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The order in which cows choose to enter a milking parlour could have implications on the speed of throughput of cows. Preliminary field observation studies were made on three commercial herds which consisted of 56, 57 and 104 cows (mainly Friesian). During the period of observation 20–46% of the animals were replaced but it was shown that 80–85% of the cows entered the milking parlour mainly at random, but the other 15–20% of the cows consistently entered in the same approximate position in the milking order. As lactation proceeded the cows became more consistent in their order of entry. There was a slight tendency for higher yielding cows and those in early lactation to enter in the earlier stages of milking and a slight tendency for older cows to appear in the last half of the order.

The reflection coefficient over any surface is of fundamental importance in determining the radiation balance over that surface. Hitherto not enough information has been available for natural vegetation surfaces in the tropical environment. In this paper an attempt is made to present the seasonal and diurnal characteristics of the reflection coefficient in Nigeria and the results of field observation have been applied to obtain a land-use and reflection coefficient map for parts of Nigeria where detailed land-use studies have been undertaken. The results show significant variations from the generalised map of the country.

Field observation indicated that A. bibens is an important predator of several Tetranychus-species in parts of Madagascar. Its dependence on water for drinking was demonstrated; this feature limits its presence to more humid biotopes. Its importance in the irrigated areas of the dry southwest is stressed. A. bibens proved capable of eradicating T. urticae on potted bean plants. Predation and oviposition of the predator were tested with various densities of adult female T. urticae. At the lowest densities tested, predation was limited by the availability of the prey, which also resulted in a lower oviposition rate at these densities. At more moderate densities (of around 32 prey/7 cm2) an increase in prey egg consumption made up for a decrease in adult prey consumption, indicating that spider mite eggs are suitable food for this predator. At high densities eggs were ignored and adult prey were killed and at highest densities more were killed than were actually needed for food. The effect of alternate feeding on eggs and an interference stimulation component are claimed to explain the unusual functional response curve of A. bibens. The results imply that, under natural conditions, A. bibens feeds primarily on spider mite eggs, but shifts towards adult prey consumption with increasing prey densities. Resume AMBLYSEIUS BIBENS (ACARINA: PHYTOSEHDAE), PREDATEUR DE TETRANYCHIDAE A MADAGASCAR Des observations dans la nature montrent que A. bibens est un important predateur de plusieurs especes de Tetranychidae dans certains secteurs a Madagascar. Son importance dans les zones irriguees du sud-ouest aride est mise en evidence, ce qui resulte des besoins pour cette espece d'eau alimentaire, ce facteur limitant sa presence aux biotopes les plus humides. A. bibens se montre capable d'eliminer T. urticae sur les cultures de pois. Le taux de predation et d'oviposition du predateur ont ete testes en rapport aux diverses densites de la proie, T. urticae. Aux densites les plus faibles la predation est limitee par la disponibilite en proies, ce qui entraine egalement une reduction de la fecondite. Pour des densites moyennes (de l'ordre de 32 proies/7 cm2) on observe une consommation preferentielle des œufs de Tetranychidae et une moindre consommation des adultes. Pour des densites elevees, par contre, les œufs sont delaisses et ce sont les adultes qui sont consommes, enfin par des densites encore plus fortes, le predateur detruit plus de proies adultes qu'il n'en peut consommer. L'effet d'une alimentation de substitution sur les œufs de la proie et l'interference d'un facteur stimulant sont envisages comme elements explicatifs de la reponse inhabituelle d'A. bibens. Cela implique que dans les conditions naturelles A. bibens se nourrit en premier lieu sur les œufs de Tetranychidae, mais transfert sa preference sur les proies adultes quand la densite de ces derniers s'accroit.

Case histories are considered which indicate that under some field conditions a thaw interface proceeds as predicted by a simple model. Some reasons for possible deviations are investigated and comparisons are made between calculated and measured rates of thaw.

Wave observation data were analyzed for examination of wave deformations, such as wave refraction, breaking, and diffraction, and the results were compared with the values given by the current calc...

A descriptive epidemiologic and anthropologic study was designed to determine by field observation and interview the extent of Basque involvement in the sheep industry of California, the nature of the sheep and dog husbandry practices of California Basques as they might influence Echinococus granulosus transmission, and the "folk knowledge" of hydatid disease possessed by California Basques, particularly as it might indicate the early presence of this infection in California and provide evidence for or against possible intensification or spread of transmission in the recent past. Basques were found to dominate the sheep industry of California's Central Valley from Sacramento south, but to be virtually absent from other sheep-raising areas of the state. In contrast to most other California sheep ranchers, Basques practice a transhumant form of husbandry in which bands of sheep are moved from location to location under the control of contract Basque shepherds from Spain and France and a number of sheep dogs.

Rhythms of flight and ambulatory activity of Plecia nearctica Hardy were determined by field observation and remote monitoring to be bimodal-diurnal. Light was not essential for mating in these insects, but they required light and an ambient temperature of at least 20°C for sustained flight. “Hovering flights” occurred early and late in the day; dispersal and “searching flights” occurred mainly during the afternoon. Feeding was necessary to the survival of field-collected adults in the laboratory. These males and females lived ca. 3 and 5 days, respectively. Periodicity was similar for both sexes, but males were the most active fliers.

This paper is an approach to the analysis of land and its utilization patterns in Northeastern Brazil. It was based on the field observations of the multiple relationship existing between natural environment and human activities. The Department of Geography, Tokyo Kyoiku University, planned a field study of Northeastern Brazil, and sent the research missions to this area three times, sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Education. The first field study was carried on from December, 1966 to February, 1967, the second from January to March, 1971, and the third from December, 1972 to February, 1973. This report outlines the results of field observation in the third field study, mainly in the state of Paralba. Many geographers have established the areally corresponding relationship between natural environmental factors and land use. Our research group, including myself, proposes a division of land use regions in the state of ParaIba. This consists of three regions and ten subregions as follows: 1) Zona da Mata a) Coastal lowland. b) Tabuleiros. c) Varzea (Rio de Acucar). 2) Agreste d) Peripheral Tabuleiros. e) Depression Zone (low relief plain formed on crystaline rock). f) Borborema Massif. g) Brejos. 3) Sertao h) Cariris. i) Piranhas basin. j) Alto-Sertao.

1.1. A nasal test, consisting of the repeated instillation of small amounts of dry pollen, has been described. 2.2. The test gave a specific reaction in all but 7 per cent of the patients, in whom nonspecific reactions ensued as a result of hyperesthetic mucous membranes. 3.3. The specificity of the nasal test was further demonstrated by its failure to evoke a reaction during the period of active symptomatology, when the membranes are usually in a vulnerable state and tend to react to the slightest irritation. 4.4. The test has its greatest value in distinguishing the etiologic importance of pollens which yield positive skin tests and pollinate simultaneously, such as occur during the tree and grass seasons. It offers the allergist, who is too occupied to practice field observation, a simplified office procedure which can, in a number of cases, yield information that may be instrumental in making an accurate etiologic diagnosis. 5.5. In those patients in whom remissions were believed to have occurred, immediate negative nasal tests resulted, indicating that this method is of value in determining when a patient has had a remission.

The results of the field observation of the Akaishi mountain range may be summarized as follows: 1. The crystalline schists, the Lower Ina Formation in this district, are the metamorphic rocks of the Chichibu Series and grade into the nonmetamorphic rocks through phyllitic facies. Such transitions are observed not only to the upper horizon but to the direction of the strike, and the scbistosity of the metamorphic rocks is oblique to the stratification of the Chichibu Series. The Lower Ina Formation is believed to belong to the still upper part of the Chichibu Series than the horizon of the simillar rocks in the Shikoku district. Therefore the green rocks of this series represent the later volcanic products in the same age. 2. The Non-metamorphic sediments of this area, named the Akaishi Formation, have been mapped as Palaeozoic or the Chichibu Series, but they may be assumed to belong to the Mesozoic age which corresponds probably to the Togano or Akigawa Formation of Shikoku or Kyushu respectively.

Introduction The theme of this paper was first considered somewhat fully by the present writer in a lecture, March 18, 1896, entitled “The Saint Croix river before, during, and after the Ice age.” This lecture was given at Taylors Falls, Minnesota, as one in a series designed to direct public attention to the Interstate park, recently set apart by legislative enactments of Minnesota and Wisconsin, on each side of the Saint Croix river at its Upper Dalles, closely adjoining the towns of Taylors Falls, Minnesota, and Saint Croix Falls, Wisconsin. The series of lectures was published in 1896 by Honorable George H. Hazzard, the Interstate Park Commissioner of Minnesota; but my lecture was withheld from publication in geologic literature, excepting very brief notes,* on account of my hope for further opportunities of field observation and study of this subject. My chief conclusion, that in the Glacial period the Saint Croix . . .

The field observations at the construction site of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric plant and data on the passage of ice at other Siberian hydraulic complexes permitted us to obtain relationships for the computation of the ice passage conditions for the designs considered and to estimate quantitatively the effect of some factors which facilitate the conditions of the passage of ice through unfinished structures. However, many problems related to the retention and passage of ice through structures are not yet solved. Therefore, further field observation on the passage of ice at the hydraulic complexes under construction on rivers with intensive spring runs are necessary.

This note is inspired by the recent publication of a geological map, by W. K. Gummer and S. V. Burr, of the area immediately east of Bancroft, Ontario.' The area shown on this map is the central part of a somewhat larger area that I had previously mapped and described.2 The Gummer-Burr map is characterized by considerably less extrapolation than mine; and its location of specific outcrops or quarries is in general to be preferred, though there is, for the most part, little difference between the two maps. Where the origin of rocks is so questionable, it seems very poor practice to introduce genetic nomenclature. Although the shonkinites and many of the syenites are probably "paragneisses," the use of the term as a map unit gives no indication of their peculiar mineralogical relation to the granites and nepheline rocks. (Most of the rocks I described as "potash-soda syenite-shonkinites'" were collected from outcrops mapped as "paragneiss" by Gummer and Burr.) But this is a very minor matter; and all parties would be placated, I think, by the use of a composite term such as "syenitic-paragneiss" or "saturated-paragneiss." Despite the lack of significant difference between our maps, we are in almost complete disagreement concerning the origin of the alkaline rocks. As far as field observation is con

Intrusive rock, may-be of Mesozoic, is found widely over the southern part of Hida plateau region, central Japan.By means of photographic interpretation method, writer studied from various angles linerments of this area, and then compar d statistically joints and fractures in this rock-body through field observation with these linerments.In this case, they were projected on Schmidt-net for finding the interdependence of dips and strikes, and the effect of dips to linerments.The result showed that about 65 per-cent of the joints and fractures of rock-body are found as linerments on the surface.

Summary 1 The history and identification of the asparagus miner. Melanagromyza simplex H. Loew, are outlined. The fly was described in 1869, and associated with asparagus in the United States of America in 1896 and 1897. In Europe it was recognized about the same date. 2 The salient points of the morphology of all stages are briefly described. 3 Its geographical range is the United States of America and Europe. In Europe it has been reported from Hungary, France, Germany and England. In U.S.A. the most numerous records are from the eastern states but it has also been reported from Iowa and California. 4 There are two generations a year at Harpenden, England. The flies of the first flight are on the wing from early June to the end of July, those of the second from the beginning of August until about the second week in September. Details of the life history are given. 5 The damage caused by the larvae mining the stems of asparagus is not considered important in cutting beds, although seedling beds might suffer more. When, however, the mining is followed by an attack by the larvae of Lonchaea flavidipennis Zett. the damage is more important. 6 An attempt to assess the local abundance of the flies by direct field observation is described. 7 Three parasites—the braconid, Dacnusa ?bathyzona Marsh.; a pteromalid, Sphegigaster sp.; and a eulophid, Pleurotropis epigonus Walk.—have been identified by Dr Ferriere and in addition an unidentified parasite has been reared. Brief observational notes have been given concerning these parasites. It is noted that Dacnusa rondanii Giard has previously been recorded as a parasite. 8 Control measures recommended by other workers have been mentioned.

The study of the White Horse of Uffington in Berkshire has led to the conclusion, based on field evidence, that the present form of the Horse is vestigial, that in common with all other hill-figures it is unstable, and that no deduction as to its age or origin can properly be made from its present appearance. The demonstration leading to this conclusion has been set out in a paper published by the Newbury and District Field Club (Transactions, Vol. XI, No. 3) and it is not proposed to repeat it here in full. The conclusion has been widely accepted; it is a matter of simple field observation supported by the documentary evidence. The purpose of this paper is to set out more fully the folklore of the Horse, and to follow up some of the implications of the customs and traditions associated with it. These are earlier and more important than the antiquarian controversy, discussed in the former paper, as to whether the Horse is, or is not, related to the horses on the ancient British coinage. The folklore of the Horse suggests a Saxon rather than a Celtic origin, but this conclusion has not met with the same acceptance as that of the natural decay of the design of the Horse. This is not surprising for it is easier to demolish a theory than to gain acceptance for another, and the idea of the Saxon origin of the figure is less susceptible of demonstration than the fact of its physical degeneration. Of the half-hundred or so colossal images cut out of the turf on the hills of the British Isles not more than half-a-dozen can be dated before 1700. This handful all lie to the south of a line drawn from the Wash to the Severn Estuary, and the lost hill-figures of comparable age of which there is any record, all lay in the same region (Fig. i). This distribution is not geological, nor does it

(1) Studies on the resistances to Phytophthora Parasitica RElNKlNG and Sylepta derogata FABRI- clus of "Nori-Asa " (Abelmoschus glutino-textilis), an amphidiploid crop induced between Abel. esculeletus and Abel. Manihot, were made in comparison with those of its parents. ( 2 ) According to the field observation under natural infection and the inoculation experiment, the resistance to Phytophthora parasitica was quite low in Manihot and high in "Nori-Asa " as well as in esculeletus. ( 3 ) At the end of July, owing to the beginning of appearance of Sylepta derogata, esculentus sowed at the beginning of April and May was slightly damaged, while esculeletus sowed at the begljnning of June and July. Manihot and " Nori-Asa " sowed at different time between the beginning of April and July were not or little damaged. At the end of August, September and October, owing to the season of the greatest appearance of Sylepta derogata, all individuals of esculeletus and " Nori-Asa " sowed at different time between the beginning of April and July were damaged, but Maeeihot was only slightly damaged. (4) The resistance to Sylapta derogata was the highest in Malcihot, the lowest in esculentus, and " Nori-Asa " was the intermedium of the parents, though rather resembling the escule, etus.

During the course of some field studies on hibernation in the Chicago region,[*][1] interest was aroused in the muscid fly, Pyrellia serena Meigen,[†][2] because of its frequent occurrence in the field and because of its massed method of hibernation. It was thought that this species could possibly be reared in the laboratory and used as experimental material, but unfortunately its life history was unknown. A number of observations were made on its hibernation, and an attempt was made to learn something of the rest of its life history and habits. Although this project was not completed, some data were obtained which seem to be worth recording. These data were obtained chiefly by field observation, but a few experiments were also performed in the laboratory. [1]: #fn-1 [2]: #fn-2

This article starts by describing some characteristics of current Egyptian popular literature, based on field observation at the Cairo 2016 book fair and a survey of the Egyptian authors available on the social network Goodreads, and puts the stress on the spectacular rejuvenation this market experienced in the last ten years. It focuses then on one of this market’s main genres, namely, satiric literature, and suggests through the analysis of various authors’ trajectories and works that it reveals a tension between reformism and subversion, a tension similar to the one that characterises the predicament of the Egyptian intelligentsia in the post-2011 context.Key words: Egypt, readership, bestsellers, satire, youth, reformism, subversion

This article, by a noted French authority, summarises the work done in French territories over the past 30 years, and presents the conclusions derived from these long and thorough investigations. The author is a chemical and geological engineer and is a Docteur ès Sciences of the University of Nancy. He has long been associated with prestressed concrete work and is currently the President of the Concrete Group of the Commission Europèenne de la Corrosion.

Observations on winter corn fields being severely grazed by rabbits showed that there was usually a typical pattern of damage when the source of the rabbits was from one direction. The part of the field nearest the source of rabbits was grazed for a long period and usually failed, the part farthest from the source of rabbits was grazed lightly or not at all and usually yielded well and the central section was intermediate. The effect of severe grazing was to delay plant establishment by retarding or preventing the formation of secondary roots and tillers, so that many plants ultimately died and the survivors were small and backward. Small plots protected by wire netting were used to demonstrate and investigate the effects of grazing, but there was no evidence that the shelter provided by the netting itself in the absence of rabbits directly improved growth within the cages. Artificial defoliation, unless it was very drastic, was not an adequate substitute for rabbit grazing, though this technique was used to confirm a field observation that oats were more susceptible than wheat to this type of damage. Some of the practical implications of the observations and experiments are discussed.

A series of eight specimens of the yellow-throated glossy cuckoo,Chrysococcyx flavigularis, recently collected in Bwamba Forest, western Uganda, and the field observations accompanying them give our first information on the courtship habits, call notes, and feeding range of the species, and extend our knowledge of its breeding season. It is now possible to demonstrate extensive sympatry withC. klaas, and also to present further details of its plumages.

Generally speaking, a microzoning map is very useful in practical purposes and may help one to be familiar with the seismic characteristics of the ground in a certain small area. In the complilation of such a map the main contributors are field observations, theoretical work and studies of damage statistics. The purpose of this paper is therefore to contribute in the collection, and evaluation of the data related to microzoning studies generally and especially for the peculiar subsoil conditions or Thessaloniki.

Summary Observation of the behavior of mosquitoes in the laboratory and of the distribution of eggs in nature has convinced us that the Albanian Anopheles, especially the species of the maculipennis group, normally oviposit while hovering over the water, performing a sort of “oviposition dance.” From field observation we are also convinced that the differences between the larval habitats of various species are largely the direct result of selection of oviposition site by the adult females. Anopheles atroparvus in laboratory experiments showed a pronounced preference for dark background colors in ovipositing, and for water containing calcium. It seemed to be more or less indifferent to the sodium chloride content of the water. Experiments and observations on time of oviposition gave conflicting results, but seem to indicate that oviposition may depend on a combination of stimuli rather than on some single factor in the daily cycle of environmental changes.

Mancy, B. C., Jn. 1971. Survival of young fish in the discharge canal of a nuclear power plant. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 28: 1057-1060. No young fish of nine species entrained in the condenser cooling-water system of a nuclear power piant s-urvived passug" to the lower end of the plant's 1 .83-km (1 .1.4-mile) discharge ianal when water temperatires were above 30 C. Temperatures in the-canal remained above 30 C during 957o of the period during which the fish larvae and juveniles were collected near the plant's'intaG. A field observation device was developed to keep alive for counting those larvie and juvenile fish that survived passage to sampling points in the system. Tuls report describes the effect of entrainment on nonscreenable young fishes in the condenser coolingwater system of the Connecticut Yankee Atomic Power Company's plant at Haddam Neck, Connecticut. This is the first reported study that attempts to determine the survival rates of fish larvae of less than 15 mm during passage through a condenser and discharge canal system.

A method for studying small scale photospheric velocity fields with a balloon experiment is proposed. A sodium resonance cell is used with a diffraction limited telescope. Good pointing accuracy is not necessary. Preliminary results of ground-based observations are given.

Between 1812 and 1862 American geology underwent rapid development to become a specialized, highly professional science practiced by individual researchers whose achievements received world-wide acclaim. This development may be ascribed to freedom from the conflict of uncompromising traditions so prevalent in the early development of European geology, the dependency of American geologists on field observation, and the high level of scientific communication with Europe. The thinking of American geologists was dominated by an interest in exploration, classification and theory with little utilitarian purpose.

The philosophy of service life in the design of culverts has changed over the years. With the improvement and enlargement of our highway system, culvert costs are significant and the service life of these structures deserve the attention of designers. Many engineers use durability of culvert materials as the only measure of service life, but other factors such as flood damage and construction methods affect the life of a culvert. Evaluation of service life in the design of culverts is a complex subject involving life of the highway, hazards and delays to traffic, and costs of construction, replacement, and maintenance. Cost analyses and use of comparable alternates on bid schedules are two methods proposed to obtain an economical culvert with a service life consistent with the highway being constructed. Field observations of the performance of culvert materials and methods of culvert selection as used by some designers are examined.

Observations of living salps by SCUBA diving in the Florida Current and Gulf of California (Mexico) indicate that they filter feed with a continuously renewed mucus net. Ninety-one percent of 1420 salps (6 species) examined were feeding in this manner. Particles collected range from about 1 mm to less than 1 μm. Compact fecal pellets appear to contain much undigested material and may carry significant amounts of carbon out of surface waters.

This paper attempts to explore a case from Salyan district on resin tapping and its contribution to local and national economy. Resin tapping and its related activities like extraction, collection and transportation are one of the major sources of employment for a large number of rural poor people. Based on the quantity of resin collected and exported outside the district, revenue is generated to central as well as local government and Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs). In the mean time, some issues and challenges have been identified at local level regarding the sustainability of resin tapping. It, therefore, concludes that some practical measures are necessary to overcome the issues and challenges so that resin tapping could be done in a sustainable manner. Sources of information of this paper are records of District Forest Office and rosin companies and net surfing as secondary sources; field observation, interviews with CFUGs and resin collectors as primary sources. Key Words: Pine forests, Resin tapping, Sustainability, Revenue, Employment, Nepal DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2540 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp172-179

The migration of single radionuclides disposed of underground have been studied extensively, and many results have been reported. The migration of multiple radionuclides under similar conditions, has, on the other hand, scarcely been studied, and yet it is very important for evaluating the safety of the ground disposal of radioactive wastes.This paper bases its discussion on two theories (that of frontal analysis proposed by Sillen & Inoue's theory) on the behavior of multiple nuclides. It is shown that frontal analysis is applicable theoretically to the estimation of the migration of multiple radionuclides, but that some difficulties are encountered in its practical use in the field. The difficulties are, for instance, the estimation of the quantities of soil in contact with underground water, and the effect of the diffusion of the nuclides in the underground water. Inoue's theory, on the other hand, well depicts the migration of multiple radionuclides under the ground, but the theory requires field observation of the ground water movement.

Large-scale (1:25,000) integrated hydrological hazard mapping was carried out in the Rupandehi district of west Nepal. The main hazard types in the study area were landslides, debris flows, floods, bank undercutting, and inundation. The maps were prepared on the basis of field observation of damages and hazards as well as using available topographic maps, digital data, satellite imageries, and aerial photographs. The information gathered was digitised and analysed using mainly ArcView and ILWIS GIS systems and HEC-RAS.

It is 16 years since the Rev. G. D. Hulst undertook a revision of this genus along the lines of “Structural Characters.” As a new Check List of the moths is to be published soon, it seems proper that another arrangement of the genus be made. The structure of the genitalia as a basis of the separation of the species has been regarded by many eminent lepidopterists as of doubtful value. It is certain that in this genus its use was not warranted by larval characters or field observation. For these reasons the last revision has not been satisfactory to those who were familiar with many species in their native haunts, or who had bred them. The writer does not say, however, that the present revision will be faultless, for as yet too few of the species are known in their adolescent stages to make this much of an aid in classification.

In the field numerous factors operate to influence the germination and establishment of clovers, and Mr Sears, in the final naper in this series, shows how complex the problem is. It is impossible by field observation alone to disentangle the effects of all these factors and to decide in any particular case just which of them have been of importance in giving the observed result. It is thus essential for a better understanding of the behaviour of clover seedlings that certain variables, for instance nutrient supply, should be held constant while studying the effect of controlled variation in another, for example light intensity, and this is only possible under controlled conditions in a laboratory. This does not mean that the results of such findings will be of direct and immediate application in pract.ice, but rather t,hat. without. a knowledge of the fundamental reactions of seedlings to such factors as light, temperature, and nutrient supply, pro,gress in the field will be hampered.

Studies dealing with characteristics of housing and settlement have been based almost entirely on field observation or aerial photographs. However, this report uses information from the Department of Census and Statistics of Ceylon to plot the distribution of dwellings with specific construction material characteristics for Ceylon, thus indicating an aspect of rural housing characteristics and settlement. Use of dwelling construction materials such as mud, clay, stone, brick, cadjan, and thatch can be related to physical characteristics of the area involved, availability of building materials, and level of living and culture of the inhabitants. Cost of construction material must also be considered. If similar housing data, but more complete and of greater scope, were available from the census of every nation, much could be achieved rapidly in the geography of settlement.

Study on biodiversity and size structure of sharks in the Indian Ocean was conducted at several landing sites and fish markets, i.e. Pelabuhanratu (West Java), Cilacap (Central Java), Kedonganan (Bali) and Tanjung Luar (East Lombok ). Field observation was done from April 2001 to March 2006. The results showed that there were 86 species of sharks belonging to 16 families in the Indian Ocean. The sharks were dominated by family of Carcharhinidae and Squalidae with 24 and 23 species, respectively. A high diversity of sharks was found at Kedonganan-Bali (49 species), at Tanjung Luar (47 species), at Cilacap (32 species) and at Pelabuhanratu (27 species). Size of sharks landed at those landing sites varied in length, the length of Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos was between 90 cm and 170 cm TL, C. sorrah (55-155 cm), C. obscurus (205-295 cm) and P glauca was caught at length between 205-300 cm.

Natural slope Failure deals with many complicated factors, such as rainfall pattern, properties of soil, ground water, and seepage water.At present, we do not have enough technique for treatment of natural slope stability. So, it is useful that we study the behaviour of natural slope failure by field observation data.We pile up data from 201 spots where natural slope failure actually occurred from 1969 to 1971, and examine their characteristics, by extracting 18 elements, such as failure pattern, height and width of failure, and amount of rainfall. As for the failure pattern, slide of surface sail has eminent position and its avarage thickness is 2m. As for the rain fall, it is reasonable, that it reaches critical point for danger of slope failure, when contineous rainfall amounts 100mm, or 20mm for 24 hours.

Culture experiments on Ectocarpus fasciculatus Harv. have been carried out using material from three separate localities. Under certain conditions, which have yet to be exactly defined, sporelings develop into plants quite unlike ‘normal’ Ectocarpus but resembling Myrionema corunnae Sauv. Reference is made to a field observation of a similar phenomenon by Jaasund (1965) and the status of M. corunnae is discussed.

Transmission of hydraulic gradients in a sand column at various water saturation. On a sand column, in which 7 tensiometers installed at different height, 1, 2, 5 and 10 mm of water were applied. The progress with time of hydraulic head gradients was observed showing to accelerate with increasing wetness of the column whereas height of gradients and depth of soil up to which they were observable increased with decreasing water content. As from previous investigations too showing that translocation of clay increased with decreasing water saturation of the soil it is considered possible that this would explain the field observation that more intensive clay migration is found in relatively dry locations than in nearby wetter ones. Ich danke Herrn Dr. J. Richter fur viele Hinweise bei der Interpretation der Ergebnisse und die kritische Durchsicht des Manuskripts, sowie Frl. W. Pfuhl fur ihre Geduld und Sorgfalt bei den langwierigen Messungen sowie bei Herstellung von Manuskript und Abbildungen.

In a changing society it is quite as important, and perhaps more revealing, to ask the question, Why have things remained the same? as it is to pose the more familiar query, Why have things changed? It is the former rather than the latter question that has oriented anthropological investigations of tribal and peasant communities in the recent past. The social anthropologist's predilection for the examination of continuity and integration rather than change has arisen not only with his obligation to present a coherent "way of life" based on a limited period of field observation but also with his theoretical concern with the fundamental circumstances of societal existence. This concern antedated Malinowski's call for functional studies of social structures at the end of the first World War. It characterized the investigations of the French school of sociology at the end of the nineteenth century. It was the hallmark of the work of Emile Durkheim whose various publications consistently posed the question, Wh...

Although reaction with the earth's surface has been considered the major, if not the only, sink for tropospheric ozone, both theoretical considerations and field observation suggest that gas phase reactions are also a major sink. Field data obtained in a joint study by the University of North Carolina and Research Triangle Institute have shown that gas phase destruction of ozone takes place. The data have also given an indication of the magnitude of the process. Our measurements of the oxides of nitrogen and ozone and the simultaneous changes observed in their concentrations bear out the concept that the NOx-O3 reactions are a significant sink for ozone.

The ecological succession of spiders has been studied only incidentally by other workers. Elliott ('30) has treated the spiders of an Ohio beech-maple forest. Adams ('15), Sanders and Shelford ('22), Blake ('26), and Weese ('24) have concerned themselves with prairie, pine, and elm-maple animals, working little with the spiders. Park ('30), Strohecker ('37b), and Talbot ('34), working with coleoptera, orthoptera and ants respectively, have analyzed the distribution of these groups to find that it agrees in many respects with the plant succession. Strohecker concludes that "the change in typical species of orthoptera from foredune to pine associes is dependent upon decreasing soil moisture." Sunlight intensity, soil moisture, and soil temperature of a moderate, constant degree seem to be the main factors in the distribution of orthoptera in the dunes. Shelford ('13) mentions several species of spiders and, as this study will show, found some of the main characteristic species of the succession. Collecting and field observation, carried on irregularly from 1935 to 1942, have demonstrated an ecological succession of spiders which corresponds to the plant succession with very few exceptions.

Studies were made on the relation between K-Ar dating and field occurrences of the granitic rocks exposed near Agematsu Town, Nagano Prefecture. Three types of intrusive rock bodies-Agematsu type, Inagawa type, and Kisokoma type-are known in the area. Up to this time, the Inagawa and Kisokoma types are included in what is designated as the Ryoke granitic rocks. The Agematsu type is excluded and is considered to be of no relation either to the Ryoke metamorphism. Thirteen measurements were made with biotite and K-feldspar, and the results were: Agematsu type-57×106 years, Inagawa type-63×106, years, and Kisokoma type-67×106 years. For comparison, Ryoke metamorphic rock was also determined and it gave 88×106 years. From field observation, the order of intrusion was determined to be: 1) Kisokoma type, 2) Inagawa type, and 3) Agematsu type. This appears to be consistent with that determined by K-Ar dating. These results suggest that all of the three rock types, including the Agematsu type, belong to the Ryoke granitic rocks.

It is a matter of common knowledge that the numbers of most animals are partially regulated by carnivorous and parasitic species that prey upon them. But, although the simple fact is well known, and although the amount of regulation exercised by the parasitic animals has in some oases been measured, the precise nature of that regulation—the numerical interaction that goes on generation after generation between the parasite and its host—is still very imperfectly understood. The reason is not hard to find. Experimental data that might serve as a basis for that understanding are almost entirely lacking. In their absence, mathematical consideration of the subject by Volterra, Thompson, Bailey, and others, has necessarily been based upon field observation. But such information is not amenable to the strict analysis that the problem requires: it is the result of unknown environmental conditions; its quantities are samples; it deals with only one or two successive generations. Consideration, no matter how inspired, of such data can result only in conjecture. The solution of a problem so essentially dynamic must be supported by experimental evidence.

SYNOPSISTheoretical calculations have been made to determine the virtual mass and the virtual moment of inertia of the breakwater, and the damping factor of the rocking of the breakwater. Formulae have been obtained for the practical use (Eqs. (41), (42), (45)).The calculations show that the modification to be made by the effect of the virtual mass is very small. As to the damping factor, the calculations give the rate of damping considerably smaller than the values observed in field observation records. The main causes of this discrepancy have been examined.

Laboratory experiments, were carried out on nymphs and adults of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, and the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides, in view of the field observation that locusts become temporarily less gregarious after the final moult. The experiments showed no reduction in grouping after the final moult but did show a reduction in grouping in mature Schistocerca. There was little change in the numbers of locusts found in small groups but a dramatic reduction in the number found in large groups.

Observations of the movements of japanese-mackerel and horse-mackerel attracted to lamps and their behaviour in relation to the purse-seine were conducted by utilization of two kinds of echo-sounders, while on board a light-boat of a roundhaul netter fleet. Moreover, horizontal movements of silvery anchovy and puffer drawn towards the surface by the lamps were (visually) observed.Except for the puffer, these fishes were very lively while under the lamps and the horizontal extent of movement of horse-mackerel and japanese-mackerel was estimated to range beyond 60 to 89 m at 27 to 40 m depth.A shoal of horse-mackerel or japanese-mackerel was seen to separate into upper and lower shoal delineated by the bottom margin of the purse-seine. The shoal remaining in bottom layer move away from the purse-seine but was attracted to the second lighting in the same position as before.These results are compared with those of other investigators in the discussion.

With a view to highlight the issues of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) in Nepal, the paper aims at providing information on possible environmental goods and services rendered by the Shivapuri National Park (ShNP), Kathmandu. It also endeavors to explore the policy issues with regards to PES in Nepal. Secondary information was obtained through published and unpublished literatures and office records of ShNP whereas primary information was generated through various Rapid Appraisal tools; such as informal discussion with park officials, semi-structured interview, field observation etc. Despite the ShNP's role in providing environmental goods and services to the dwellers of Kathmandu metropolitan, the local inhabitants have not been benefited from such services. There has been low level of awareness on the issues such as environmental goods and services and possible benefits to be obtained and its equitable sharing. It is the dire need that policy should focus on these issues so that all the stakeholders could be benefited from the conservation and management of protected areas and forests in the country. Key Words: Payment for environmental services, Shivapuri national park, Upstream and downstream relationship, Benefit sharing, Free riders. DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2525 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp63-72

Among the most remarkable discoveries made in the course of the Society's excavations at Stonehenge in 1919–26 was the discovery of a series of small pits set in a circle immediately within the bank of the surrounding earthwork. Some of these had left slight surface depressions which had been recorded by John Aubrey on his plan of Stonehenge made in 1666, and the pits were appropriately named the Aubrey Holes in recognition of this sound piece of field observation by a pioneer antiquary.