Search

This is the thirty-sixth report issued on behalf of the Ringing and Migration Committee of the British Trust for Ornithology. The previous report appeared as a special supplement to Bird Study, Vol. 20 (1973).

During the period covered by this report, April 1, 1969 to March 31, 1970, total of 27, 080 birds, 139 species were ringed at about 50 localities in 21 prefectures of Japan and Soutnern China Sea. The number of birds ringed and released is shown in Table 1. The names of principal ringing sites and cooperating ringers are shown respectively in Table 2 and Table 3. Recoveries of birds rinds ringed by our ringing team and its cooperators are totalled to 103 birds of 22 species, of which 17 individuals of 8 species were reported from foreign territories. Those recovered at or in close proximity to places where ringed, and less than 6 months after ringed, are not described here. Furthermore, those of Motacilla alba and Delichon urbica recovered at the ringing places, even in casa of more than one year after ringed, are also excluded. Recoveries of birds ringed by the ringing team of the Forestry Experiment Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry are mentioned in Appendix, but their ringing information arenot described in this bulletin. During this period, recoveries of 21 birds of 9 species ringed abroad were reported from the interior Japan. Among these, the specially interested are, one Anas acuta ringed in New Mexico, U. S. A. and one Gallinago hardwickii which were ringed at New South Wales, Australia.

Approximate far-field, backscattering transient responses are shown for three ice-sphere sizes. Signal ringing continues for a longer time, but the effective transient decay time is less than a space-equivalent time of six diameters. Glory, axial, and stationary rays in combination with an internal surface wave of one cut are the principal contributors to the scattering by ice, but the dipole must be included for small electrical sizes.

The Stone Curlew, restricted in its distribution to relatively small areas in south and east England, is a declining species in many localities. Data of the B.T.O. Nest Records and Ringing Schemes have been used to study some of the pressures affecting this species both during and outside the breeding season.

This study of the results of ringing Razorbills in Britain brings further evidence of the wealth of information that can be drawn from the Bird Ringing Scheme-even when the recovery rate is as low as 3070. Records are grouped by age-classes and distance from the ringing site, and illustrate a migratory tendency in younger birds but a random dispersive movement for those of three years' old and more.

The 84A station carrier system was designed to have cost and performance parameters competitive with paired cable for a majority of new subscriber loops. The system design incorporates a number of unique features, not provided by previous single channel systems, which are necessary for permanent service applications. These include: bridged ringing with ring-trip during ringing, central office power for the station terminal with disconnect during off-hook, dialing, or ringing on the physical channel, and transmission suppression of ringing signals below a set threshold. This paper describes the system and discusses the electrical design and the packaging concepts. Typical performance characteristics are listed.

Phonocardiographic instrumentation tests using a square wave of sound pressure reveal differentiation spikes at the output of a dynamic microphone and at the amplifier-filter during initial onset of the test pulse. When the pulse reaches the plateau level, ringing oscillations can be observed in the amplifier-filter combination. Microphone differentiation and filter ringing are also present at removal of the test pulse. These artifacts can be observed as a frequency distortion at the beginning and end of the first and second heart sounds in the normal phonocardiogram. By observing the characteristics of these artifacts investigators and clinicians may be assisted in improving their understanding of heart sound recordings. It is suggested that clinicians use the square wave test to determine the distortion unique to their equipment.

The movements of British auks, as revealed by ringing, are highly complex, and the detailed analysis undertaken here reveals that different age-groups, and different local populations, within a species are often exposed to different risks during the non-breeding season. Any conservation measures must, therefore, depend heavily on ringing results. International action to prevent oil pollution would benefit all populations, and the outlook for many British colonies would be improved if shooting for sport in areas as distant as the Norwegian, French and Iberian coasts could be banned.

Summary Elliott, C. C. H. 1974. Sixteenth ringing report for Southern Africa. Ostrich 45:161-166. A report of ringing activities in Southern Africa from 1 July 1970 to 30 June 1973 is presented. The newly founded South African National Unit for Bird-Ringing Administration now produces comprehensive computer print-outs of ringing and recovery information and as a result this published report is highly condensed. Details of the totals of palaearctic migrants ringed and recovered are given together with those from the major studies, past and present, on ethiopian species.

Comparison between bandwidth-limited input pictures and output pictures from current generation TV transmitters show little difference except for faint edge ringing at an approximate 1-MHz rate. This is shown to be due to lack of specification and control of transmitter and receiver lower sideband attenuation and phase characteristics in the region around 1 MHz below visual carrier. Some observed and some calculated results are presented for comparison.

During the period covered by this report, April 1, 1970 to March 31, 1971, total of 12, 404 birds, 106 species were ringed at 34 localities in 21 prefectures of Japan and Southern China Sea. The number of birds ringed and released is shown in Table 1. The names of principal ringing sites and cooperating ringers are shown respectively in Table 2 and Table 3. Recoveries of birds ringed by our ringing team and its cooperators are totalled to 97 birds of 25 species, of which 6 individuals of 5 species were reported from foreign territories. Those recovered at or in close proximity to the places where birds were ringed, and those less than 6 months after ringed, are not described here. Furthermore, those of Motvcilla alba and Delichon urbica which were recovered at the ringing places, even though more than one year after ringed, are also excluded. Recoveries of birds ringed by the ringing team of the Forestry Experiment Station, Ministry of Agriculture and For estry are mentioned in Appendix, but their ringing information are not described in this bulletin. During this period, recoveries of 21 birds of 8 species ringed abroad were reported from the interior Japan.

Study of medium-frequency waves from tide gauges and sea-bed pressure sensors round Shetland show a seiche of 50 cycles per day, confined to the east coast, and a curious enhancement of the 6th harmonic of the twice-daily tide, prominent only near the edge of the continental shelf. Explanations of both are offered in terms of trapped edge-waves.

An analytic method is developed to treat the dynamic response of flexible tunnels encased in crushable foams. An approximate soil-structure interaction law is used to account for the inertial coupling between the free field and the tunnel. The method is then used to investigate the response of tunnel-foam ring structures subjected to shock loadings. A series of dynamic experiments were conducted using 5 in. diam steel tunnel models encased in polyurethane foam and the results were compared with the predictions of the analytic method. On the basis of the results generated, the approximate analysis adequately predicts the gross structural response. For tunnels buried in high strength foam linings, a ringing effect will develop if the foam does not crush under load, and this ringing will persist for substantial times, adversely affecting systems housed within the tunnel.

A detailed comparative analysis of several possible input circuits for observing NMR free precession signals is given. Special attention is paid to the case of signals having short decay time constants. Here the presence of a large initial ringing transient makes it necessary to consider possible modifications in the design of the receiver system. The analysis indicates that an untuned transformer coupled input circuit is potentially superior to the traditional parallel resonant circuit in this case.

SummaryThe activity of GA-like substances present in the tissues was determined in Shamouti orange trees, budded to sour orange stock, left undisturbed or ringed at different seasons of the year. The bark of the trunk above and below the ring, the bark of main branches 1.5 m above ground, lateral shoots and actively growing rootlets were assayed 24 h and two weeks after each ringing date. Seasonal curves of water-soluble gibberellins, with clear peaks and troughs, were obtained, the main feature being opposite trends in lateral shoots and rootlets. Opposite trends in these organs that were distant from the ring at the opposite ends of the tree were also evident with respect to the effects of ringing. Nearer to the ring the effects were less consistent. The effects of ringing on yields might partly be explained by the accumulation of gibberellins in the aerial parts and by interference with its production in, or its translocation to, the roots.

(1971). ANALYSIS OF THE RINGING AND RECOVERIES OF THREE MIGRANT TERNS. Ostrich: Vol. 42, No. sup1, pp. 71-82.

During this century the Blackbird has become one of the commonest urban and suburban song-birds in Britain. In an effort to discover why town life attracts so many Blackbirds, the author has looked closely at the B.T.O. data, derived mainly from ringing and nest records, and has found interesting differences in productivity between London and rural populations.

The transient response of the coaxial, current‐measuring shunt commonly used in high current, high frequency applications (up to 1 Mc) is analyzed by Laplace transform methods. The exact solution is obtained as is an approximate solution which allows estimates to be made of the errors expected. The current shunt measuring a damped oscillation will always report an initial current slope of zero, and the maximum current slope is sensed shortly after switch‐on. It is several percent low in typical cases. At the true current maximum, the shunt reading is a few tenths percent low and lags the impressed current by a small fraction of a cycle. A second problem concerning the transient resistance of an idealized plate condenser is analyzed using the asymptotic solution for current. A numerical calculation indicates no alteration of initial conditions on the damped oscillation to arise from this source so long as the characteristic damping time of the transient skin effect is small compared with the ringing time.

1. Ringing and defruiting of branches as well as ringing alone favored pistil development in flowers above the ring and hence increased the percentage of perfect flowers in Eureka lemon. 2. Ringing and defoliation together and defoliation alone resulted in poorer pistil development. 3. A positive correlation exists between the fluctuation in starch content of the shoots and the percentage of perfect flowers formed throughout the year.

A description is given of the principles of operation of a pulse-modulated radio-telephone system intended for ground point-to-point use and providing up to twelve simultaneous channels of two-way telephone communication. Each channel is capable of accommodating up to four channels of teleprinter signals as an alternative to speech.The operating frequency band is from 450 to 500 Mc/s, and directional aerials having a beam width of approximately ±15° are used.All the pulses are of equal amplitude and duration, the intelligence from each channel being separately conveyed by successive pulses whose positions in time relative to a set of marker signals are varied in accordance with the voltage from the associated channel signal. The marker signal consists of a regularly recurrent group of three equally-spaced pulses each identical with the channel pulses.The transmitter power of approximately 200 watts peak is sufficient to permit working over line-of-sight paths up to 100 miles long.The necessary arrangements, including ringing facilities, are provided for connection to two- or four-wire landlines, and a self-contained two-channel-unit construction economizes in equipment when the number of channels required is less than the maximum.

The finite nature of energy loss processes for a charged particle in a material leads to a ringing'' effect in the thick-target yield curve. The effect is described and evaluated. (auth)

Two auxiliary circuits are described for incorporation in a pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance system to reduce the deadtime of the system following an rf exciting pulse. The function of one, a driven balanced clamp, is to reduce the Q of the detecting circuit for a controlled time after each pulse. The other, a symmetric damping circuit requiring little operating power, works in conjunction with the transmitter to ``square‐up'' the rf pulses generated. The circuits presented here represent certain improvements in established techniques of clamping and damping. Additionally, it is pointed out that there is a particular advantage, with respect to minimizing the deadtime in a coherent system, of using timing pulses which are phase locked to the rf reference.

The authors describe tests for use in the objective comparison of machine performance. Such tests provide data which the technician can easily relate to system performance and which indicate the effect of the measured performance parameters on the clinical echogram. The effect of the transducer beam pattern and ringing (and hence resolution) on the echogram is measured; such receiver characteristics as time gain control, nonlinear amplification, and display are assayed. The results are presented as A- and B-mode echograms of a standard test target. The complete test can be carried out in five minutes on a daily basis.

Increasing use of semiconductors in color TV circuitry has permitted the evolution of many different methods for color sub-carrier regeneration. This chassis function is a major contributor to color picture quality since phase errors introduced in the regeneration process can result in tint errors easily discernible by the most unskilled viewer. The solid state circuits commonly used or recommended for use in this area may be classified by operating principles as follows: 1) Automatic phase control (APC) loops 2) Injection locked oscillators 3) Crystal ringing circuits.

A demonstration of electrical transients is described, intended for classes in elementary electricity, which yields a graphic illustration of the addition of the transient and steady-state terms in the solution of the equation for a ringing circuit under ac excitation.

The plasma resonances observed by topside sounder satellites appear as persistent ringing signals at the plasma frequency and at multiples of the electron-cyclotron and upper hybrid frequencies. They are attributed to slow, electrostatic waves which occur near these frequencies. Explanations have progressed from invoking stationary waves or waves moving with the satellite to invoking waves which are reflected back to the satellite by the vertical electron-density gradient. In addition to the principal resonances, plasma echoes, proton-period modulation, lower frequency resonant signals, and "floating" resonances are also observed.

The principle of resilient isolation has been employed in the design of a capacity‐type pressure pickup in order to reduce the recording of spurious ringing effects. Continuous operation at high pressures and temperatures is possible. Use of the pickup in engine combustion studies has shown that the natural frequency of 120 kc is sufficient for all but the occasional extremely severe reaction. Frequencies recorded have extended to 430 kc.

SummaryTwelve to 15% of the Shamouti orange trees in Israel, notably those budded on sour orange stock and growing in heavy soil, bear low yields and are of doubtful economic value. Studies have shown that ringing can sometimes double the yields of these trees, as well as those of Washington Navel and Valencia Late oranges. Applications of growth substances, growth retardants and urea did not alter the effect of ringing on yield, which decreased considerably in the second year and was not evident at all two years after treatment. The effects of ringing were greater, the lower the yields of unringed control trees, and the best results were obtained when trees were ringed before the flowers opened. The increase in yield was accompanied by a decreased drop of flowers and fruitlets and was due to an increase in the number of fruits per tree. Individual fruit weight was not affected by ringing.

(1964). AN ANALYSIS OF THE RECORDS OF A SOUTH AFRICAN RINGING STATION. Ostrich: Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 160-187.

A type of multichannel analyser is described in which the pulse height is encoded by applying it to a ringing circuit and counting the number of cycles before the oscillation decays to a fixed level. With a 10% channel width the dynamic range of the 64 channel instrument described is 400:1. Possible types of read-out are discussed and various solutions suggested that are compatible with the simplicity, reliability and stability of the remainder of the analyser.

The development of a linear ferrite core used in an inductively coupled read-only store application is described. In addition to the normally desired linear relation between B and H , the application also requires wide-range temperature stability and low magnetostrictive ringing. A Ni-Zn ferrite, which was proposed for the application, was determined to be inadequate in its performance. However, it was found that if the cores were vibrated at an ultrasonic frequency in a slurry of fine abrasive and alcohol, the pulse properties of the devices were improved. While the reversible permeability was decreased by the processing, the linearity of the B-H curve was improved and the hysteresis losses were decreased. Also, the magnetostrictive ringing decreased and temperature stability improved. Further tests, which were made in an attempt to understand the phenomenon, showed that the improvement in properties resulted from a stress-induced anisotropy caused by the vibration in the slurry.

The significance of biological rhythms for biometeorological research is reviewed, with special reference to man. Among external influences cosmic agents (mostly periodic) and meteorological agents (largely non-periodic)are discussed, as acting upon rhythmic of non-rhythmic biological transducers. It is stressed that there are two directions of relation: (1) from external agent to rhythm, synchronizing or modulating it; and (2) rhythms may sinply be a tool for studying meteorological non-periodic influences. Several characteristics of rhythms make them suited for the latter and special statistical methods, apart from the classical frequency analyses, may be fashioned for this. The discussion furthermore covers different types of synchronizers, their characteristics, pathways and possible modes of action;also the three main different types of external conditions such as constancy, “normal” conditions, and the experimental day with fixed light-dark changes. Tidal, lunar and seasonal rhythms are mentioned; also meteorotropic diseases, balneotherapy, and other rhythms in disease;spontaneous biological oscillators (with or without external correlates) and their control,multioscillator theories, linear and nonlinear interaction between oscillators; hidden and disturbed periodicities, transient damped oscillations, the ringing response,parametric control; phase and frequency synchronization, including translongitudinal travel and space conditions.

The results of ringing over the last 60 years show that while the majority of British raptors migrate within the British Isles, some go to Europe and a few to Africa This analysis looks at British recoveries, both of locally bred and foreign birds, in the context of European movements as a whole. Besides providing information on migration routes and winter quarters, the ringing results emphasise that raptor conservation needs to be on an international scale.

A warm-up time of less than two seconds can be realized with picture tubes employing the described directly heated cathode assembly. Heater power requirements are low; mechanical life reliability has been demonstrated; dynamic life evaluation, while still in progress, appears to be satisfactory. Two different methods of powering the picture tube heater from the deflection circuit have been described. The first method using a link over the flyback transformer does introduce ringing from the flyback high-voltage winding into the video signal. Shielding the link reduces the ringing, but adds stray capacitance to the video circuit. The second method, using the toroidal transformer powered by the horizontal yoke current eliminates the ringing problem and has minimal effect on video bandwidth. The fast warmup characteristics of the picture tube are enhanced by the low impedance source of heater voltage obtained from the toroidal transformer.

1. The problem investigated in this note was suggested by a study of the mathematical basis of change ringing. Its campanological application is discussed in § 4.

This is the first paper produced on behalf of the B.T.O. Tit Study Group, using data collected by its members during their regular ringing operations. Recoveries, measurements, weights and moult records are examined and the data have been combined with information from the Nest Record Scheme and the author's field experience over ten years to produce a comprehensive study of Treecreeper breeding biology.

The paper contains a mathematical analysis of the effect of an atmospheric upon a wireless receiver. The choice of functions representing the atmospheric has been governed by information contained in Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, vol. 103. The effect of each of several wave-forms is calculated and the results are compared. The effect is calculated of an atmospheric acting respectively on a tuned antenna, on an aperiodic antenna, on a tuned loop aerial, and also the combination of each of these with a selective amplifier. In each case a formula is derived which gives the ratio of signal to atmospheric, and it is shown that for a given wave-length these formulae are identical. The possible advantage to be got from the use of an aperiodic antenna or of a slightly distuned periodic circuit is considered in detail. Finally, the rectified current produced by the atmospheric is compared with that produced by the signal, and it is shown that the decrement of the aerial should always be reduced to the point where ringing or bad shaping of signals commences.

SummarySeasonal changes in native auxins, gibberellins and inhibitors in leaves and bark of Shamouti orange trees were studied. In December and February some auxin activity was found in the pH 6.0 ether fraction of leaves. Gibberellins were found mostly in the pH 7.0 water residue, with a peak in December. Large amounts of abscisic acid-like inhibitors were found in the pH 6.0 ether fraction of leaves, and the pH 7.0 water residue contained other inhibitors. Auxin activity in the bark was higher than in leaves, and the amount of inhibiting substances detected in the bark was much lower. Auxins were found in both fractions, whereas gibberellins were found in the pH 7.0 water residue as well as in the pH 3.0 ether fraction.Ringing the trunks of trees in March promoted the accumulation of growth regulators in the bark near the ring and in the leaves. The main effect of ringing in August was an accumulation of acidic gibberellins above the ring during the first three weeks after ringing.

The selective telephone party-line ringing system using mechanically tuned bells is relatively well known. A 5-party line, for example, may have phones with bells tuned to 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60-cycles, respectively. Introducing a 40-cycle ringing voltage to this party line will cause only the 40-cycle bell to ring.

Pulse stimulated emission from plasma columns, discussing decaying ringing at electron- cyclotron frequency

Geometric dispersion, observed in a wide variety of composite materials, is believed to result mainly from the relatively periodic arrangement of the reinforcing elements in the matrix rather than from the precise shape of each reinforcing element. On the basis of this observation, a lattice model for composite materials which ignores the shape of the reinforcing elements but preserves their periodicity has been developed. For a wide range of engineering applications, this model can be used to predict the behavior of actual engineering composites. In the application of the lattice model to a specific material, consideration of the dispersive characteristics of the composite are set aside, initially, and the composite is treated as a nondispersive homogeneous mixture. The effective or average properties of the mixture are determined either by steady-wave analysis or appropriate experiments. A lattice is then formed by redistributing the mass within the mixture to form a periodic structure of laminated plates. This mass redistribution is carried out in a manner which yields a lattice with theoretical dispersive characteristics that match the measured dispersive characteristics of the composite. The model was applied to composites consisting of a regular array of tungsten fibers in an aluminum matrix and composed of 2.2 and 22.1 percent by volume of tungsten. Two flyer-plate experiments were performed in the plastic range of the composite. The agreement between experiment and calculation for the arrival time and rise time of the wave front and for the frequency of the ringing behind the wave front is good.

Individual leaves on apple shoots treated by pinching and/or ringing were supplied with14CC2 and the rate of photosynthesis and the pattern of photosynthate distribution was studied. The ringing of the shoots as well as the ringing and pinching done together reduces the rate of photosynthesis almost by half. Pinching itself had no effect on the rate of photosynthesis. Removing the main sink — the growing shoot apex — by pinching leads to the accumulation of photosynthates in the shoot, mainly in the first internode below the pinching point. Accumulated assimilates were soon used up by the axillary meristems which were stimulated to grow by pinching. Very small amounts of assimilates (about 1 %) were translocated to adjacent shoots which were supplied by their own leaves. When adjacent shoots were defoliated, more assimilates were translocated there (nearly 8%), however, a strong tendency to accumulate the assimilates in the internode below the pinching point was observed. Assimilates are not located in matured leaves. The presence of an active sink located near the donor stimulates the mobilization of assimilates present in the donor leaf.

(1967). TRAPPING AND RINGING OF EGYPTIAN GEESE AND AFRICAN SHELDUCK AT VOGELVLEI, CAPE. Ostrich: Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 173-178.