found to cease at this age. Evaluation of vaginal exfoliative cytology showed ovulation occurring in one woman 21 years after hysterectomy with unilateral oophorectomy. No correlation was found between menopausal symptoms and the actual hormonal status of the patients as evaluated by vaginal cytology. A plea is made for individual evaluation of vaginal cytology rather than oversimplification of the method.

Summary On cytologic material of 212 normal newborn and female children in early childhood, 146 premenarche individuals whose actual onset of menstruation was ascertained by their available menstrual history, and of 922 adolescent patients with various disturbances of their menstrual cycles, the authors examined the cytologic patterns found. The study emphasizes the usefulness of cytologic examination of the young female individual for the evaluation of her endocrinologic condition.

Summary Three methods of assessing placental function, measurement of oestriol excretion, measurement of serum heat stable alkaline phosphatase, and vaginal cytology have been compared. Serial urinary oestriol estimation was found to be the most useful and practical for routine use. It gave clear warning of fetal jeopardy in nearly half the cases with placental insufficiency, and some indication in most of these cases. Serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase is abnormally high or low in about one-third of cases of placental insufficiency but rarely in patients with normal placentae. It may have some value as a test in cases with low oestriol excretion, possibly adding significance to the oestriol results. Vaginal cytology does not correlate sufficiently well with placental function to be useful clinically.

Summary Hormonal assessment by urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol estimation, endometrial histology, and vaginal cytology was performed in 9 postmenopausal and 7 premenopausal patients with “non-functional ovarian tumours. The variations recorded in hormone excretion and vaginal cytology after surgical removal of the tumours are presented. Raised urinary oestrogen excretion was found in 4 of the 9 postmenopausal patients and this fell to normal values after operation in the 3 who were operable. The tumours associated with increased oestrogen excretion were mucinous cystadenomata (2) and adenocarcinomata (2). It was apparent that an oestrogen-secreting tumour cannot be excluded by vaginal cytology when the smear on presentation is non-oestrogenic and also that endometrial histology may be equally misleading.

Fifty premenarcheal children with vulvovaginitis and 21 control subjects underwent a series of diagnostic studies, including vaginal smear; bacterial, fungal, and viral cultures of the vagina, rectum, and urine; vaginal cytology; and urinalysis. Employing these tools and a careful history and physical examination, it was possible to elicit a probable specific cause in the majority of the patients.

The estrogenic effect of estriol was studied in humans through the observation of vaginal cytology, ferning of the cervical mucus, estrogen withdrawal bleedings, progestin withdrawal bleeding, and endometrial stimulation. The findings indicate that estriol possesses a low order of estrogenicity at 1 mg. a day. The relative efficacy of estriol is less than 10 per cent of stilbestrol. Specific polarity of estrogenic response in the human reproductive tract could not be demonstrated.

Summary. Cyclic variations in the quality of cervical mucus were evaluated in the monkey. A characteristic pattern was observed. On the day before ovulation maximal fern production was noted, with a dramatic regression in fern pattern in the subsequent day. A consistent correlation with changes in vaginal cytology was not observed. Daily examination of fern pattern provides a reliable index for ovulation timing in the monkey.

Summary This paper represents the first recorded attempt to quantify the changes which occur in the pattern of exfoliated cells in the canine paginal smear during anoestrus, proestrus, oestrus and mctocstrus. Eleven adult Beagle bitches were studied and the proportion of anuclear, superficial, intermediate and parabasal cells was evaluated in a total of 250 vaginal smears. The major change during proestrus and oestrus was an increase in the proportion of anuclear and superficial cells with a corresponding decrease in intermediate and parabasal cells. Parabasal cells were absent from the smear during the first part of oestrus, but a rise in the proportion of this cell type occurred during late oestrus and in early mctocstrus. Considerable variation in the results for the cell proportions was found both within and between animals in any given phase of the cycle.

Dietary administration of Enovid® at 7.5 mg/kg of food for 11 days to intact female rats reduced their cyclic running activity and induced changes in vaginal cytology characteristic of estrus. There was a linear relationship between the logarithm of the dose of Enovid® ingested and the percent decrease in running activity from the average observed before drug administration. Dietary administration of norethynodrel, one of the two components of Enovid®, at 7.5 mg/kg of food for 21 days decreased the magnitude of the running activity slightly but failed to affect its cyclic nature. In contrast, dietary administration of mestranol at either 0.125 or 0.54 μg/kg of food for 24 and 29 days respectively reduced running activity and increased the length of the estrus cycle. Hence, the effect of Enovid® on the running activity of intact rats is probably attributable to the mestranol contained in it. An apparent escape from the effects of chronic administration of mestranol on spontaneous running activity was observed from 20 to 30 days after beginning treatment with either dose used. The escape was characterized by a reinitiation of cyclic running activity during chronic drug administration. Elucidation of the mechanism of the escape phenomenon will require further study.

The vaginal smear method has proved of definite value in the diagnosis of female genital bilharziasis. In some cases this diagnosis may be established by the demonstration of Bilharzia ova in the smear. In others it may be suspected by the presence of certain peculiarities in the cytologic picture; the diagnosis is then made by biopsy and histologic examination.

The degree of estrogen effect, measured by the Maturation Index in vaginal smears of 9 women on digitalis therapy was compared with 8 women not on digitalis, both groups at least 10 years postmenopausal. In addition, 4 of the control group were subsequently digitalized for at least 26 days. No significant difference in estrogen effect could be ascribed to digitalis. These results were compared with those of others who gave digitalis parenterally to mice.

IT IS less than a decade since Papanicolaou introduced the practical use of the vaginal smear as another important diagnostic procedure in the armamentarium of the gynecologist. Today, the histopathological examination of cellular exudate and uterovaginal exfoliation is an established specialty. The cytologist is able to follow accurately the various cyclic ~hanges associated with normal and abnormal ovarian function and often to verify the presence of malignant neoplasms or to discover those previously unsuspected. Although generally accepted, vaginal smear diagnosis is not yet universally used for two reasons: first, an insufficient number of trained cytologists, and, second, the frequent inadequacy of the smears obtained. We believe that as the importance of this procedure becomes better established, the number of men trained in interpretation of the smears will also increase. The purpose of this paper is to rectify the second obstacle, i.e., to obviate the inadequate smear. Two methods of obtaining the vaginal detritus and exfoliation for the slide are used