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The purposes of this paper are to (1) present a theoretical background on the reasons for the hastened exodus of rural Appalachians and (2) describe occupational patterns of Appalachians and, in particular, West Virginians in Cleveland, Ohio. The data presented were secured in 1967 by a survey of West Virginians living in the so-called Appalachian ghetto and in the suburbs of Cleveland. Among the findings of the study were: among West Virginians in Cleveland, ghetto residents were much younger than suburbanites; probably more than any other variable, technical skills differentiates the four survey groups, and particularly the three groups of migrants; returned migrants have the largest proportion of unskilled workers, ghetto, the largest proportion of semiskilled, and suburbans, the largest proportion of skilled workers; there was a great turnover between the migrants' occupation before migration and his first Cleveland job; as compared to West Virginia, migrants in Cleveland from West Virginia had a lower proportion of unemployed and retired; and, Cleveland migrants, and in particular suburbanites, had considerably higher income than people from the State of West Virginia as a whole. (Author/JM)

The report focuses on services provided by the United States Public Employment Service (ES) to various age groups in the population. Most of the data were collected from the Employment Security Automated Reporting System at the Washington Office of the Manpower Administration. Counseling, referral to a nonagricultural job, and job placement were the three major service areas selected for analysis. The data relating type of service and age of ES applicant revealed, with few exceptions, that the proportion of the age group receiving a particular service consistently declined as age increased. Differences are shown among States in the services provided to ES applicants and to middleaged and older applicants in particular. It is the concern of the National Council on the Aging, not that middleaged and older workers be given special treatment, but that they receive as much attention as younger persons. An analysis of service plans of States with high rankings on services to the 40-plus applicant may provide more insights into equitable service delivery. Another concern raised is whether the recent thrust of Federal efforts to eliminate all categorical manpower/employment programs will present further employment obstacles for the over-40 worker. (EA)

The document describes the national employment performance for 1973, revealing it to have been generally quite impressive, as nearly all significant labor force indicators pointed to a strong year. Total employment posted the greatest percentage increase since 1955, with adult men and women each gaining about 1.1 million jobs; the number of jobless dropped to 4.3 million, as the unemployment rate declined. As the year came to a close, however, the emerging energy shortage began to affect employment policies of firms. The extent to which joblessness might rise and employment and hours might fall in the months ahead could not be determined, but consumption patterns of households, business, and government were being altered and it was obvious that some economic disorder would occur. Thirty-three pages of tables of statistical data supplement the text. (Author/AJ)

The main thrust of the report is an analysis of racial unemployment differentials in the context of received theories of racial discrimination. Noting that the average duration of unemployment is similar for white and black males, the analytical emphasis is on the flow of new unemployment which is decomposed into turnover flows and conditional unemployment probabilities. The links between racial wage discrimination and racial unemployment differentials are also examined. The results include findings that differences in quit and layoff rates between the races are quite small, that the practice of wage discrimination or occupational segregation tends to widen racial unemployment differentials, and compensatory post-school training investments do not seem to be the main road to racial wage equality among males. The analysis did not support the dual market view of racial wage differences. (Author)

The research reported here is an exploration of the effects of Culture Assimilator Training. A procedure emphasizing behavior with respect to hardcore unemployed blacks was utilized for the training. White male university students were randomly assigned to a trained or untrained group. After the training, subjects were placed in a situation requiring that they work with a black confederate of the experimenters on a complex performance task. Each black confederate worked with both trained and untrained subjects. The confederates did not know who were the trained subjects. They rated the subjects on a number of dimensions, thus providing us with indices of the effectiveness of the trained and untrained subjects in interpersonal relationships while doing the task. A multi-method assessment of the dependent variables shows that the assimilator improves the attributions that the white subjects make concerning the causes of the behavior of blacks, reduces the perceived conflict between blacks and whites, and makes whites more tolerant of blacks who are dressed in a mod or hip fashion. On the other hand, there is no evidence of favorable change in the behavior of the whites. The optimal combination of assimilator training with other forms of training is discussed. (Author/JM)

A study was designed to evaluate the need for new labor market information and for methods of making better use of currently collected statistical and administrative data. The project was to demonstrate various information technologies which would improve the delivery of labor market information. Various computer models of labor market information systems were built to test out the possible uses of these systems by three state Employment Security agencies in Colorado, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Among the major research findings are: (1) a great need for computer programs which can aid in the summarization, tabulation, and analysis of labor market information; (2) the prototype information system MICRO was found to be the sort of system which can be used at modest cost to meet the need for rapid tabulation and analysis of labor market information; (3) procedures to forecast unemployment, universe of need for manpower services, supply and demand for labor can be automated at great potential saving to manpower analysts; (4) considerable cost savings can be achieved by centralizing computer software for retrieval analysis and forecasting; and (5) while better use can be made of administrative records, there are some data needs which can only be met by new data collection. (WCM)

This report was prepared to present reviews, synthesis, and evaluation of research studies and demonstration projects concerned with the labor market experience of unemployed engineers, particularly in aerospace-defense. It also includes a review and evaluation of national manpower efforts to aid the reemployment of unemployed engineers, scientists, and technicians as well as the state-of-the-art of forecasting the demand and supply of engineers and scientists. Recommendations for future public and private manpower efforts devoted to engineers' employment are presented. The report also includes a bibliography of the literature on the subject and an annotated bibliography of Office of Research and Development (ORD) programs. (Author/EB)

Between May 1969 and October 1973, the University of California, Davis, was involved in a series of research and service projects designed to better the condition of single-male farmworkers in Stockton and Sacramento. These communities, known locally as skid row, were destroyed as a result of urban renewal. The projects were separated into 2 phases: 1) the development of service and research methods in the Sacramento Skid Row community, and 2) the application of these methods to the Stockton Skid Row community. In Phase I, university efforts focused on employment and training opportunities, community development, service projects, and in-culture research. Project developments during Phase II were: in-culture research, community development, services needed for survival, and casual labor market assessment. The in-culture research method operates on the philosophy that the persons who participate in a culture or subculture are a valuable information source on their needs and lifestyles. A research team from within the group collected data by a questionnaire composed of questions from the group and interviews. This monograph emphasizes the process in which the single-men projects were developed, briefly describing the projects and discussing research results and implications of the process for future researchers. Findings indicate that members of the single-male subculture can be organized into self-help groups and that the in-culture research approach works. (NQ)

This followup study on plant closures was designed to replicate an earlier study in order to ascertain whether training would again show no payoff relative to direct labor market participation. The major variables used were: Influence of personal characteristics, psychological attributes and job search patterns, in addition to the variables of age, skill, race, education, and previous earnings. The implications of the findings, which in general matched those of the earlier study, are discussed in detail, and it is suggested that the fact that the laid-off men are already proven workers outweighs their disadvantagement in other areas is of significance. The tabulated data from the study and an explanation of the formula for estimating earnings form the 20-page appendix. (BP)

This volume is the third report in a series on a longitudinal study of the educational and labor market experience of young women. The study views the experience and behavior of individuals in the labor market as resulting from an interaction between the characteristics of the environment and a variety of characteristics of the individual. The study seeks to identify those characteristics that appear to be most important in explaining variations in several facets of labor market experience: participation, unemployment, and mobility. The present report summarizes some of the information yielded by the third round of interviews conducted during the first quarter of 1970. The focus is on the magnitude and patterns of change over the first three years of the study in the educational and occupational aspirations of the young women, in their labor force and employment status, and in their affiliations with particular firms. The report is based entirely on tabular data and is intended primarily as a process report on the longitudinal study. Among the appendixes is a description of the procedure and a copy of the 1970 interview schedule. (Author/AJ)

These eight essays on the Public Employment Program (PEP) were written by members of the Rural Manpower Policy Research Consortium. Essays are titled as follows: (1) "Public Service Employment and Manpower Policies in Rural Areas: Limitations of the Emergency Employment Act--EEA" (argument for integration of PEP with manpower, educational, and regional development policies); (2) "PEP: Special Problems of Rural Areas" (criticism of PEP's suitability to rural areas with a program proposal); (3) "Expansion of Needed Public Services in Rural Areas through Assistance from the EEA" (argument for integrated manpower programs and criticism of PEP): (4) "Public Employment in Rural Areas with Special Reference to the South" (contrast of EEA and Operation Mainstream); (5) "PEP Needs in the Rural South" (discussion of poverty, implicit and explicit barriers to public employment and analyzation of employment needs); (6) "EEA--Some Basic Policy Questions with Special Reference to American Indian Reservations" (4 policy considerations); (7) "Experience of the EEA in Balance-of-State Michigan: Some Implications for Revenue Sharing in Rural Areas" (comparison of EEA and revenue sharing programs); (8) "A Comparative Study of Public Service Employment in Rural California: A Proposal" (research proposal on PEP in balance-of-state California towns). (Author)

One of a series of special reports issued by Project Baseline, a national study of vocational education and manpower training, the study attempts to determine whether the disadvantaged and handicapped have been served by the Vocational Education Act of 1963, the Amendments of 1968, and subsequent legislation. The report is based on a review of Project Baseline data, 450 Educational Research Information Center documents, government documents, and other primary sources. Providing a prototype for delineating program impact, the basic components of a delivery system model are described: (1) policy establishment and decision making; (2) development, organization, and management of curriculums; (3) identification and recruitment of persons into training programs; (4) diagnostic procedures for identifying and assessing individual problems; (5) supportive services; and (6) program evaluation strategies and techniques. Program impact is discussed in relationship to policy, curriculum strategies, identification and recruitment strategies, diagnostic procedures, supportive services, and program evaluation strategies. A brief summary of projects by States shows the diversity of programs. Finally, recommendations are proposed focusing on the need for more programs for the disadvantaged and handicapped, personnel training, the development of an individualized instruction program, and the need to develop guidelines for interagency cooperation. (MW)

The study examines British public assistance (Supplementary Benefits) and other income maintenance programs for employables. These are viewed as one policy set to analyze their incentives and disincentives to see if the incentive structure is consonant with a goal of promoting work. Sanctions applied to recipients are also analyzed. Relatively high benefits are found to result in higher reliance on sanctions than on incentives. Training programs targeted at the welfare poor are more sanctions than effective training. Implications for the U. S. are: (1) training programs for welfare recipients can easily degenerate into ineffectiveness, except as sanctions; (2) the experimentation now possible under Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) is an opportunity to devise structures in which incentives and sanctions are consonant with the goal of promoting employment, and in which training programs for welfare recipients feed into and are part of the mainstream of general manpower policy, so that they can do an effective training job. The study contains a bibliography of British works and a reader's guide to British welfare programs. (Author)

Utilizing 178 case study documents on U.S. plant locations in the rural Midwest and South between 1945 and 1974, consideration was given to the impact of industrial development on population dynamics, private and public sectors, and the quality of well being in the host communities. Thirty-one empirical generalizations were derived from the documents studied and then weighed against the following federally supported policy goals: (1) achieve a more balanced population distribution; (2) decrease the percentage of families below the poverty level; (3) achieve greater equality of income; (4) reduce unemployment; and (5) upgrade the quality and availability of basic services. The following were among 13 statements generated from comparison of the generalizations with public policy: (1) public money is not needed to induce industrial migration but is needed perhaps to guide industry toward publicly beneficial site selection; (2) low skill, low wage industries should be encouraged to locate where there is a surplus of low skill labor; (3) to prevent residents from being bypassed by industrially generated employment, training programs should be established and antidiscrimination laws should be enforced; and (4) small towns should be carefully selected so that funds are not dissipated on areas with little self-generation growth potential. (JC)

The report describes a Vermont project begun in 1970 and designed to assess the long term value of the Special Work Project (SWP), or Public Service Employment, as a vehicle for providing transitional employment to unemployed members of low income families with children receiving public aid. The study attempted to contact and interview the 609 participants who had completed or terminated Special Work Training prior to June, 1973, in order to determine their employment status and public aid recipient status at 9, 12. 18, 24, and 30 months subsequent to SWP. At each follow-through contact, completers were significantly more likely to be employed than were terminators (69% of completers versus 44 percent of terminators). Among all 486 trainees located and interviewed, there was a significant decrease in persons receiving public assistance, from 58 percent to 32 percent, between the time of entry into SWP training and the follow-through contact nine months subsequent to training. The study also describes hourly wage experience over time, types of employment, characteristics of trainees, and trainees' perception of project value. Twenty-two detailed tables are included, and additional project data is appended. (Author/JR)

The report uses the experiences of the Mississippi Labor Mobility Project, STAR, Inc. (MLMP, STAR, Inc.), and the reports from other experimental labor mobility projects to respond to the problems of clarifying relocation assistance delivery techniques and services as they relate to the goals and objectives of manpower services. The population served by MLMP, STAR, Inc. in recent years is described in detail. The report delineates the relocation assistance program as it relates to the total goals of manpower services and as it further relates to legislative needs, national and regional offices of relocation assistance, and the delivery agent(s). The report further outlines the system design and details the specific elements and functions that should be considered in designing relocation assistance. It analyzes the costs and benefits of relocation assistance, provides an outline for financial assistance for relocating disadvantaged poor, and presents forms useful in implementing the design outline. (Author/MW)

The report provides a detailed review of the seven and one-half year Mississippi Labor Mobility Project, STAR, Inc., whose operations and research concerned the utility and feasibility of subsidizing worker relocation assistance to the unemployed/underemployed poor for the purposes of improving their economic and social opportunities. Almost 2,500 individuals and their families, at a cost of $2.2 million, were moved from areas of very limited employment opportunities to areas of expanding employment opportunities. The document provides: major policy recommendations; summary of project findings; research design and data base; description of the project populations (applicants and relocatees); sociological analysis of relocation stability (causes, benefits, and costs); an evaluation of the economic impact of the project on program participants; and a measure of project effectiveness (benefit/cost analysis and stayer/leaver model). Two phases of research were accomplished: development of organizational/operational designs for relocating the unemployed/underemployed poor and determination of the success of relocation in terms of individual relocatee gains and societal costs and benefits through investment of public funds. Appended materials include: benefit/cost analysis; model for predicting relocation stability; survey of employers' evaluations; and an annotated list of major project reports. (Author/MW)

The document describes the activity, study, and research involving an experimental mobility project which, both by contract and philosophy, sought to assist those individuals in Upper Michigan with relocation and/or placement, who might otherwise have been unable to compete in the migration and economic patterns in the region. Data from extensive interviews with 1,500 clients, with an average followup period of four years, are analyzed to discern patterns of mobility and wage and employment outcomes, and personal and environmental characteristics associated with mobility decisions and outcomes. Multivariate analyses of the postprogram labor force experience of respondents and AID (Automatic Interaction Detector) analyses of conditional probability of relocation are additional aspects of the study examined. It is concluded that the project has demonstrated the feasibility of subsidized relocation for differing groups and has provided the basis for replication of activities and outcomes. Net personal economic benefits associated with relocation are substantial and appear to be maintained even when long-term relocatees return to their home areas to work. Facsimilies of questionnaires, effects of nonresponse, and a glossary of terms are appended. (Author/MW)

A model of occupational choice based on the theory of human capital is developed and estimated by conditional logit analysis. The empirical results estimated the probability of individuals with certain characteristics (such as race, sex, age, and education) entering each of 11 occupational groups. The results indicate that individuals tend to choose those occupations with the highest discounted percent value of potential future earnings, the lowest present value of expected earnings foregone due to unemployment, and the lowest raining cost relative to net worth. The relative weights given to these three variables in choosing occupations varied markedly by race and sex. White males tended to weight expected earnings much more heavily relative to earnings foregone due to unemployment than black males or females of either race. Results were then employed in an analysis of the effects of a national wage subsidy scheme on the selection probabilities for each occupation. The results suggested a higher probability of entering low wage occupations due to the greater relative importance of the subsidy in these occupations. (Author/EA)

Eliminating the unstable employment period for college graduates in the first year or two after graduation, the followup study of the Southern Illinois University (Carbondale) 1972 liberal arts graduates was undertaken in November, 1974. Of 735 liberal arts graduates in 1972, there were 375 respondents. The liberal arts graduates reflected a satisfactory employment rate when comparing their unemployment rates to national rates; their overall unemployment rate was 7.5 percent, ranging from a rate of 12.5 percent for unmarried males to 2.0 percent for married males. Graduates were engaged in a variety of careers (250 job titles) and showed a high level of employment, with over half earning over $10,000 a year and three-fourths listing their job as having career potential. Their major difficulty seemed to be the long process of finding satisfactory employment. Since few of the liberal arts graduates had a job-related major, the results question the assumption that a job-related major is necessary for a satisfactory job. An alphabetized list of the careers of the responding liberal arts graduates itemizes the graduate's college major, career potential assessment, and his/her 1974 yearly salary. A raw data summary of the followup study is also included. (EA)

The project was conducted to find out if there was a need for an adult education program to provide instruction in job-related competencies in the basic skills of reading, writing, math, spelling, and communications for the unemployed and underemployed of Mohave County, Arizona. The report presents the procedures used to identify the persons eligible and willing to take an adult basic education course related to job skills. Results of the study show the difficulty of locating and interviewing persons who may be uneducated, underemployed, or unemployed. Of 1,100 persons who may have less than an eighth grade education 164 were identified, 76 of them from welfare, employment, or other agencies. Of this number 32 indicated that they would take the course, which would justify the hiring of a part-time instructor. Not enough persons were located to substantiate the need for a continuing education program in adult basic education. The need for such education in Mohave County is described and recommendations for future studies are made. (MF)

Educational problems can only be dealt with by overcoming social inequalities in urban areas. To solve the educational problems, teachers and administrators must work to solve such urban problems as unemployment, inadequate housing, hunger and malnutrition, urban mortality, and crime. Only if they understand these problems will educators have the necessary background for them to be in positions to act as advocates and spokesmen for the less fortunate. By making social change a high priority the problems plaguing urban schools can be redressed. (MC)