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This article looks at religious diversity among late imperial and modern Chinese elites; by contrast with most of the existing literature, which looks at correlations between social class and religiosity, this article adds the dimension of the exercise of personal choice and agency in the context of a vast and variegated religious repertoire. After reviewing existing theoretical models, it argues for the importance of two factors: a level of commitment to religious practices, in both the public and private realms, and knowledge (about the religion of others, whether one engages in such religion or not). It then charts these two factors on a graph onto which individuals can be placed, and thus grouped into types. These types represent a new and fruitful way of thinking about religious diversity.

En el presente artículo, examinamos el papel de la exégesis en la constitución de la filosofía eneádica y, en particular, el carácter de la interpretación plotiniana de Platón. Para ello, en primer lugar, recurrimos al análisis de algunos pasajes reveladores de la Vida de Plotino porfiriana que nos permiten comprender, por una parte, la manera en que los tardoantiguos concebían la tarea exegética y, por otra, el modo en que la filosofía de Plotino era valorada por sus contemporáneos. A su vez, en la segunda sección del trabajo, nos abocamos al examen del tratado IV 8 de las Enéadas e intentamos poner de manifiesto algunos aspectos puntuales del proceder exegético plotiniano y del modo en que el neoplatónico lee el Fedro de Platón. Philosophy and Exegesis in the Enneads. The Wings of the Plotinean Soul in his reading of Plato’s Phaedrus”. In the present paper, we examine the role exegesis plays in the philosophy of the Enneads and, in particular, the way in which Plotinus interprets Plato. With this purpose we analyze, in the first place, some revealing passages of Porphyrius’ Life of Plotinus in order to understand, on the one hand, how late Greek thinkers conceived the exegetic endeavour and, on the other hand, the way in which plotinian philosophy was considered by his contemporaries. In the second section of this work, we examine the treatise IV 8 of the Enneads and try to show some peculiar aspects of Plotinus’ exegetic procedure as well as of his reading of Plato’s Phaedrus. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Humanidades

This paper sets out to present the reflections of two contemporary philosophers, Michael Foucault and Giorgio Agamben, seeking to promote a parallel or even an analogy between two notions that permeate the works of these two authors. These notions consist in what Foucault called State Racism and in what Agamben named Thanatopolitics. The context as well as the object in which is effected that intent is the totalitarian politics of the Nazi State. Both authors understand the totalitarian phenomena from a biopolitical point of view. Nevertheless, in analyzing the National Socialist State, Foucault identifies in it a paradox though without examining in much profundity the imbrications that occurred there. On the other hand, Aganbem conceives such a paradox as pertaining to a way of doing politics which brings forth from its beginning the grounds that allowed the emerging of the phenomenon such as it appeared. Moreover, that way of doing politics has been identified by the authors as bringing within it both old elements, such as the glory and blood ideals, and new elements, such as eugenics. The blibliographic research developed here consisted basically in the reading of three works of the refered authors. Those works are, on one hand, Foucault’s Society Must Be Defended and The History of Sexuality I - The Will to Knowledge, and on the other, Agamben’s Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life., Este artigo propõe-se a expor as reflexões de dois filósofos contemporâneos, quais sejam, Michel Foucault e Giorgio Agamben, de modo a promover um paralelo,ou mesmo uma analogia, entre duas noções que permeiam as obras dos respectivos autores. Estas noções consistem no que Foucault chamou de Racismo de Estado, e no que Agamben nomeou de Tanatopolítica. O contexto, e tambémo objeto, no qual se efetiva este intento é, em uma palavra, a política totalitária do Estado nazista.Ambos os autores compreendem os fenômenos totalitários a partir do ponto de vista da biopolítica, entretanto, ao tratar do Estado Nacional-socialista, Foucault identifica nele um paradoxo, sem, contudo desenvolver com maior profundidade a imbricação que ali se deu. Agamben, por sua vez, concebe semelhante paradoxo como pertencendo a uma forma de fazer política que já traz, desde a sua origem, os fundamentos que permitiram a emergência do fenômeno da forma como surgiu e que fora identificada pelos ditos autores, ou seja, trazendo em si tanto elementos antigos, como a glória e os ideais de sangue, quanto modernos, como a eugenia. A pesquisa bibliográfica que aqui se desenvolveu deu-se na leitura de, basicamente, três obras dos supraditos autores, quais sejam,Em defesa da sociedade,História da sexualidade I – A vontade de saber,de um lado (Foucault), eHomo sacer – O poder soberano e a vida nua I, de outro (Agamben).&nbsp

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El artículo desarrolla la concepción de Emmanuel Levinas sobre el lenguaje y su ubicación dentro del giro lingüístico-hermenéutico de la filosofía contemporánea. Se lo relaciona con los autores comprendidos en este esto giro (Heidegger, Gadamer, Ricoeur, Derrida) por la importancia concedida al lenguaje a la vez que se lo distingue radicalmente de ellos por su original transmutación ética del lenguaje. En la argumentación se recuperan las nociones filosóficas principales con que Levinas tematiza la cuestión del lenguaje: deseo, diacronía, decir y dicho, huella, ausencia, no-indiferencia. Levinas’ standpoint in the hermeneutic turn: language as ethics”. This paper develops Emmanuel Levinas’ conceptions about language and its placein the linguistic-hermeneutic turn of contemporary philosophy. It examines the relations with the authors associated to this turn (Heidegger, Gadamer, Ricoeurand Derrida) due to the importance given to language and, at the same time, it sets him apart from them for his original ethical transmutation of language. This paper also considers the main philosophical notions by which Levinas treats the topic of language: desire, diachrony, the said and the saying, trace, absence, no-indifference, otherness. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Humanidades

This paper investigates whether there is any link of unity that runs through the critique of civilization undertaken by the German philosopher Walter Benjamin, as well as something that necessarily goes through your rejection of capitalism, driven both by German romanticism, the Libertarian Marxism when the messianism Jewish. In the midst of an apparent philosophical crowded, our methodological question asks if-the possibility of talking about a thread on philosopher thought of countless passages and fragmented notes? The hypothesis will argue in this paper is that of Benjamin messianism runs his work, like an electric current that feeds and illuminates all his writings., O presente trabalho procura investigar se existe algum elo de união que perpassa a crítica à civilização empreendida pelo filósofo alemão Walter Benjamin, bem como algo que passa necessariamente pela sua rejeição ao capitalismo, impulsionada tanto pelo romantismo alemão, pelo marxismo libertário quando pelo messianismo judaico. Em meio a um aparente aglomerado filosófico, nossa pergunta metodológica indaga-se pela possibilidade de falar de um fio condutor no pensamento do filósofo das inúmeras passagens e anotações fragmentadas? A hipótese que sustentaremos no presente trabalho é que o messianismo de Benjamin percorre toda a sua obra, como uma corrente elétrica que alimenta e ilumina todos os seus escritos.

¿Cómo interpretar y esclarecer desde una perspectiva fenomenológica la exigencia de que la fundamentación filosófica considere tanto la legitimidad o validez universal de los principios éticos como la diversidad de formas de vida? ¿Qué puede decir la fenomenología sobre la distancia entre la fundamentación teórica de la ética y la aplicación práctica de sus principios? Para esclarecer estas dos preguntas, en primer lugar, se toma como referencia las características de la ética del discurso de Habermas para mostrar en qué consiste la ética material de los valores de Scheler y en qué sentido rechaza tanto el universalismo como el relativismo. En segundo lugar, se exponen los conceptos que articulan la fundamentación fenomenológica de esta ética con el fin de precisar en qué sentido lo universal” y lo individual” se entienden como complementarios. Finalmente, a partir de algunas preguntas concernientes al problema de la distancia entre la teoría y la práctica suscitadas por esta concepción, se esbozan algunas líneas temáticas para indicar hasta qué punto es posible esperar de la ética material de los valores que acorte dicha distancia. How to interpret and elucidate from a phenomenological perspective the requirement that philosophical theorizing ought to consider the legitimacy or universal validity of ethical principles as well as the diversity of life forms? What could phenomenology say about the distance between the theoretical foundations of ethics and the practical application of its principles? To elucidate these questions, first, we take the characteristics of Habermas’s discourse ethics as reference point to show what Scheler’s material ethics of values consists in and in what sense it rejects both universalism and relativism. Secondly, we present the concepts that articulate the phenomenological foundations of this ethics in order to indicate in what sense the universal” and the individual” are taken as complementary. Starting from some questions concerning the problem of the distance between theory and practice raised by this conception, we sketch finally some thematic lines to indicate to what extent it is possible to expect from the material ethics of values to shorten that distance. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Humanidades

El artículo no presenta resumen.

El curso dictado por Heidegger en 1929 y publicado con el título Los conceptos fundamentales de la metafísica. Mundo, finitud y soledad se pregunta por la animalidad del animal. Su intención es elucidar aquel aspecto en que reside lo propio de la vida y que, sustrayéndose a todo intento de captura bajo interpretaciones mecanicistas o biologicistas, Heidegger encuentra en lo que denomina con la expresión pobreza”. En este contexto, el presente artículo se propone indagar en el vínculo entre esta pobreza con la que el animal es caracterizado en 1929 y la consideración de lo peculiar del hombre en los mismos términos a partir de 1945. Mediante dicha indagación nuestro objetivo será explicitar el vínculo ontológico entre humanidad, animalidad y corporalidad presente en el hombre. Heidegger’s 1929lectures published under the title The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics:World, Finitude, Solitude inquire about the animality of the animal. Their intentionis to elucidate the aspect in which the peculiarity of life resides and that, eludingevery attempt of getting caught under mechanistic or biological interpretations,Heidegger finds in what he names poverty”. In this context, this paper intendsto investigate the link between this poverty, the one that characterizes the animalin 1929, and the consideration of the peculiarity of man in the same terms since1945. Through this investigation, our goal will be to make explicit the ontologicalbond between humanity, animality and corporealness present in men. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Humanidades

A partir de una lectura de Sein und Zeit y los cursos coetáneos a esta obra, nos interesa examinar la estructura trascendental del Dasein para explicar lo que entendemos como su carácter bidimensional. Para esto, analizamos la función del temple de ánimo en la dinámica de la estructura a través de la angustia (Angst) y el aburrimiento profundo (tiefe Langeweile). Enfatizamos la disposición afectiva como punto de partida existencial y condición de posibilidad para dos vías, ya que en la relación con el ser observamos cierta tensión entre dos dimensiones que hacen oscilar al Dasein hacia un movimiento de ocultación y uno de desocultación de lo que acontece. Con esta interpretación, pretendemos mostrar que la dinámica tensiva de la estructura bidimensional del Dasein aquí propuesta es el efecto de la originaria donación del ser. From a reading of Sein und Zeit and contemporary courses, we are interested in examining the transcendental structure of Dasein to explain what we understand as its bidimensional character. For this, we analyze the function of the mood in the dynamics of the structure through the anxiety (Angst) and profound boredom (tiefe Langeweile). We emphasize the affective disposition as an existential starting point and condition of possibility for two pathways, since in relation to being we observed tension between two dimensions that are oscillated Dasein towards one concealment and one unconcealed motion of what happens. With this interpretation we intend to show that the tensive dynamics of the bidimensional structure of Dasein proposed here is the effect of the original givenness of being. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Humanidades

La educación de las emociones es un valioso instrumento no siempre tomado en cuenta para el desarrollo de un trasfondo valorativo igualitario y democrático indispensable para la autonomía de los ciudadanos. Tal vez la dificultad radique en que, en primer lugar, es necesario sondear las posibilidades de la educabilidad de las emociones. Martha Nussbaum es una de las filósofas contemporáneas que han dedicado gran parte de su obra al estudio de las emociones, y de su teoría pueden derivarse conclusiones acerca de la pregunta de su educabilidad. Su teoría de las emociones se circunscribe dentro de un conjunto de teorías que consideran a las emociones como cognitivas, y eso convierte a la literatura en una útil herramienta para su educación. Sin embargo, la autora no explicita una metodología que permita dicho desarrollo desde las narraciones. A estos efectos, en esta entrevista se le propone el concepto de autorreflexión como posibilitador de ello, a la vez que se busca reconstruir a partir de su teoría un listado de emociones democráticas”. Asimismo, en este contexto, Nussbaum responde y profundiza acerca de estas temáticas. The education of the emotions is a valuable tool not always taken into account in the development of the democratic, egalitarian background essential to empower citizens. Perhaps the difficulty lies in the fact that, firstly, it is necessary to probe the possibilities of educability of emotions. Martha Nussbaum is one of the contemporary philosophers who have devoted much of their work to the study of emotions, and from her theory, conclusions can be drawn about the question of their educability. Her theory of emotions can be situated within a set of theories that understand emotions as cognitive, which turns literature into a useful tool for their education. However, the author does not put forward an explicit methodology for such development from narrative. To this end, in this interview Nussbaum is asked about the concept of self-conscious reflection as a feasible proposal to enable the education of emotions, as well as about whether a list of democratic emotions” can be built from her theory. Also, in this context, Nussbaum responds and elaborates on these themes. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Humanidades

¿Hay consecuencias o requerimientos ontológicos que puedan desprendersede la teoría de la referencia directa? Se ha dicho frecuentemente quelos términos generales deben ser concebidos como designadores rígidos de clasesnaturales”, pero esta es una expresión demasiado vaga. ¿Qué es aquí una clasenatural”? ¿Es un universal? ¿Una clase de objetos o tropos semejantes entre sí?Se argumenta que la teoría de la referencia directa funciona mejor en conexióncon una ontología de universales. El modelo semántico, en efecto, requiere ciertotipo de relación cognitiva exitosa con el referente, y es difícil explicar cómo podríadarse esa conexión exitosa si no hay propiedades universales, sino solo clasesde objetos o tropos perfectamente semejantes. Has the theory of direct reference for general terms ontological consequences or requirements? It has normally been said that general terms should be conceived as rigid designators of natural classes”, but this is a very vague expression. What is a natural class” here? Is it a universal? Is it a class of resembling objects or tropes? It is argued that the theory of direct reference functions better in connection with an ontology of universals. The semantic model actually requires certain type of successful cognitive relation with the referent and it is difficult to explain how such a successful connection could be obtained if there are no universal properties, but only perfect resemblance classes of objects or tropes. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Humanidades

En este artículo se pretende aportar una lectura de la Carta VII desde la función que desempeña en ella el léxico médico. Dejando al margen la irresoluble cuestión sobre la autoría platónica, la carta muestra conexiones evidentes con temas fundamentales en el llamado último” Platón, principalmente en sus aspectos políticos. En varios pasajes de la Carta VII, la figura del filósofo en tanto educador aparece revestida de aspectos médicos, y la propia situación política es definida como una patología sobre la que hay que actuar de acuerdo con una metodología terapéutica. This article pretends to provide a reading of the Seventh Letter focused on the role that medical terminology plays in it. Leaving aside the unsolvable enigma of Plato’s authorship, the letter shows evident connections with fundamental topics from the last” Plato, particularly in its political aspects. In many passages of the Seventh Letter, the figure of the philosopher as an educator appears covered with medical aspects, and the political situation is defined as a pathology that we must treat according to a therapeutic methodology. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Humanidades

La filosofía de Kierkegaard y la psicología de Freud definen al hombre como un ser que dialoga consigo mismo. En este artículo desarrollamos esta idea. Kierkegaard y Freud piensan que el sujeto moderno es incapaz de comprenderse correctamente a sí mismo. El hombre es una auto-relación y esta auto-relación está rota. El psicólogo kierkegaardeano y el psicólogo freudiano intentan recomponer esta auto-relación., A filosofia de Kierkegaard e a psicologia de Freud entendem ao homem como um ser que dialoga consigo mesmo.Neste artigo desenvolvemos esta ideia.Kierkegaard e Freud pensam que o sujeito moderno é incapaz de compreender corretamente a si mesmo.O homem é uma auto-relação e esta está rompida. O psicólogo kierkegaardiano e o psicólogo freudiano tentam recompor esta auto-relação

Lionel Obadia PhD, Professor in Anthropology at the University of Lyon 2, France, specializing in religious studies, anthropology and the sociology of religion. After gaining a PhD on Buddhism in France and in the West, he has studied Buddhism, shamanism and witchcraft in Asia, mainly Nepal. He has recently conducted research on Jewish Messianic movements in Europe, the US and Israel, and football (soccer) in a religious perspective in France. He is the author of ten books, among them La marchandisation de Dieu (2013), Anthropologie des religions (2007), Religion (2004), Sorcellerie (2004), Le bouddhisme en Occident (2007), and The Economics of Religion with Donald Wood (Emerald, 2011) and more than one hundred chapters and articles in French, English, Spanish, Chinese and German.

This article aims to introduce the text Description of Apollo at Belvedere, by Johann Joachim Winckelmann, written in 1755/56, in Rome. This introduction is a relationship the small text translated with to the subject modern of the sublime., Este artigo visa introduzir o texto Descrição de Apolo em Belvedere, de Johann Joachim Winckelmann, escrito entre 1755-56, em Roma. Tal introdução relaciona o pequeno texto traduzido à questão moderna do sublime.

The paper focuses on the reception of Kant’s philosophy of biology in the context of the so-called ‘Göttingen School’. Timothy Lenoir has tried to rehabilitate the framework elaborated at Göttingen by stressing its difference from Naturphilosophie. Focusing on the work of Karl Friedrich Kielmeyer this paper argues that Lenoir’s position is based on a historiographical bias. I take into account Kielmeyer’s stance on physiology, embryology and natural history. This analysis reveals the existence of a clear shift from a regulative to a constitutive understanding of teleology. I agree with Zammito that the ‘Lenoir thesis’ should be overcome in favor of a more accurate narrative of the emergence of biology in Germany at the turn of the nineteenth century., Lebenswelt. Aesthetics and philosophy of experience., No 7 (2015)