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The responses of single units were recorded with extracellular microelectrodes from the visual cortex of cats. Response histograms were collected to stimuli which consisted of two narrow parallel lines of different separations moving through each neuron's receptive field. The majority of units showed a clear decrease in both peak and total response when the separation of the stimulating lines averaged about 0·5. Some units showed an enhancement of their response at separations greater than or less than this. This enhancement could only sometimes be correlated with a “bimodal” excitatory response to a single line.

The major portion of the cable used in an SD system is of an armorless coaxial design, with a strength member within the inner conductor structure. It is fabricated in continuous 20-nautical mile repeater sections and is stored, when finished, in individual pans. Every section is therefore available in any sequence to facilitate the most nearly ideal ship loading schedule. This paper summarizes the process experience gained during the cable design and development program, details the processes involved in the purchase of cable raw material, discusses the manufacturing operation, and includes a measure of cable reproducibility for the Baltimore plant of the Western Electric Company.

A series of artware and sanitary-ware slips was tested using the vibrating-plate viscometer. Results obtained with this instrument are in the form of “casting curves” that depict slip consistency as a function of time during the casting operation. Various features of the casting curves are compared with data obtained by more conventional test procedures. Correlations are found between casting-curve parameters and such factors as initial slip fluidity, casting rate, retained water, and quality of finished cast. The physical significance of certain aspects of the casting curves is discussed.

Asthmatic-bronchitis, presumably due to air pollution, has been a major cause of sickness among U.S. Forces personnel in the Tokyo-Yokohama area. The most prominent symptoms are nocturnal cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath. The disease seems to differ from typical bronchial asthma in the following ways: (1) Onset in early adult life. (2) Absence of allergy history. (3) Persistent shortness of breath between attacks. (4) Persistent abnormal pulmonary function tests between attacks. (5) Resistance to treatment early in the course of the disease. (6) No improvement of pulmonary function studies after Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing (IPPB) using Isuprel or epinephrine. Perhaps most characteristic of this disease is the marked subsidence of symptoms when the patient leaves the Kanto Plain. Treatment has been outlined with special emphasis on bronchodilators, hydration, and liquefaction of bronchial secretions. Steroids are used in the seriously ill patient, but they do not completely relieve him of exertional dyspnea. Patients with marked shortness of breath with air flow obstruction by pulmonary function studies and with frequent occurrence of coughing and wheezing, should not be maintained on long-term steroids but should move out of the Kanto Plain. A simple test would be to have the patient go for a few days out of the Kanto Plain and see if he gets relief of his symptoms. If he does get relief, then he should consider moving. It is reasonable to assume that, with increasing industrialization in the Kanto Plain and accompanying increased air pollution, the incidence rate of this disease will increase. With increased smog in other areas of the world, it may be that this disease will be found elsewhere.

Introduction Although we expect the total energy requirements to rise from an equivalent of 20.0 million BOPD in 1957 to 28.5 million BOPD in 1968, we predict oil's actual contribution to decline from 44 per cent in 1957 to 43 per cent by 1968. Obviously, this is an important assumption to which everyone will not agree. This prediction is shown in Fig. 1, which also shows actual United States consumption in 1957, 1948 and 1928. The year 1957 was selected as a benchmark because the recession in 1958 will distort comparisons based on that year. Viewing oil and gas as a whole, we expect our industry's share of the energy market to increase at least up to 1968. To see why, let's turn to natural gas, the tail that is increasingly wagging the petroleum dog. In Fig. 1 the figure beside the natural gas segment and the oil segment of each bar represents the consumption for that year. For natural gas this is shown in millions of barrels a day oil equivalent, computed on the basis that 5,500 cu ft of gas equals 1 bbl of oil. Analysis of Energy Sources Competitive to Petroleum Now let's look at the contribution of coal, hydroelectric power, and, in 1968, atomic energy. As can be seen it is estimated that coal's share of the total market will decline to 24 per cent by 1968 from 27 per cent in 1957 and 67 per cent in 1928, but we believe the decline in tonnage of coal consumed each year is ending. We estimate consumption of coal in 1968 at the equivalent of 6.9 million BOPD compared with 5.5 million BOPD in 1957 and 7.1 million BOPD in 1928. The last small strip in Fig. 1 at the top of the 1928, 1948 and 1957 bars represents hydroelectric power. This hydro segment at the top of the 1968 bar is capped by a thin strip representing our estimate of U. S. consumption of nuclear energy in that year. Awed as we are by the longer-range potentialities of atomic power, we estimate its contribution to our 1968 total energy picture to be 10 million kw, the equivalent of a mere 300,000 BOPD.

A study to determine the incidence of air pollution bronchitis in the military personnel stationed in the Tokyo-Yokohama area of Japan revealed an incidence of 4.4 per cent.

Wide variations in particle-size data from different laboratories for the same clay were thought to be due to dissimilar preparatory techniques. It was proposed to attempt to establish universally acceptable conditioning procedures based on determination of deflocculant requirement, most effective electrolyte, and method of dispersion. Three commonly employed dispersing agents were tested over a range of percentages on four selected whiteware clays. Both high-intensity agitation and low-intensity stirring were tried. It was found that all the sodium polyphosphate salts tested were equally effective and that with them complete dispersions could be attained by a minimum of agitation. Electrolyte requirements for complete dispersion were found to relate directly to points of minimum viscosity of deflocculated 50% clay-water slips.

(1970). A proseminar in rhetorical communication for undergraduates. The Speech Teacher: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 68-73.

1.The Los Angeles smog was found to aggravate the severity of emphysema by increasing the residual air and impairing still further air distribution in the lungs. 2.The Tokyo-Yokohama asthma type probably should be referred to as an allergic bronchitis, and this condition probably exists in many parts of the world. The control of the military personnel in Japan by the armed forces is unique, and this method of studying the effects of air pollution is not available in most other areas. Airway obstruction was a consistent finding, often associated with increased residual air and hypoxia. The present outlook is less favorable than at first thought regarding complete reversibility when the subjects stay too long in the Tokyo-Yokohama area after the condition has become manifest. 3.The use of treatment rooms with air filtered over activated carbon has been demonstrated to protect patients against air pollution in Los Angeles and in the Tokyo-Yokohama areas. 4.An allergic type of bronchitis was demonstrated in an industry from the introduction of two chemicals in the manufacturing process, and the clinical and physiologic findings in the sensitive patients were similar to the Tokyo-Yokohama asthma type. 5.Cigarette smoking (personal air pollution) irritates the bronchial epithelium and appears to be an important factor in rendering individuals more susceptible to allergic factors in air pollution. Cigarette smoking impairs the transfer of oxygen to the blood from the lungs in severe emphysema. 6.Air pollution has become a serious medical problem in many of the larger cities of the United States, and all possible measures should be taken to reduce the pollution from all sources and to prevent further increases.

The influence of union leaders in economic and political affairs is unquestionably strong. Is there associated with this influence the social recognition which usually accompanies the possession of power? Are union officials accorded the prestige given to business and professional men? Such is the question raised in this article, which seeks a measure of the social recognition accorded union leaders by examination of the extent of their inclusion in biographical sources; the frequency of their appointment to public office; their participation on boards of universities, corporations, and foundations; their membership in community organizations. (Author's abstract courtesy EBSCO.)

Theoretical and experimental results are presented to determine under what conditions it is possible to obtain the optical constants of an optically active material by reflection techniques. Experimental results axe given for absorbing and non-absorbing materials. Typical examples include liquids, thin-films, and isotropic crystals. It is concluded that it is necessary to separate the back and front surface reflections. The front surface reflection contains information that is generally within the sensitivity of available spectropolarimeters. The back surface reflection contains recoverable data and is similar to the data found by transmission methods. Experimental verification of the front surface effect is presented for one highly absorbing amino acid, tryptophane.

WHEN POLES are jointly used by power and communication utilities, or the two types of plant are on separate pole lines but are in situations of close proximity, the possibility of accidental contact between the two types of plant must be recognized. The first line of defense against such occurrences is to minimize the probability of contact by means of adequate construction and clearance standards, as covered by the National Electrical Safety Code in the United States or the Canadian Electrical Code in Canada.

Many experiments in programed instruction have dealt with the nature of the response required of students, particularly whether it is covert or overt, and, if it is overt, whether it is selected from a number of alternatives provided by the author or constructed by the respondent. Teachers of science and engineering generally favor on intuitive grounds overt responses that are constructed by the student, but conclusions from research are equivocal on this point. Research probably weighs more heavily on the negative than the positive side as far as overt responding is concerned (Review of Educational Research, 1961; Lumsdaine, 1961; Alter and Silverman, 1962; Keislar and McNeil, 1962; Tobias and Weiner, 1963; Krumboltz, 1964, Crist, 1966). Some exceptions favoring overt responding can be found, however. Overt responding has seemed especially helpful with novel or technical material (Fry, 1960; Cummings and Goldstein, 1962; Cartier, 1963; Williams, 1963, 1965, 1966) and delayed tests have at times revealed differences favoring overt responding even though there was no advantage on immediate tests (Goldbeck and Campbell, 1962; Krumboltz and Weisman, 1962; Williams and Levy, 1964). These experiments are very different in terms of subject matter, in pro

IN THIS discussion I arrive at the conclusion that the library profession would be benefited by the establishment of a national association of library personnel, authorized and able to speak for the profession as a whole. The conclusion is not revolutionary; in fact, it is hardly individual, since it is derived from the experience of occupational groups in this country during the last one hundred and fifty years. However, if it thereby lacks the quality of drama, it enjoys the virtue of obviousness, which in the present context is the more desirable. In arriving at the conclusion just stated, my opening argument, and certainly my most difficult one because of its intangibility, is the usefulness of organizations of employees in the maintenance of the morale of the working force. The pragmatic evidence of this fact lies all about us in a world which Professor T. V. Smith has described as "overorganized" and in which the demands of employee organizations of all types have become more insistent with each passing decade. A more recent development, however, is the growth of a body of analytical data concerning employee attitudes and their effects upon co-operation and productivity. In these studies the drive for and impetus of employee organization is a constantly recurring theme. When combined with the professional character of library administration, these propositions produce a secondary conclusion to the effect that vigorous employee organization should be supported and encouraged by library managements out of pure self-interest. Several intermediate steps are involved in moving from the question of staff morale to the verdict of a powerful, centralized fraternity of library professionals. Employee organizations have advantages and disadvantages, and the thesis is strengthened if these are balanced against each other before a commitment is made. Institutional requirements are not uniform, and it may be said for some more than for others that employee organization will show a decided profit. It is well also to pay more than lip service to historical tendencies and current practice within the employing unit. Employee association is a growth, sometimes rapid, more often slow, and it usually builds upon earlier foundations. The appropriateness of a given type of organization to the requirements of employees is a fairly complicated problem of analysis, simplified only where the varying needs of the staff-economic, social, professional, etc.-point in succession to the same type of agency. It is submitted in the following comments that the desirable form of organization for library employees can be laid down with considerable assurance and that its outlines should prove attractive to administrators as well as to staff. Our first step in that project will be to expand the meaning of the word "organization." 1 This article constitutes a chapter in the forthcoming, publication, Personnd Administration in Libraries, ed. LoweH Martin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946).

It is gratifying to observe the growing interest in the study of oil-wellspacing. It should always be held in mind that the problem of optimum spacingis to obtain the maximum return of capital per acre drained. This naturallyevolves into a mathematical consideration. As mathematics is the basis of allscience, an effort should be made to develop formulas which involve dataobtainable in the early stages of development. The first information from a discovery well in a new field would be thecharacter of the sand, rate of initial production of oil and gas, viscosity ofthe oil, rock pressure, etc. Later, from this well, if Herold's theories ofhydraulic, volumetric and capillary controls are accepted, could be determinedthe ultimate production as without interference from drainage by subsequentwell completions, and under which control the well is producing. If it shouldprove to be producing under capillary control, a rough estimate could be madeof its radius of drainage. With but one well, the radius of drainage, or theinterference of drainage of individual wells by close spacing, would beestimated by comparison with similar conditions in other fields in which thedevelopment has progressed sufficiently to furnish the data. A second well thatis spaced sufficiently close so that an interference can be observed after itsultimate production is estimated, will furnish data to develop a desirablespacing of wells which can be inaugurated for that area and which is capable ofproducing a uniform amount of oil under like conditions. In some fields thisarea will be extensive, in others each well location will require an individualstudy. In 1924, Cutler developed a scheme whereby he determined by tabulation aspacing of oil wells for the maximum return per acre.

Although the greater portion of ground. feldspar and flint particles is in the noncolloidal range, the results of experiments conducted on commercially available flint and feldspars show conclusively that variations in the specific surface of these materials, stemming from differences in particle-size distribution, can be a major factor in variable slip behavior.

Single unit recordings from the striate cortex of the cat were used to study information processing in the visual cortex. This was done in two steps: First, the proportions of units in the cortex responding to stimulus-on only, stimulus-off only, or both, were compared to the theoretical probability of similarly distributed responses, given a random selection of TV on-center and/or off-center fibers. It was shown that afferent input onto a cortical pyramidal neuron probably comes from only a few (three to six) individual fibers, forming parallel and relatively independent input/output (I/O) pathways. Second, by comparing the responses of cortical units to single and two-point stimulation, it was shown that interactions occur between neighboring neurons receiving nearby projections of the visual world. These interactions modulate the responses in the I/O pathways, effectively “tuning” the cells to respond selectively to a more specific stimulus configuration than would otherwise be required. The results of...

Particle size control testing is limited in. application because of equipment cost and complexity of operation. A re-evaluation of published techniques indicated the merits of simplicity inherent in hydrometer procedures. Certain features, however, restricted their application. Among these were elements of time and inaccuracy of measurement in the colloidal region. The application of log probability plotting of data was investigated and was found to be feasible. The extrapolation of data determined with a hydrometer was checked by centrifuge particle-size data and was found to be accurate enough for routine testing. By elimination of the centrifuge, an inexpensive simple technique was evolved and was checked on seventy-five representative whiteware clays.