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Let X and Y denote polyhedra, i : X → Y a PL immersion. A regular neighborhood of X associated with i is a regular neighborhood (e, Ri(X)) of X together with an immersion j : Ri(X) → Ysuch that the diagram.

The creativity of 68 middle- and lower-class Caucasian children attending a nursery school, kindergarten, or day-care center was measured by an object-identification originality test. The Mann-Whitney U test was employed to analyze differences, with a confidence level of .05. Firstborn and only children were significantly more creative than later-born children. Middle-class children were significantly more creative than lower-class children. It was concluded that enrollment in a preschool program alone is not sufficient to increase the creativity of lower-class children to the level of their middle-class peers.

Home rule and the short ballot appear to American Observers o be necessary reforms in Russian Municipal government.

The study reviewed in this paper was initiated to determine accurately the pressures and types of surfaces that would insure the strongest glue joints. The prevailing idea that roughing wood prior to gluing has been proved to be faulty. As a result of this study, the author advocates the use of the smoothest type of surface that is practical to produce. Photomicrographs of the various types of glue joints studied are presented and discussed, while graphs and photographs give evidence of the conclusions drawn. A discussion on glue penetration is included, and conclusions are drawn concerning the possibilities of such a situation. A glue-film thickness and shear-strength relationship is also presented, with a brief discussion on the possible nature of adhesion.

Urban land policies in Russia are complicated and their administration is molded to conform to the peculiar organization of the Soviet State. More than one hundred Cities have already worked out definite city plans to be followed by new construction.

Hour-degree soil temperature summations above 42°F at Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) pupal depth were obtained from late April to completion of adult emergence in August1964-65, 1967-68. A good correlation between 1st adult emergence and temperature summations was shown by totals of 24,620 hour-degrees in 1964 and 23,706 hour-degrees in 1965. On the day of mean peak emergence (August 1) in 1964 the summation was 32,256 hour-degrees. In 1965, on the day of mean peak emergence (July 24), the temperature summation was 32,202 hour-degrees. with a second setting of the thermograph bulb in 1967, temperature summations at 1st adult emergence were 18,567 hour-degrees in 1967 and 20,699 hour-degrees in 1968. Temperature summations at day of mean peak emergence were 25,548 and 26,641 hour-degrees in 1967 and 1968, respectively. Daily temperature summations exceeded 500 in late July. These data indicate that the times of 1st emergence and mean peak of emergence of apple maggot may be closely determined for any1 site by summing soil temperatures at pupae depth following a preliminary season’s record of soil temperature summations and emergence data. There was no correlation between dates of bloom of McIntosh and temperature summations. Periods of adult emergence from carryover pupae from 8 ‘Lobo’, ‘Cortland’, and ‘McIntosh’ trees for two 5-year periods show that since 1963 there were 14 carryovers to the 2nd season, 11 carryovers to the 3rtl season, 6 carryovers to the 4th season, and 3 carryovers to the 5th season.

Before the Revolution. Peter the Great, among other attempts to westernize Russia, introduced in 1722 a “table of ranks” consisting of fourteen classes of civil officials (chinovniki) ranging from mere filing clerks to privy councillors. Advancement in civil service also brought with it advancement in social status, but few persons of plebeian origin could reach the higher ranks. Officials attaining the rank of “actual state councillor” automatically became hereditary nobles. The old nobility resented this “corruption of blood;” but with the growth of the Empire, the nobles alone were not sufficiently numerous to render all the civil service necessary for the administration of the state. The admission of non-nobles into civil service was, however, rigidly restricted, not so much by educational qualifications as by stipulations that sons of officials, military officers, orthodox clergy, merchants of the first class, and members of the learned professions should be given preference. Others were admitted provided they were graduated from middle and higher educational institutions with honor (gold medal). Jews were in general excluded, exceptions being made in the case of the medical service.

Evaluation of commercially available, organic corrosion inhibitors at elevated temperatures is presented. All of these inhibitors were designed for down-the-hole treatment of producing oil and gas wells. The evaluations at elevated temperatures were compared to the evaluations of the same inhibitors run at room temperature. All phases of the test used are discussed, including apparatus, materials used, and test method. A table of results is given, as well as a block graph showing the average percent protection obtained for each inhibitor at the temperatures tested. 2.3.4

Rapid and accurate measurements of neuronal processes in Golgi preparations are possible with the aid of a small computer (Glaser and Van der Loos, 1965). This paper describes a system for doing this, using a small digital computer which controls stepping motors (0.5-?m steps) attached to the stage (x, y axes) and fine focus (z axis) of a microscope. The observer tracks the processes, topological information, such as the location of the soma, dendritic origins, branch points, and ends of processes, is signaled to the computer by special controls, and the x, y, and z coordinates of each are stored in digital format. The computer printout yields 1) individual x, y, and z coordinates with associated topological identifiers; 2) quantitative data for each dendritic segment in order (i.e., primary and secondary branches, etc.); and 3) computes the actual linear dimensions of each segment in microns. An associated oscilloscope display can 1) display the whole neuron, or individual processes, by connecting recorded points by vectors; 2) identify each dendrite; 3) rotate (continuously or by a specified angle) the whole cell, or individual dendrites, around any selected point or axis; and 4) indicate spatial relationships by dynamic rotation, intensity modulation, or stereo pairs. The performance of this system has been evaluated for accuracy and the repeatability of measurements.

This is the third and last of a series of article on the government o Russian cities, the previous articles having appeared in the December adn January issues of the REVIEW

The following is the main result: Theorem 1. Suppose W n {W^n} is a PL manifold which has homotopy type K ( Π , 1 ) , W K(\Pi ,1),W has one end ∞ , π 1 \infty ,{\pi _1} is essentially constant at ∞ \infty , and the induced homomorphism π 1 ( ∞ ) → π 1 ( W ) {\pi _1}(\infty ) \to {\pi _1}(W) is an isomorphism. Then the universal cover of W W is PL homomorphic to R n {R^n} provided n ≥ 5 n \geq 5 .

The daily emergence of adult apple maggots, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), from laboratory-held pupae was marked with fluorescent powder en masse, and released in 1 end of an orchard each day for 11 successive days. Of approximately 2800 marked adults released, 607 were re-captured on Bird Tanglefoot®-treated traps and on a similarly treated barrier outside the orchard. Examination of trees with ultraviolet lights at night immediately following release resulted in finding only a small percentage of marked adults scattered throughout the orchard. Examination of traps indicated that marked adults had been captured in all traps situated in all bearing trees in the orchard. Examination of the barrier indicated that of the marked and orchard-emerged flies which left the or-chard, 77% were captured at 8-14 feet above ground.

The various influences exerted by management at different levels of an organization to secure reliable and continuing operation of electricity generating plant are dealt with. Consideration is given to the requirement at the top executive level for the strategic planning and scheduling of plant outages for maintenance and overhaul, to ensure the minimum cost of production from an integrated supply system consistent with obtaining long-term reliable operation of individual plants. Also considered is the requirement for various management levels at those plants to provide detailed planning of work content, resources, and logistics associated with maintenance of individual plant items. The collection and analysis of plant performance data, to determine correct work content and frequency of routine maintenance to provide an economic balance between outages due to maintenance and outages due to failure, are studied together with the constraints imposed by statutory inspections. Diagnostic testing of electrical and mechanical plant to help reduce plant outage time, and the influence of non-destructive testing techniques on reducing expensive cascading failures, are examined. The influence of correct utilization of tools, maintenance equipment, and methods of working on minimizing plant down time and the use of special equipment to facilitate inspection of inaccessible plant in both the conventional and nuclear fields are also considered.

A significant increase in the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes recoverable from the lungs of guinea pigs has been demonstrated to occur in response to exposure to cigarette smoke. This increase was accompanied by no change in serum antitrypsin levels over the ten-week exposure period. These observations., if applicable to man, suggest that a source of proteolytic enzymes in relatively high concentrations may be continuously present in the lungs of cigarette smokers. The depressant effect of cigarette smoke on natural respiratory defenses leaves the system increasingly susceptible to bacterial infections and even greater inflammation results. When this is added to an already excessive number of leukocytes chronically present, the resultant concentration of proteolytic enzymes may be greater than can be counteracted by the available enzyme inhibiting agent.

The effects of early deafferentation upon the development of the optic tectum have been studied in a series of chicks from which the right eye had been removed during the second or third day of incubation. No change could be observed in the tectum contralateral to the eye removal (apart from the absence of thestratum opticum in which the retinal fibers are normally found) until the twelfth day of incubation. From this it is concluded that deafferentation has no effect upon cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation or the initial migration of neurons in the tectum, since these morphogenetic processes are largely completed by day 12. Beyond the fourteenth day of incubation there was a progressive atrophy of the tectum, so that by the time of hatching the affected side was markedly reduced in volume and had undergone a considerable degree of cell loss. In addition, the cytoarchitectonic differentiation of the layers in which the retinal afferents terminate was disrupted, and in certain of the deeper layers there was a conspicuous shrinkage of the surviving neurons. These findings have been compared to the effects of eye removal some time after retino-tectal connections were established. Deafferentation at this time results in a qualitatively similar, but quantitatively less severe, atrophy of the tectum. A consideration of these observations, and the findings of similar studies in the literature, leads to the general conclusion that in the avian nervous system the principal effect of early deafferentation is an atrophy, or degeneration, of differentiated neurons; this may, in time, lead to a disruption of the normal pattern of growth and cytoarchitectonic structure.

A criterion for avoiding surface tension effects in Froude models is obtained analytically for uniform flows. Experiments show that surface tension does not, in practice, limit the scale in curvilinear flow Froude models. In uniform flows the least scale is determined by instrumentation accuracy and Froude number or by the need to exceed a limiting Reynolds number. The least scale is found by including a surface energy term in the energy equation or by considering the celerity of small free surface disturbances. The scale is chosen so that experimental reading error scatter will mask any dependence on surface tension. Experiments on three weir geometries, for which flow at one head is interpreted as an imperfect Froude model of flow at a different head, are used to examine surface tension effects in Froude models of curvilinear flows. The viscosity was kept essentially constant and the surface tension varied using an additive. For all practical purposes variations due to surface tension are masked by the inherent scatter of the data.

Suppose f : ( M n , ∂ M n ) → ( Q 2 n − 1 , ∂ Q 2 n − 1 ) f:({M^n},\partial {M^n}) \to ({Q^{2n - 1}},\partial {Q^{2n - 1}}) is a proper PL map between PL manifolds M n {M^n} and Q 2 n − 1 {Q^{2n - 1}} of dimension n n and 2 n − 1 2n - 1 respectively, M M compact. J. F. P. Hudson has shown that associated with each such map f f that is an embedding on ∂ M \partial M is an element α ¯ ( f ) \bar \alpha (f) in H 1 ( M ; Z 2 ) {H_1}(M;{Z_2}) when n n is odd and an element β ¯ ( f ) \bar \beta (f) in H 1 ( M ; Z ) {H_1}(M;Z) when n n is even. These elements are invariant under a homotopy relative to ∂ M \partial M . We show that, under slight additional assumptions on M , Q M,Q and f , f f,f is homotopic to an embedding if and only if α ¯ ( f ) = 0 \bar \alpha (f) = 0 for n n odd and β ¯ ( f ) = 0 \bar \beta (f) = 0 for n n even. This result is used to give a sufficient condition for extending an embedding f : ∂ M n → ∂ B 2 n − 1 f:\partial {M^n} \to \partial {B^{2n - 1}} ( B 2 n − 1 {B^{2n - 1}} denotes ( 2 n − 1 ) (2n - 1) -dimensional ball) to an embedding F : ( M n , ∂ M n ) → ( B 2 n − 1 , ∂ B 2 n − 1 ) F:({M^n},\partial {M^n}) \to ({B^{2n - 1}},\partial {B^{2n - 1}}) .

Although in 1808 the Stein reforms granted Prussian cities a certain measure of self-government, and although the Prussian municipal code of 1853 brought about some degree of uniformity so far as the urban communities of the several provinces of Prussia were concerned (the rest of the German states following the example of Prussia by adopting codes no two of which were alike in their provisions), yet even in Prussia there was, and is, no uniform municipal code. There are indeed no fewer than nine systems of municipal government in that state. In 1923, however, a new municipal code was drafted which, if passed by the Landtag, will give the country a more balanced system of municipal government. In other German states, e.g., Bavaria, Württenberg, Baden, and Saxony, new municipal codes have been adopted since the revolution of 1918.

MR. C. O. GILBERT'S article on “Beacon versus Deed-plan” (E.S.R., Jan. 1932, pp. 98–99) raises a question of very great importance in those countries which have a system of land registration. In addition to the legal and technical aspects of the question, it raises the very important question of preservation of beacons and replacement of lost beacons. As he mentions the South African practice, the experience of the Transvaal may be of interest to readers, the more so as the case, The African and Buropean Investment Co., Ltd. and Others versus John Warren and Others, which he quotes, concerned farms situated in the Transvaal. I also wish to refer specially to the Transvaal, because there the diagram or deed-plan is of great legal force when there is a conflict between the position of a beacon on the ground and the position accorded it by a confirmed diagram.

Summary The role of cellular immunity in tuberculosis was studied by using in vitro techniques to observe cellular capacities for phagocytosis and bacterial inactivation. Peritoneal exudates were stimulated and collected and alveolar phagocytes were harvested using standard techniques. Normal and BCG-immunized guinea pigs were used as phagocyte donors. Two strains (H37Rv, H37Ra) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were used for infecting the phagocytes. Suspensions of these tubercle bacilli consisting of single cells were prepared by filtration. Plate counts were used to indicate the amount of ingestion and cytopepsis by the phagocytes. It was shown using the H37Rv strain of tubercle bacilli that phagocytes from BCG-immunized animals had increased cytopeptic activity when compared to phagocytes from normal animals. Also, the alveolar phagocytes were more active in cytopepsis than were the peritoneal exudate cells.

The time of origin and the pattern of migration of the cells in each of the principal layers of the chick optic tectum have been studied autoradiographically using a variant of the ‘cumulative labeling’ technique. The earliest unlabeled cells ( i.e. , the first cells to be formed) are the large, multipolar neurons of the stratum griseum centrale; these appear in the rostroventral portion of the tectum between the third and forth days of incubation. The last cells to arise on the ninth day form the deepest laminae of the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale in the caudo-dorso-medial pole of the tectum. Viewed as a whole, the layers of the tectum are formed as the result of 3 spatially distinct, but chronologically overlapping, phases of cell proliferation and migration. The first of these occurs between days 4 and 6 and gives rise to the cells in the 4 deepest strata (the stratum griseum centrale, stratum album centrale, stratum griseum periventriculare and stratum fibrosum periventriculare). The second phase results in the formation of the outer laminae of the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale in which the retinal afferents terminate; this phase extends from the fourth to the eighth days of incubation. In the final phase (from days 5 to 9) the deeper laminae (h-j) of the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale are formed. In all 3 developmental zones there is a general rostro-ventro-lateral to caudo-dorso-medial gradient, and, in addition, the cells in each zone arise in a characteristics sequence. In the inner and intermediate zones the more superficial cells are formed before the deeper ( i.e. , they follow an ‘outside-in’ gradient); in the outer zone this sequence is reversed with the cells in the deeper laminae being formed between one and two days earlier than those in the outer layers (an ‘inside-out’ gradient). The cells in the 3 developmental zones migrate at apparent rates of about 1.5–1.8 μm/h, 3.5–5 μm/h, and 3.5–4μm/h, respectively.