Search

The ultrastructure of liver cells was studied in three groups of bats (Myotis myotis) captured in March. 1. Hibernating animals: The liver cells contain much glycogen and large mitochondria, poorly developed ER, relatively well developed Golgi apparatus, various amounts of lysosomes. Most of the bile canaliculi are closed. 2. Non-hibernating, starving animals: 24 hours after arousal the glycogen and lipid droplets disappear from the liver cells, the mitochondria swell slightly. There is no essential alteration in the ER. In the liver cells of the starving animals numerous autophagic vacuoles appear including disintegrated cytoplasmic components. 3. Non-hibernating force-fed animals: They were given food rich in fat and protein, containing sugar and a drug increasing bile secretion. Within an hour, glycogen and lipid reappears in the liver cells, autophagic vacuoles disappear, mitochondria become larger. After feeding, the Golgi apparatus hypertrophies considerably, many bile canaliculi open, the number of the peribiliary lysosomes decreases.

W wyniku badan ustalono nastepujące kategorie trzeszczek dla reki badanych nietoperzy: kośc sierpowata, trzeszczki dloniowe nadgarstkowośrodreczne, trzeszczki dloniowe środrecznopalcowe, trzeszczka dodatkowa blony lotnej, trzeszczka zginacza lokciowego nadgarstka, trzeszczka mieśnia prostownika promieniowego krotkiego nadgarstka, trzeszczka mieśnia prostownika promieniowego dlugiego nadgarstka, trzeszczka mieśnia prostownika wskaziciela, trzeszczka mieśnia prostownika kciuka. W konczynie tylnej wystąpily nastepujące kategorie trzeszczek: kośc pietowa, ostroga kości pietowej, trzeszczka przedosiowa stepu, trzeszczka podeszwowa stopowośrodstopowa, trzeszczki podeszwowe środstopowopalcowe oraz trzeszczka grzbietowa stepu.

Celem pracy bylo zbadanie zmienności geograficznej M. blythi w obrebie jego obszernego arealu geograficznego (Ry. 1), ustalenie realności istnienia wcześniej opisanych podgatunkow oraz określenie na tej podstawie powiązan opisywanego gatunku z bliskim mu Myotis myotis. Zbadano 350 okazow pochodzących z roznych regionow arealu gatunku.

W okresie 1950-1960 poznakowano 7442 nietoperzy nalezących do 16 gatunkow; w tym bylo 4738 Myotis myotis (Borkhausen 1797). Na obszarze kilku km2 w Pulawach znaleziono 14 spośrod mozliwych 15 gatunkow nietoperzy. Ciekawsze przeloty wykonaly: Rh. hipposideros - 94 km, oraz Nyctalus leisleri - 418 km. Odnośnie M. Myotis stwierdzono: 1. Najwiekszy przelot wyniosl 253 km. (...)

The authors describe 6 new stations of M. myotis, which extend the northern limit of the range of this species in Poland by 2°04'. All the new stations are placed in the Bydgoszcz province with the following coordinates: Bydgoszcz (53°08'N, 18°01'E), Ciechocinek (52°53'N, 18°48'E), Grudziądz (53°29'N, 18°45'E), Kowalewo Pomorskie (53°10'N, 18°54'E), Przedecz (52°20'N, 18°55'E), Solec Kujawski (53°05'N, 18°'13'E). Hibernating specimes were found at Grudziądz and Kowalewo Pomorskie, and traces of the stay of a colony of females in Bydgoszcz. Measurements of the body and skulls of 7 specimens are given (Table 1). Nocek duzy jest gatunkiem pospolitym na terenie Polski poludniowej, gdzie tworzy duze kolonie. Wedlug Kowalskiego (1964), rozmieszczenie jego obejmuje: Karpaty z Tatrami, Pieninami i Podkarpaciem, Sudety, Wyzyne Lubelską i Malopolską, Śląsk. Polnocna granica zasiegu przebiegająca przez Polske nie jest dokladnie poznana. Ku polnocy bywa spotykany rzadko i zwykle stanowiska wysuniete dalej dotyczą pojedynczych okazow. Kowalski (1955) tlumaczy to pierwotnym związaniem M. myotis z terenami gorskimi. Herold (1934) w pracy o faunie ssakow wysp Uznam i Wolin, wymienia 6 gatunkow nietoperzy. Przypuszcza, ze na wyspach moze miedzy innymi wystepowac rowniez i M. myotis, podawany dla Pomorza przez Hollanda (1871). Autor ten jednak przy omawianiu gatunku M. myotis nie daje zadnej wzmianki na temat jego rozmieszczenia na Pomorzu. O zamieszkiwaniu M. myotis na tym terenie mozna jedynie wnioskowac na podstawie tytulu pracy — „Die Wirbelthiere Pommerns". W pracy tej Rolland podaje rowniez rozmieszczenie innych gatunkow nietoperzy wystepujących na Śląsku, czy w Niemczech Środkowych. Miedzy innymi wymieniony jest bez podania locum — Rlunolophus hipposideros (B e c hstein, 1800). Wobec tego informacje Hollanda co do skladu teriofauny Pomorza wydają sie byc wątpliwej jakości. Wedlug Kowalskiego et al. (1957), najdalej wysunietym na pol

W oparciu o zbiory zrzutek sow (n=680) i dane z literatury zbadano zasiegi geograficzne i rozmieszczenie trzech gatunkow nietoperzy w Polsce. Myotis myotis (Borkhausen, 1797) zostal stwierdzony na licznych stanowiskach (n=94), poszerzających jego aktualnie znany zasieg, zlokalizowanych miedzy innymi na terenie Niziny Wielkopolskiej , poludniowo-zachodniej cześci Niziny Mazowieckiej, Pojezierzu Wielkopolskim i Pomorskim.

Bats living under laboratory or field conditions manifested precise nocturnal activity rhythms. Light-sampling at the light-to-dark transition was apparently the chief means of synchronizing an endogenous, non-24-hour activity rhythm to the daily light cycle.1. Two horseshoe bats, free-living in separate, small recording rooms, readily adjusted the time of activity to correspond to an L:D schedule.2. Three horseshoe bats, roosting in a darkened tunnel with no direct view of the 12L:12D schedule of the outside room, anticipated the light-dark change by flying out regularly during the hour before the lights were turned out, then were active for about 8 hours.3. A colony of Myotis myotis exited from a church loft at an average light intensity of 0.05 lux and returned at dawn. Attempted darkening of the church did not result in earlier light-sampling. Illumination of the flight path at the normal exit time resulted in intense sampling but prevented the actual departure of most of the bats.

Antibody deficiency in hibernating bats (Myotis myotis S.) was shown by precipitin reaction. Theγ-globulins in serum of hibernating bats decreased to one half of the normal value. There is significant leukopenia, lymphopenia and eosinopenia. Injected bovine albumin was completely removed within 9 days in active animals, in torpid animals only 1/25 was absorbed from the 6th to the 23rd day.

Nonshivering thermogenesis exists in the bat (Myotis myotis Borkh.) arousing from hibernation at environmental temperatures of 4–6 °C. Nonshivering thermogenesis is essential for the start of the arousal, and it is stimulated by noradrenaline since hexamethonium prevents the increase in metabolism and body temperature. Injection of noradrenaline abolishes this inhibition by hexamethonium by inducing nonshivering thermogenesis. After simultaneous administration of hexamethonium and alderlin no calorigenic effect of noradrenaline occurs. Shivering heat production during arousal appears at body temperatures between 10 and 17 °C predominantly. In normothermic bats the calorigenic effect of noradrenaline was observed, which indicates that nonshivering thermogenesis might also be present in awake animals. During arousal at 25 °C a great increase in intensity of shivering was observed. Elimination of nonshivering thermogenesis by hexamethonium does not prevent the attainment of the homoiothermic level of body temperature, and administration of noradrenaline does not speed up the process of arousal. As is evident from the metabolic capacity of the brown fat, the heat derived from this organ could maximally participate in total metabolism by 25% at the beginning and at the late period of arousal. In the middle range of body temperatures its significance for total metabolism is only about 10–13%.

The mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis Borkhausen) belongs to the hibernating mammals. During hibernation the ability of thermo-regulation is temporarily suspended. The optimum temperature of hibernation for this species is around 7–8°C (Brosset, 1966) although some specimens were found in the state of torpidity at a significantly lower temperature (0–2°C; Kowalski, 1953; Krzanowski, 1959), as well as at temperatures markedly above optimum values (Harmata, 1969). The body temperature of hibernating bats approaches ambient temperatures, and in the case of Myotis velifer it varies between 1 and 10°C (Tinkle and Patterson, 1965). The metabolic rate during torpidity is markedly decreased, and lowering of body temperature is followed by drastic reduction of respiratory movements, but these facts do not prevent the loss of body weight which in Myotis myotis exceeds 20% (Krzanowski, 1961).

Bats of temperate zones which hibernate during winter become cold-lethargic during their diurnal rest time even in summer. At the end of their nocturnal activity period they show a drop in body temperature close to ambient temperature (M. myotis, cf. Pohl, 1961). This takes place periodically even if the bats are kept in constant darkness (Eptesicus fuscus and Myotis lucifugus, cf. Menaker, 1959, 1961). The daily drop in body temperature is not simply the result of one single reduction in heat production, but seems to be a more complicated process since EKG-records during entrance into cold lethargy (Kulzer, 1967) showed increases and decreases in heart frequency which can be related to a regulatory activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Normothermy, with body temperatures at about 37°C, and even lethargy, with body temperatures close to ambient temperature, are both levels with more or less precisely regulated body temperature. Entrance into cold-lethargy may be the process during which the thermoregulatory level is changing from normothermy to lethargy, and the EKGvariations may be related to this change in thermoregulation. In order to obtain more data on thermoregulation during entrance into cold-lethargy, O2-consumption, CO2-production, and two different body temperatures were measured in Myotis myotis. One of the temperature records was taken from the interscapular region to measure thermogenic activity of the interscapular brown adipose tissue.

Five species ofChiroptera were studied and the following numbers were found:Rhinolophus hipposideros Bechst.N=27;Barbastella barbastellus Schr.N=16;Plecotus auritus L.N=16;Myotis myotis Bork.N=21;Miniopterus schreibersii Kuhl,N=23. Centric fusions occur in the chromosomal evolution ofChiroptera. Sex-chromosomes ofX-Y type.

MORE than a century ago, Daniell1 described a head presentation during parturition in Nyctalus noctula. This record has been considered unique among bats, since later investigators have not been able to observe a similar birth. Breech presentation has been considered to be the usual rule in Chiroptera, following the observations of Rollinat and Trouessart2 on Myotis myotis (called by them Vespertilio murinus), Sherman3 on Myotis austroriparius and more recently by Wimsatt4 on Myotis lucifugus among the Vespertilionidae, and Blake5 in a Phyllostomid bat (Erophylla planifrons?).

The greater mouse-eared bat, Myotis myotis Borkhausen, is recorded from Syria and Lebanon and a new subspecies is described, type locality 2 km east of Amchite, Lebanon. This bat exists together with the lesser mouse-eared bat, Myotis blythi Tomes, in certain localities in Syria and Lebanon. The forms M. m. omari Thomas (type locality Derbent, Iran) and M. m. risorius Cheesman (type locality Shiraz, Iran) are considered to be races of M. blythi Tomes, and it is considered likely that risorius is a synonym of omari .

DURING the autumn of 1946 a number of bats belonging to ten species were examined for malaria parasites. These included : 39 Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, 18 Rhinopoma microphyllum, 5 Asellia tridens, 13 Taphozous nudiventris, 57 Myotis myotis, 18 Myotis daubentonii, 17 Myotis nattererii, 78 Pipistrellus kuhlii, 45 Miniopterus schreibersii and 9 Roussettus aegyptiacus.