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A study to determine the impact of adult basic education programs on the upward mobility of disadvantaged workers is presented. The paper industry was chosen for case analysis because of the nature of the upgrading problems, the vast adjustments required by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the fact that these ABE programs have been operational for several years. The programs studied were utilized by companies in an attempt to increase the potential for promotion of Negroes who were originally employed for unskilled jobs and consigned to permanent occupation of those jobs. The objective was to improve the educational qualifications of such employees so that they could handle jobs on progression lines or in maintenance. Results were: (1) The ABE programs promised more than they could deliver; and (2) The relation of training to promotion was neither brought out carefully beforehand nor demonstrated after the programs were in effect. The following points were also brought out: (1) Relatively few Negro disadvantaged workers completed the courses; (2) Those who completed the courses showed little improvement in arithmetic and virtually none in reading; (3) There was no relationship between the taking of courses, improvement in test scores, and job advancement; (4) The packaged courses disregarded the cultural characteristics of the trainees; (5) Programmed teaching methods were largely unsuccessful; and (6) The particular conditions and incentives were not such as to produce successful literacy training. (Author/CK)

The development of this management system begins with an exploration of what the library is attempting to achieve. After an investigation of the hierarchy of library objectives, it is concluded that the one objective which satisfies a set of specified criteria is to maximize the expected future exposure of university community members to documents given current and anticipated future expenditures. A measure of performance utilizing the concept of item-use-days is developed to evaluate the degree of attainment of this objective. Finally, the difficulties encountered in constructing an effectiveness measure to make year-to-year or interlibrary comparisons are explored. The Planning-Programming-Budgeting System is presented as a rational framework for the management of university libraries. Library activities are classified according to four different dimensions. A typical program structure is enumerated utilizing these dimensions. Benefit-cost analysis is discussed as a means for determining an effective allocation of the library's resources. It is shown that resources are allocated and utilized in the most effective manner when the marginal benefit-to-cost ratios for all elements of all programs are equal. Guidance is also offered for the development of a statistical information system to support the decision-making and planning process. (Author/NH)

The supermarket industry is important in the study of racial employment policies of American industry for several reasons: the ubiquitous nature of the industry, its size, the relatively low skill employment requirements, the high percentage of part-time jobs available, and the comparatively attractive employment patterns. The latter include continued growth and relative stability of industry employment, as well as the fact that most supermarket jobs are semi-white collar and reasonably well-paid. This study analyzes the nature of the industry and its various and varying Negro employment procedures and practices, efforts to increase Negro employment, and the difficulties of black entrepreneurs in ghetto supermarket operations. The document concludes that Negro employment in the supermarket industry will continue to expand but that upward movement into managerial positions will be slow, largely because Negro college graduates are not attracted to the business. Coming radical changes in supermarket operations will alter the work and require changes in personnel at every level. Long-range manpower planning and training programs are needed to prevent Negroes' becoming victims of change in this industry as they have in other industries. (MF)

This study covers two related industries in which Negro employment has historical roots, the farm machinery and construction machinery industries. As in several other studies in this series, emphasis is on the major companies in the industries. This emphasis may reflect a more favorable picture of black employment progress than the average, due to the large firms' higher visibility, more frequent inspection, and greater resources. The nature and structure of the machinery industry, the impact of company, union, and government policies on Negro employment, and the determinants of industry policy are examined. The report concludes that the job structure of the machinery industries studied is favorable for black employment but that an expanding general labor demand is the fundamental factor in bringing blacks into the work force in greater numbers and at higher levels. (MF)

This study examines the historical and current levels of Negro employment in drugstores, the reasons for the employment patterns, the prospects for greater Negro employment in high status jobs, and the effects of industry employment policies on the retail drug industry employment of Negroes. The report explores the nature of the retail drug industry, factors affecting Negro employment, and the future of Negroes in the industry. Conclusions were that Negro employment proportions and occupational distribution should continue to improve, with the biggest gains among professional workers as the number of Negro pharmacy college graduates increases. All levels of black workers in urban drugstores should increase, if efforts are made to employ Negro salespeople. The least change will occur among suburban, small town, and rural independent drugstore operations where potential black employees are generally not available. (MF)

The meat industry was one of the first large-scale manufacturing industries to provide jobs for Negroes. Industry growth and change in the last part of the nineteenth century created many unskilled and semiskilled jobs available to Negroes, although job advancement was not obtained until after World War II and then only in skilled manual positions. The document reviews the basic industry background, early labor turbulence, changing racial employment patterns, and the future of the Negro in the meat industry. Industry wages now are good, working conditions are much improved, and most equal employment goals have been met in the manual sector. Credit for the present nondiscriminatory practices in this sector goes to the major labor unions. In the nonmanual sector, however, equal employment goals have not been achieved; few of the industry's white collar workers are represented by a union. It is somewhat ironic that jobs in the meat packing division, which contains the industry's largest firms and has the most advanced minority employment practices, are disappearing as a result of technological changes. The number of jobs in poultry and other small meat establishments in the South will increase but such jobs are less desirable than those which are being lost in the Northern meat packing plants. (MF)

The structure of the insurance industry, its employment figures, and factors influencing such employment are analyzed in this study. Regional assessment of the insurance companies' progress toward equal employment was inconclusive due to many variables, although it was indicated that companies in the Eastern region of the country are by far the most progressive. An unexpected pattern observed in Negro employment was that some Pacific Coast and Midwest insurers demonstrated less willingness to pursue nondiscriminatory employment practices than some Southern companies of a comparable size. However, a more definite conclusion may be drawn concerning the effectiveness of the industry, in improving Negro employment in the higher-level white collar positions. In this area the insurers' record is not at all favorable and any advances will probably not occur for some time. The restraining factor is the companies' policy of promoting from within, largely on the basis of seniority. However, improvements have been made by insurers as a whole in the employment of Negroes which should be viewed as at least a positive step forward. (MF)

The tobacco industry has employed Negroes since its inception in Colonial Virginia. This study is primarily concerned with the course of Negro employment and industry racial policies in the industry processing, manufacturing, selling, and distributing of cigarettes and manufactured tobacco, as distinct from the cigar industry which involves quite different processes. The tobacco industry has had the longest continuous record of factory employment of Negroes in the United States and is principally concentrated today in the states of Kentucky, North Carolina, and Virginia. The racial policies of this industry may be analyzed over a long period of time for such factors as the Southern location, new products and technologies, and union attitudes. The characteristics of the industry, Negro employment from the Colonial period to 1960, and the attempts to end segregation in the 1960's are examined. Although the racial-occupational segregation pattern in the tobacco industry has been broken, industry sales are not increasing and automation is continuing to affect jobs. Thus new opportunities for Negroes may not result in substantial change because of declining labor demand. (MF)

Unlike many other industries where factory walls can hide the number of Negroes employed, the trucking industry's racial composition is largely open to public view. This study concerns the racial employment practices of interstate common and contract carriers, the for-hire segment of the motor trucking industry, in the driver and other job categories. As the Teamsters' Union exerts a powerful influence on the trucking industry, the organizational structure of this union and the factors bearing on its Negro employment decisions are also examined. The document describes the motor carrier or trucking industry and the scope of Negro employment in it. The study is also concerned with governmental efforts to promote equal employment opportunities among public carriers, the effects of law in this field, and current industrial response. (MF)

This study presents the results of an investigation of the Negro employment policies, practices, and patterns of leading department stores in a limited number of major cities, with particular emphasis on downtown units. The nature of the department store industry, Negro employment before and after 1960, the impact of regional and institutional variables, and determinants of Negro employment are examined. It was found that the Negro has made significant employment progress in the department store industry over the past 30 years. To a considerable extent he has moved from the position of being an inferior commodity to being a preferred commodity. It seems appropriate to assume that equal opportunity will be approximated in the industry. However, the growing demand for the comparatively low-skill labor that is characteristic of the department store industry appears to have little benefit for Negro employment, unless there are dramatic changes in basic residential patterns and transportation systems in urban areas. Most of this high demand for labor will be for part-time workers concentrated in suburban areas. (MF)

An evaluation of the imposed Washington Plan and the Voluntary Indianapolis Plan for improving minority utilization in construction indicates that both plans have led to an improvement of employment opportunities for the target groups in general and for blacks in particular. Review procedures under both plans are discussed for restructuring in order to provide more effective performance by administrators of the plans. (Author)

This is the twenty-eighth of a series of studies conducted to determine variances in industrial employment practices of Negroes and to develop appropriate hiring policies. This particular study sought to examine current racial employment policies in the furniture industry within the context of the industry's structure and history. Interviews with various furniture manufacturers in the U. S.,census reports, and information obtained from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission provided the data. As an industry highly concentrated in the South, the furniture industry racial employment policies appear to be more affected by labor market conditions than by any other factor. (Author/SN)

The rapid technological and employment changes have had a serious impact on the railroad industrial relations system and its manpower. The organization of the collective bargaining system and the Railway Labor Act have seriously impeded rather than aided the meeting of the challenges of these developments. This study recommends a recasting of the bargaining system, union structure, and the Act itself so that collective bargaining may have an opportunity to assist in meeting these challenges. The events of 1960-1971, and especially the "selective strikes," may be a first step in that direction. (Author)

A descriptive model of how scientists and engineers search for and obtain information directly from their colleagues is outlined. The model emphasizes (and case studies illustrate) three decisions which users make in such searches: (a) whether to store the information need in hopes of an accidental or working encounter, (b) whether to satisfy the need from established sources of information, and (c) whether to build a background by a general literature review before seeking specific information from an expert. The factors which determine the outcomes of these questions (the opportunity cost of the user's time, the extent to which similar needs have been encountered before, and the degree to which the user needs to understand the context of a problem) are described and illustrated with case examples from an interview program with thirty-five scientists and engineers. The paper closes with a discussion of the implications of the model for management's support of services for interpersonal communications. (Author)

This book presents a teleological analysis of the concepts of human behavior. Through distinctions and definitions, a model or system is developed, upon which all aspects of behavior are interrelated. The model of choice or purposeful state is discussed with its underlying concepts. Human communication and feeling, and cooperation and conflict involved in interpersonal relationships are explored as teleological concepts. The system analysis of individual behavior is applied to large groups to indicate its feasibility for the study of social processes. The author suggests objective research on behavior which is possible using the model developed. (NS)

Of use to those concerned with the economics of flooring selection and maintenance, this comparison may prove useful as an estimating guide in the preparation of cost estimates for any flooring area where economics is a factor in the choice of materials. All costs attributed to carpet or resilient flooring have been obtained either by survey or time and motion studies. The time and motion study observations of maintenance operations were made in cooperating commercial and institutional installations in the Philadelphia area, including offices, stores, hospitals, apartments, restaurants and schools. Nineteen installations were studied representing 151,200 sq. ft. of carpet and 366,700 sq. ft. of resilient flooring. It was found that frequency (or number of times each maintenance operation is performed) is a function of three basic variables (1) traffic, (2) desired appearance level, and (3) type of area. The Wharton research team offers two principal conclusions--(1) resilient flooring is more economical than carpet under all environmental conditions studied, although the dollar cost difference is highly dependent upon the conditions of the specific application, and (2) a rational economic decision between carpet and resilient flooring can be based almost entirely on the initial cost and service life differences of the two materials. (RK)

INTERVIEWS WERE HELD WITH SUPERINTENDENTS AND TEACHERS IN A SELECTED SAMPLE OF 16 SCHOOL DISTRICTS, DRWN FROM A NATIONWIDE LIST OF 108 DISTRICTS WITH HISTORIES OF COLLECTIVE NEGOTIATIONS, TO STUDY THE VIABILITY OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AT THE LOCAL LEVEL AS A MEANS FOR DETERMINING WAGES AND WORKING CONDITIONS OF PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS. BECAUSE OF ITS ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND ADMINISTRATION, LEGAL ASPECTS, LABOR MARKET, AND TEACHER ORGANIZATIONS, THE ENVIRONMENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION WAS REGARDED AS UNIQUE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING. SIX COMMON FEATURES OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING WERE FOUND TO BE PARTICULARLY RELATED TO PUBLIC EDUCATION--EXCLUSIVE RECOGNITION, APPROPRIATE BARGAINING UNIT, JOINT DECISIONMAKING, BARGAINING POWER, SCOPE OF BARGAINING, AND THE WRITTEN AGREEMENT. THESE SIX FEATURES WERE STUDIED WITH RESPECT TO (1) REASONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEATURE IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR, (2) FUNCTIONAL APPROPRIATENESS IN PUBLIC EDUCATION, (3) CURRENT UTILIZATION IN PUBLIC EDUCATION, AND (4) DEGREE OF MODIFICATION NECESSARY FOR VIABILITY IN THE PUBLIC EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT. THE STUDY CONCLUDED THAT A MODIFIED FORM OF LOCAL-LEVEL COLLECTIVE BARGAINING IS VIABLE IN PUBLIC EDUCATION. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE WAS FOUND IN THE PRACTICAL IMPACT OF NEA AND AFT APPROACHES. THIS DOCUMENT IS PUBLISHED BY INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH UNIT, WHARTON SCHOOL OF FINANCE AND COMMERCE, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA 19104, 288 PAGES, $8.50 CLOTHBOUND, AND $5.95 PAPERBOUND. (JK)