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Copyright of Microchimica Acta is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Medical & Biological Engineering (0025696X) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medical & Biological Engineering (0025696X) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Le principe d'égalité n'a pas jusqu'ici porté ce nom dans la doctrine. Le sommaire des principes fondamentaux de la Croix-Rouge ne fait mention que de l'égalité des Sociétés nationales, ce qui est un principe organique de l'institution. Pour marquer l'égalitarisme de la Croix-Rouge envers les hommes, on a eu recours au terme d'impartialité, ce qui n'est pas exact. En effet, ainsi que nous le verrons plus loin, l'impartialité est une qualité de l'esprit qui se manifeste chez l'homme appelé à agir ; elle se rapporte donc au sujet et non à. l'objet. En réalité, l'impartialité présuppose l'existence de règles reconnues, que l'on doit appliquer sans passion ni parti-pris. Ces règles sont, pour la Croix-Rouge, au nombre de deux : ce sont précisément le principe d'égalité, que nous analysons ici, et le principe de proportionnalité, que nous étudierons dans le chapitre suivant. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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SUMMARY Labour theory of prices has been linked almost exclusively with the MARxian analysis of exploitation under capitalism. Various economists tried to improve on Mmx-or refute him-by using his assumptions and applying more advanced mathematics. In this paper the author is not interested in that century old debate, but sets forth to design an appropriate theory for a socialist economy. The economy is disaggregated into three sectors producing physically identifiable goods: machines measured in numbers, intermediate goods measured in tons and consumer goods measured in numbers of baskets. First, stationary economy is considered and it is found that product prices are proportional to the total living and embodied labour contained in the product. The factor of proportionality is the price of labour. For the same reason the organic composition of resources is proportional to the technical composition, and the factor of proportionality is the labour-time price of the capital good. Next, technological progress is introduced in a three-fold way: as labour augmenting, capital augmenting and resources augmenting. It turns out that technological progress always increases the production of consumer goods, occasionally reduces the production of other two goods and always reduces labour-time prices. The latter are still identical with prices of production or competitive prices. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Arbeitswertlehre ist nahezu ausschliesslich mit der MARxschen Analyse der Ausbeutung im Kapitalismus verknüpft. So versuchen verschiedene Ökonomen, M arx unter Verwendung seiner Annahmen einerseits und dem Einsatz höherer Mathematik anderseits entweder zu korrigieren oder zu widerlegen. Der Autor des vorliegenden Artikels beschäftigt sich nicht mit dieser jahrhundertealten Dis-kussion, sondern entwirft eine entsprechende Theorie am Beispiel einer sozialisti-schen Wirtschaft. Die Wirtschaft wird in drei Sektoren disaggregiert, welche phy-sisch identifizierbare Güter produzieren: Maschinen, messbar in Anzahl Stück, Zwischenprodukte, messbar in Tonnen, und Konsumgüter, messbar in Anzahl Güterkörben. Zuerst wird eine stationäre Wirtschaft betrachtet, und es wird ge-zeigt, dass die Produktpreise proportional sind zur Summe von gegenwärtiger und angehäufter, im Produkt enthaltener Arbeit. Der Proportionalitätsfaktor ist gleich dem Arbeitswert. Aus dem gleichen Grund ist die organische Zusammen-setzung der Ressourcen proportional zur technischen Zusammensetzung; der Proportionalitätsfaktor ist der Arbeitswert des Kapitalgutes. In einem nächsten Schritt wird technischer Fortschritt in dreifacher Form eingeführt: als arbeits-vermehrend, kapitalvermehrend und als ressourcenvermehrend. Es zeigt sich, dass der technische Fortschritt die Produktion von Konsumgütern immer erhöht, diejenige der beiden andern Güter gelegentlich und den Arbeitswert immer senkt. Dieser bleibt identisch mit dem Produktions- oder Wettbewerbspreis. RÉSUMÉ La théorie de la valeur-travail est reliée presque exclusivement à l'analyse M arx-ienne de I'exploitation par le capitalisme. Plusieurs économistes ont essayé de corriger ou de réfuter M arx, en se servant ou de ses hypothèses ou par l'emploi d'un système mathématique plus élaboré. L'auteur de cet article ne se base point sur cette discussion, mais conçoit une théorie convenable à une économie socialiste. L'économie est divisée en trois secteurs produisant des biens de caractère physique: machines (mesurées par nombre), produits intermédiaires (mesurés pr tonnes) et biens de consommation (mesurés par paniers). L'auteur examine d'abord une économie stationnaire et trouve que les prix des produits sont proportionnels au travail - actuel et passé - y incorporé, le facteur de proportionnalitéétant en effet le prix du travail. Pour la meme raison la composition organique des ressources est proportionnelle à la composition technique, et le facteur de proportionnalité la valeur-travail du bien d'investissement. Par la suite l'auteur introduit le progrb technologique: tout d'abord celui augmentant le travail, puis celui augmentant le capital et finalement le progrts augmentant les ressources. II en résulte que le progrès technologique augmente toujours la production des biens de consommation, réduit parfois la production des deux autres biens et réduira toujours la valeur-travail. Cette dernière reste identique aux prix de production ou compétitifs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Microchimica Acta is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Microchimica Acta is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Microchimica Acta is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Microchimica Acta is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Theoretical & Applied Climatology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)