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36 If cells HH and LL of Table 5 were considered in terms of ideal polar types; and further, were we to dichotomize all of the independent indicators of Table 4 in terms of high and low the following contrast emerges: The Parole Board position (managing to be both highly accurate while simultaneously optimistic) is characterized by being high on all indicators except one, job tenure. At the other extreme, the law enforcement officer position (inaccurate and pessimistic) is characterized by being low on every indicator but two, job tenure and interprofessional liking.

There is increasing awareness of the sensitive and crucial role of the law enforcement officer as a community caretaker. Rigorous efforts to define criteria of adequate performance and to select men who can meet these criteria are called for. In this study applicants for a law enforcement agency were subjected to an extensive psychological test battery and a psychiatric interview. The results were matched against subsequent performance as law enforcement officers. The data show that although some psychological factors are related to failure on the job, intellectual factors are the best predictors of advancement in the department, and the psychiatric interview did not relate to any of the performance criteria. Development of performance criteria was a problem here as elsewhere.

In the clinical as well as in the forensic toxicology laboratory, the need exists for reliable methods to detect drugs in urine and other body fluids after suspected overdosage and, more recently, after administration in the form of drug abuse. In the latter case, or after therapeutic administration, the concentration of excreted drugs is frequently low and may be partially or entirely converted to one or more metabolites, making identification of the drug in question extremely difficult. In addition, the physician or law enforcement officer involved may be unable to supply any pertinent information to assist the toxicologist in his decision as to what drug should be sought for in the sample. Those analytical techniques used in toxicology that deal mainly with procedures for the detection of drugs in the forms in which they were originally ingested require some modifications to detect and identify the metabolite(s) so that it is possible to prove the ingestion of the parent compound. While it is most desirable to identify and estimate the quantity of the original drug taken into the body or that being excreted, it should be evident that most drugs are metabolized by the living organism and some

Robert Buckhout 1 has written a well-thought-out assessment of the accuracy of eyewitness testimony and the degree to which it is influenced by emotional, character-linked, or fantasy-spurred factors. Buckhout says that although testimonies are frequently challenged, they are assumed to be more reliable than other kinds of evidence. Numerous experiments show, however, that eyewitness testimony is remarkably subject to error. Mistaken identity has sent people to prison, the gallows, and torture, and mistaken facts have sent many a patient to the mortuary. The article is worth reading for every law enforcement officer, lawyer, and physician. Eyewitness testimony is based on the recollection of simple facts as they occurred, how they looked, and how they were fixed in the memory of the person reporting them. It is based on the quality of recollection and the quantity of correct data. All this invariably has to do with the power of observation, which

This study examines the relative importance of environmental factors and characteristics of the chief law enforcement officer in explaining professionalism in the organization of sheriff departments. The research population consisted of the sheriff departments of Florida. Path analysis was employed to assess the interrelationship of each of the independent variables and the dependent variable. Path analysis was useful as it permitted a refmement of our understanding of the interrelationship of the variables. Environmental variables were the most important components; but sheriff characteristics were significant factors as well. The results raise questions about the meaning of police professionalism, popular control of law enforcement, and our conceptualization of the policy process.

Rural crime is a neglected field in criminology. Standard texts devote scant space to it. Few research projects have focused upon it. Rural sociologists are concerned with other matters. Pertinent tables in the Uniform Crime Reports are sometimes based on data from communities as large as 25,000 inhabitants.1 For these and for many other reasons, it would seem that some idea of space and function should be substituted for the term rural in criminology. The substitute offered in this present article is the open country. It would be defined as the region beyond the metropolis as measured by daily commuting and marketing. Agriculture and other extractive industries are prominent features of its economy and these enterprises play an important part in the attitudes and social organization of all the people who live there. It includes the towns, villages, and small cities-the trade and service centers of varying size that stud it. This is the composite region on which the relevant tables in the Uniform Crime Reports are actually based. It has not been studied systematically by criminologists. This area is what we probably have in mind when we say "rural." An open country crime would be any crime on which an open country law enforcement officer takes action. One way to study such crime would be to see how that officer acts. Several types of officers could be selected but the one recommended is the county sheriff because for many parts of the United States he is still important in open country crime control. A convenient method for this purpose would be to follow Znaniecki's concept of a social role, breaking it down into its four components: the social circle, the social person, the social status or office, and the social function.2 What follows is a summary of a larger study in which this method was used.3 The region selected was "Star County," Illinois, a fictitious

Ever since Silverman in 1953 and Wooley in 1955 documented the significance of roentgen manifestations of unrecognized trauma, there has been a crescendo of community action concerning child abuse and neglect. This concatentation was immensely accelerated in 1961 when Kempe, in conducting a symposium on the subject, coined the term "The Battered Child Syndrome." Subsequently, Dr. Kempe has persisted in efforts to recognize, understand, and correct the situations leading to child battering. This book, co-edited by Drs. Kempe and Helfer, represents another major step forward since it gathers under one cover an authoritative review of the current state of knowledge concerning the syndrome—its manifestations, its causation, and its treatment. The 11 chapters review the topic from the point of view of the different members of the team that may share in the management of a case—pediatrician, radiologist, pathologist, psychiatrist, social worker, and law enforcement officer. The editors

ESPITE THE FACT that a tremendous history and tradition surround the office, the United State marshal is one of the leastknown federal office-holders. The marshal was the original law enforcement officer in the federal system with civil, criminal, and administrative responsibilities. Initially, he had investigative duties which are today the prerogative of specialized services such as Postal Inspection, the Secret Service, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Alcohol Tax Unit, to name but a few.' Later, in the territories, the United States marshals were "the law" and it is probably in connection with lingering legendary accounts about such exciting activities that many persons think of the federal marshal today. There is danger that the current film and television glamorization of such colorful territorial marshals of the old West as Wyatt Earp and Bat Masterson on the one hand, and the dearth of systematic studies or even organized material 2 on the other, will obscure very real modem problems of federal law enforcement and administration connected with the office.

Are there significant differences between rural and urban delinquency? If there are, as this article indicates, then a differential application of our theoretical knowledge (which has been largely urban in character) is necessary. The author is in charge of research and statistics for the Division for Children and Youth, State Department of Public Welfare, Madison, Wisconsin; part-time instructor in criminology for the University of Wisconsin Extension Division; formerly assistant superintendent of the Wisconsin Child Center at Sparta, Wisconsin. He has also been on the faculty of the Wisconsin Juvenile Law Enforcement Officer's Institute at the University of Wisconsin where the study described in this article has been presented.EDITOR.

Ernest F. Roberts is Professor of Law at Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania. He also teaches a course on Criminal Law and Procedure in the police program at The Community College of Temple University, which program was introduced in the Fall of 1960. This article was presented originally to the Professional Police Organization of the Delaware Valley, and because of its thought provoking quality, we are privileged in being able to present it to our readers.-EDITOR.