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A pre-planned team approach to educational change is described to maximize the chances that education majors and public school students willfully receive the types of improved learning experiences new curricula and organizational innovations promote. Public school and college change agents participating in an action lab sponsored by the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development listed 16 impediments to exemplary curricular and organizational change, ranging from the lack of knowledge of how to use and evaluate innovative programs to reluctance to relinquish leadership or influence in an old program to a colleague who will champion the new program. No single person, department, school, or agency can hope to effectively manage all of the components of a major educational innovation. Educational specialists, teachers, principals, student teachers, area supervisors, university and state education department personnel must all work in pre-planned ways recognizing their unique contributions in the process of innovation. Roughly, there are five phases meriting attention in an installation plan: (1) identifying local educational needs and searching for several solutions; (2) deciding on the best solution and how to implement it; (3) gaining wider acceptance of the solution and preparing for use; (4) supporting, monitoring, and maintaining effective, continuous use of the solution; and (5) development of a continuous means of evaluation. (DMT)

The third volume of a series on child variance discusses delivery systems that service emotionally disturbed children, including educational, legal-correctional, mental health, social welfare, religious, and counter-cultural institutions. Each type of institution is described extensively in terms of the history of its delivery systems in the United States; its current organization and operating principles; and the way in which it handles children in a fictional, typical community (Noah). Examined are such historical developments as the growth of public school involvement circa 1915-1946, the evolution of an independent juvenile court apparatus, the emergence of mental asylums in the Jacksonian era, and the antecedents of American colonial poor relief. Subtopics considered in relation to the structure of various service delivery systems include client population; personnel; programs, facilities, and intervention techniques; informational resources; power and political structures; and patterns of interaction with other systems. The roots of counter institutions (for example, free health clinics and communes) are examined in the context of historical radicalism, cultural rebellion, trancendentalism, and Bohemianism. The authors stress the importance of client focus (through cooperative interdisciplinary professional efforts to provide improved service), of advocacy for the whole child (rather than emphasis upon particular services provided by individual agencies), and of the need for schools to fulfill central roles as clearinghouses for clients of alternative systems. References are listed at the end of each major section. (LH)

Presented is a quarterly progress report of Project MORE (Mediated Operational Research for Education), a research project developing multimedia instructional programs aimed at specific behavioral deficits among handicapped children, with emphasis on self-care skills for the mentally retarded and articulation therapy in public schools. Major activities and accomplishments, problems, significant findings and events, dissemination activities, capital equipment acquisitions, data collection, other activities, staff utilization, and future activities planned for the next reporting period are recorded for each of four areas of the project: Curriculum Materials for the Mentally Retarded; Research, Development, and Dissemination of Programs for Improved Instructional Technology for Articulation Therapy in Public Schools; Media Support Services; and Systems Analysis. Included is a copy of the January, 1974, MORE newsletter. Appended are the vitae of three staff members. (IM)

This manual was conceived as a reference guide for Illinois' 18 library systems to use in their long-range planning and evaluation program. Section 1 of the manual explains the planning model: Context Input Process Product (CIPP). CIPP was selected as a coherent adaptation and modification of many previous planning and design methods: systems analysis, programed instruction, and Planning Programing Budgeting System (PPBS). It consists of four major steps: context evaluation (identifying the environment/setting goals and objectives); input evaluation (selecting alternatives); process evaluation (implementation); and product evaluation (assessing final results). Further explanation is provided on the process of generating library goals and objectives. Finally the CIPP model is applied to the central interlibrary loan operation of a hypothetical public library; question formulation, goal setting, and implementation activities. A flowchart of the CIPP model, a glossary of terms, report writing forms and procedures, and a bibliography are appended. (Author/SL)

Computer simulation is recognized as a valuable systems analysis research tool which enables the detailed examination, evaluation, and manipulation, under stated conditions, of a system without direct action on the system. This technique provides management with quantitative data on system performance and capabilities which can be used to compare proposed methods, concepts, or designs. The planning of a new Navy technical school provided the opportunity to demonstrate the feasibility and value of simulation as applied to training systems. The school was being programed to use individualized self-paced instructional systems and, therefore, was considered to be representative of future instructional systems in the Navy. Not only would the replication of the system prove the feasibility of the application of simulation, but it would provide the training planners with the capability of assessing their particular conceptual system and of checking the validity of their assumptions. (Author)

The Educational Simulation Model (ESM), developed by UNESCO, is designed for use at the national level for long range simulation of educational system fluctuations. The model is a set of equations which describe an educational program and the changes and flows in student enrollment in all the courses of an educational system. Thus the model is restricted to the internal logic of an educational system which is simulated deterministically. Some of the variables employed by the model are population figures for each age and also promotion, repetition, distribution, and leaving rates for each course. The simulation model can be adapted to determine the demand for teachers, the costs, and the cumulative output of any educational system. The model has been employed in several countries, and its implementation on a computer would allow a more objective simulation with more refined results. (WH)

The problem of quality service assurance in a computer networking environment is addressed. In the absence of any direct, well-defined, quantitative measure of service quality and reliability, error collection and analysis is the only basis for service quality control. Therefore, mechanisms are described which facilitate reporting of operational errors, documentation of error corrections, and collection of system performance data. Since techniques for hardware quality control are well known, these mechanisms focus on collecting data which can be used to assess and control software quality. Finally, specific network facilities are described which support research in the area of software quality, and potential areas of new research using the network are identified. (Author)

The first comprehensive study of the regional interconnection of cable television systems was made in the Twin Cities metropolitan area in 1973 and 1974. Five prototype interconnection system options were developed using existing technology. Selection of an interconnection system is an important public policy issue that demands thorough study; the legal status of such systems is unclear. Extensive data on capital costs and computer and television software costs are included. (Author/PF)

Developed at Brigham Young University, Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is a technique for enhancing the probability of success in any system by analyzing the most likely modes of failure that could occur. It provides a logical, step-by-step description of possible failure events within a system and their interaction--the combinations of potential occurrences which could result in a predetermined undesired event. The analysis for a fault tree begins with a precise statement about an undesired event of critical importance in a decision making process. This statement stands at the top of the tree, and the analysis proceeds downward. Contributing failure events are then interrelated by means of "logic gates" (e.g., AND and OR) to illustrate the cause and effect relationship which results in the undesired event. (A description of the FTA approach and its applications is included.) (RB)

The Education Cooperative (TEC) composed of nine contiguous Massachusetts towns (Dedham, Natick, Needham, Norwood, Walpole, Wayland, Wellesley, Weston, and Westwood) is exploring the possible development of a regional transportation system to serve the special education pupils within these communities. This report describes the planning required and evaluates the potential savings of such a system. The objective of the study was to develop a model for sharing the transportation of the special education children of the nine contiguous TEC towns. Some of the general subobjectives are: to demonstrate a savings in the operation of the transportation system, to improve service quality and consistency, and to centralize transportation administration to foster continued efficiency and control. Ancilliary objectives are to suggest legislation, to facilitate cooperative action among school districts, and to encourage other towns to join in undertaking cooperative enterprises. The report describes the development of a centralized office to coordinate transportation activities and to handle the data needs of those activities, presents costs analyses of the current transportation operation and of the projected regional transportation system, and presents some cost comparisons and recommendations for further action. (Author/DN)

Divided into five major sections, this paper describes a new algorithm which has been implemented in an extended FORTRAN program which runs on a CDC 6500 computer. The first section of the paper briefly outlines the goals of network analysis and presents the context in which these goals must be met. Section 2 describes the algorithm and the rationale behind it. In section 3 some especially important programing considerations are described, and section 4 covers some general characteristics of running the program. The final section of the paper briefly describes the historical development of this algorithm. (RB)

This paper posits that it is necessary to evoke the development of an adequate federal KPU (Knowledge Production and Utilization) program in education which will command broad-based support within and outside the profession and that this demands a reformulation of the conceptual structure on which the program is built. Section 1 offers a historical analysis of federal involvement in educational KPU and offers some generalizations regarding the goals and the means for achieving them that have characterized federal programs and policies. The conceptual structures that have emerged during this period are identified and criteria that can be employed in assessing such structures are proposed. The second section examines the systems view, which is the conceptual structure currently dominating educational KPU policy. How this view emerged and how it is reflected in current KPU policy are discussed. Also this concept is assessed in terms of the criteria listed, and its shortcomings in relation to realism and balance are noted. Section 3 purposes an alternative structure, the configurational view. This view is contrasted with the systems view on the dimensions of completeness, realism, and balance. It is concluded that the configurational model would result in more productive relationships between federal funding agencies and KPU units in the field and among the latter. Section 4 provides illustrations showing the effect the configurational view might have on educational KPU policies and program. (PD)

The first task of the study was to develop valid, short-cut methods of indexing the narrative content of evaluation reports that would extract the differentiating information contained in evaluative comments simply, reliably, and with as good classification accuracy as the longer initial procedure. In the second task, the original inter-indexer reliability study was extended to clarify the issue of reliability of the complex, lengthy indexing procedure. Section 2 of the report reexamines the pilot study sample, the cross validation sample, and the generalization sample. Section 3 reviews the original content analysis methodology and includes a description of the two shortcut indexing methods that were devised. In Section 4 the performance of the two shortcut indexing methods in classifying the three experimental samples into correct criterion groups is compared with that of the original lengthy indexing procedure. Section 5 presents the results of the extension of the original inter-indexer reliability study. In Section 6 future areas of investigation are delineated. (Author/MW)

This report explores some techniques that could assist educational managers in their attempts to arrive at more optimal input and output mixes. Following a review of the literature on input-output analyses in education and a description of the Pennsylvania Educational Quality Assessment Program (the basis of the present study), an empirical analysis utilizing single- and simultaneous-equation systems was conducted. Because the regression coefficients indicate the expected change in any one output, reflective of changes in one or more inputs but not in the overall level of educational output, output indexes based on the canonical correlation technique are presented. The analysis supports the contention that some reallocation of resources could enhance the outputs of the educational system. A strong argument is made in favor of the development of a simultaneous-equation system. The canonical correlation technique was found to be useful in developing an overall output index. Although the output indexes are not very sensitive to changes in the output set, they are sensitive to changes in the input set. (Author)

The document reports on an extension of task analysis methodology. The concept of strategic principles or task strategies implicit in the job activities of highly proficient performers is examined with the intent of improving training. The goal is to identify or invent such strategies, as appropriate, and then proceed with training encouraging use of them. A set of 25 information processing functions is described along with examples of strategic principles and training implications. Certain other strategic principles not readily interpretable in information processing terms are also presented. An analytic procedure for determining and/or devising strategies is provided and suggestions on the teaching and learning of strategies are summarized. (Author)

A program based on instructional systems technology was developed at Canadore College as a means of devising the optimal learning experience for each individual student. The systems approach is used to solve educational problems through a process of analysis, synthesis, modeling, and simulation, based on the LOGOS (Language for Optimizing Graphically Ordered Systems) language and process of "anasynthesis" developed by Dr. Leonard Silvern. An added long range goal is quantification, whereby models can be used to answer questions regarding cost benefit, cost utility, and cost effectiveness. Computer Managed Instruction permits the educational technologist to utilize the computer in managing the complex information required in an individualized and personalized instructional program. Inputs to the system include such variables as pretests, posttests, criterion-referenced measurement, preferred modes of instruction, performance objectives, cognitive styles of program participants, tracking and evaluation of student progress, and measurement of retention. The process of change to such a program is discussed with relation to cost, strategy for change, use of computer systems, and the change agent. Flow charts depicting the program model are appended. (AH)

The Management, Administrative Profile System (MAPS) was developed to permit assessment of a college on three levels. The detailed discussion of each level is preceded by a general process model which identifies the specific instrumentation, available options, and the major action steps associated with a particular level of assessment. Level "A" reveals to management and/or administration the degree to which individuals, departments, or the college as a whole are involved in any particular program; it also embraces cost analysis. Level "B" has been designed to show the degree to which management, administration, faculty, and staff agree on work objectives and implementation. Level "C" is designed to guide the data gathering efforts of MAPS' users and enhance the application of systems analysis. The primary intent of MAPS is to provide timely, accurate information in sufficient quantity to enable appropriate action. It is primarily a descriptive rather than a prescriptive system. This document describes the program and guides implementation. Illustrations and instrumentation of the model are appended. (Author/MJK)

Unified organizational systems with integrated information systems are required to deliver effective referral and remedial services to children who are experiencing learning problems. However, such organized systems do not exist widely enough in our schools. The purpose of the project was to develop a consensually derived data-referral system for delivering educational services in a model school district through the application of systems analysis and design techniques. In cooperation with educational personnel from the model school district, the authors carried out a four-phase system projected over a two year period. The result of the project was the development of a data-referral system entitled the Problem Oriented Educational Record which was accepted and implemented in the model school district on a regular basis. Checklists and progress chart are included in the appendix. (Author/SM)

Described is the final phase of a study directed at the development of an on-the-job training (OJT) costing methodology. Utilizing a modification of survey techniques tested and evaluated during the previous phase, estimates were obtained for the cost of OJT for airman training from the l-level (unskilled to the 3-level (semiskilled) in five category B Air Force specialties. The specialties studied were pavement maintenance, fire protection, food service, fuel service, and material facilities. The cost per graduate of OJT for these specialties was compared to the cost per graduate of resident school technical training. For three of the five specialties, OJT cost per graduate was below the technical training school cost per graduate. Supervisors were surveyed to determine if there was a difference in performance between OJT and technical school graduates in these AFS'c. As was true in the previous phase, no evidence was obtained to support the hypothesis that either OJT or technical school graduates were superior in performance. Conditional cost models were also formulated and tested. The conditional cost models are based on an alternative or opportunity cost concept and represent a refinement of the original cost models. (Author/BJG)