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M ODERN scholars are unanimous in their opinion that after 462 B.C. there were two overriding considerations that determined the nature and course of Argive foreign policy. They assume, in the first place, that Argos was always bitterly hostile toward Sparta, and in the second place, that, as a result of this hostility, the Argives must have enjoyed friendly relations with states, such as Athens, whose relations with Sparta were also strained. This twofold assumption requires more careful scrutiny than it has received, for interstate relations in the fifth century B.C. would appear to be much more complex than its proponents would care to admit. As a minor state in a world dominated by two major powers, Athens and Sparta, Argos was not always in a position to determine unilaterally the nature of its foreign policy. To a large extent, policy was shaped by events over which the Argives had little or no control. I have argued elsewhere 1 that Argos and Sparta were not traditionally hostile toward one another throughout the long centuries of Greek history; they could hardly have had serious differences of opinion on a sustained basis much, if any, before the Spartan conquest of Tegea shortly before the middle of the sixth century B.C. While it is patently true that rela

It has been known for some time that the vibrational degrees of freedom in methane are relaxed and no longer contribute to the specific heats at frequency/pressure ratios well below 1 mc/atmos. The rotational degrees, however, should lie much higher. In order to determine the relaxation time for these rotational modes, the velocity and absorption of ultrasound were measured at 3 mc and at pressures from 50 cm down to one cm of mercury. The velocity dispersion curve, when plotted according to Kneser's formula (V2 − V02)/(V∞2 − V02) = (f/fω)2/(1 + (f/fω)2) has a half‐rise point at 300 mc/atmos, which corresponds to a relaxation time of 1.06×10−0 sec. This figure was confirmed by simultaneous absorption measurements. The measurements were made with a Hubbard‐type, motor‐driven, variable‐path acoustic interferometer and Brown recorder. The use of the recorder facilitates the measurements immensely, and permits extending them to lower pressures—higher f/p ratios—than has hitherto been feasible.

HE romantic heroes of Shakespeare's comedies have always enjoyed a questionable importance within their own plays. The heroines easily eclipse them and even the fools-Dogberry, Feste, and Bottom-have commonly commanded more attention than the generally innocuous young men. A further irony is that when we do notice one of Shakespeare's romantic heroes it is often for an unheroic trait. Lingering about most of them is a hint of something disagreeable. Several, for example, are at best fickle. Lysander, Bassanio, and Claudio have the excuse of varying degrees of duress, and in their cases the effect is sometimes comic. But what of Demetrius, Proteus, and Bertram? Their cavalier disregard of their vows is generously countenanced by the heroine, but it rarely commends them to their critics. Furthermore, should the romantic hero remain faithful, he frequently seems adolescent in savoring a sentimental melancholy when his suit is temporarily thwarted. Thus, without denying the manifest differences between the early Valentine and the late Orsino, one can see their essential kinship. When Valentine (in Two Gentlemen of Verona) is informed of his banishment from Milan and Silvia, he responds in high "romantic" fashion

A historical survey reveals that public libraries collaborated very readily with educational authorities in the nineteenth century, but that in the twentieth century there has been a considerable division of opinion. Idealists both inside and outside the library profession have stressed the educational aspect of library work, but the majority of practising librarians, hard pressed by shortages of staff, accom modation, and funds, have felt obliged to concentrate on what they regard as their major task, i.e. book provision. The examination of current problems leads up to the conclusion that, as a result of reforms in local government now pending, we shall shortly be facing a quite new position, in which a solution of this long-standing demarcation problem may at last be within sight.

(1970). Light, more Light! on the History of Adult Education. Studies in Adult Education: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 55-66.

(1973). Two Reports: 1919 and 1973. Studies in Adult Education: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 113-123.

ern scholars have sought to solve some of the problems connected with this amphictiony, especially the date of its origin, but they have either ignored or misinterpreted the evidence. The most trustworthy source of information is the archaeological material uncovered when the site of the temple of Poseidon, its sacred center, was excavated more than seventy years ago by the Swedish archaeologists, Wide and Kjellberg.2 This article will attempt to date the origin of the amphictiony on the basis of the information in their report. There is nothing new in this approach; several scholars have in the past attempted to solve the problem on the basis of the same evidence, but my conclusion as to date differs markedly from most of those previously suggested. A brief survey of previous speculation concerning the original date of the Calaurian amphictiony will, I hope, place the problem and my attempt to solve it in its proper perspective. One of the earliest views was that advanced by Karl Otfried Miiller long before the site was excavated: he believed that the amphictiony originated in the days when Thebes ruled Greece, that is, in the Late Bronze Age.3 Wilamowitz once charged4 that scholars have paid more attention to Miller than they have to the actual evidence, and I am forced to agree. His erroneous view has influenced most scholars who have subsequently dealt with the problem, and it is still the one most widely held. There have, however, been exceptions. The earliest scholar to repudiate Milller's Mycenaean date was Ernst Curtius,5 who argued that the island of Calauria may have been held sacred by the Greeks as early as the Mycenaean period, but that the amphictiony itself was founded much later. The date he preferred was approximately in the middle of the seventh century. This date has been entirely ignored, but I hope to show that it is largely substantiated by the archaeological evidence. Miller and Curtius reached their respective conclusions without the benefit of this evidence, but in 1894 the site of the temple of Poseidon at Calauria was excavated. The results of the excavation

Sixteen mongrel dogs were previously prepared by destruction of the sinus node at right thoracotomy to obliterate significant atrial contraction and pacemakers were implanted to the right atrium and right ventricle. After surgical recovery, the dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbitone. Aortic pressure, left ventricular pressure plus its first derivative were measured. Cardiac output was sequentially determined using a Waters densitometer and Sanborn computer via a femoral artery sampling of indocyanine green injected into the right atrium. Stroke volume and work were calculated during single pacing of the right atrium and right ventricle and during paired pacing of the right ventricle, all at constant rates. The 3 types of pacing were measured at rest and during infusion of angiotensin to increase the afterload. Results show that single RA pacing is hemodynamically superior to single RV pacing in all instances as greater stroke volume and work is achieved, and the difference is due to loss of atrial contraction. During increased afterload within the limits of physiological compensation no further difference was found. Paired pacing of the right ventricle lowers the LVED pressure and increases dpdt of the left ventricular pulse but stroke work is the same as seen with RA pacing. The inotropic stimulus of paired pacing compensates for the acute loss of atrial contraction as seen with RVsp but even with increased afterload no further improvement is detected in the normal myocardium.

RA and RVpp were compared in 9 anesthetized dogs. All animals had previously been given atropine and propranolol in dosage sufficient to cause blockade of the autonomic nervous system. No marked difference was found between the 2 types of pacing, but when acute heart failure was induced paired pacing significantly increased the output pressure and stroke work of the heart. The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure decreased markedly and dp/dt increased. Paired pacing tends to return the decompensated heart to normality and is a powerful inotropic stimulus. When heart failure was reversed by decreasing the afterload and overcoming beta blockade with isoprenaline, the 2 types of pacing gave the same hemodynamic results. Paired pacing is not mediated through the adrenergic system and is an additional therapeutic weapon for the treatment of heart failure.

M /[ODERN scholars agree unanimously that Sparta and Argos were "traditional enemies," that is, that the two states were eternally and unalterably hostile toward one another throughout the long centuries of Greek history.' This presumed enmity has contributed significantly to the creation of an artificial chronology for Argive history, particularly with respect to that most illustrious and elusive Argive, the tyrant Pheidon. Ever since antiquity, moreover, there has been a tendency to regard the traditional enmity between Argos and Sparta as the nucleus around which interstate relations in the Peloponnesus revolved. The author of a recently published textbook summarizes nearly two hundred years of Peloponnesian history as follows

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Foreword by Brian Simon Preface Preface to the second edition Preface to the Third Edition Prologue The Middle Ages 1 Education for salvation The Sixteenth Century 2 The Reformation and Renaissance The Seventeenth Century 3 The Impact of Puritanism 4 The Impact of Modern Science The Eighteenth Century 5 The Education of the Illiterate 6 Coffee-House's, Clubs and Societies 7 Science for the Citizen The Nineteenth Century 8 The Ag eof Mechanic' Institutes 9 The Radical Opposition 10 Fundamental Education 11 The Instruments of Adult Education 12 Working Men's Colleges and Institutes 13 Changing Scenes 14 The Universities enter the Field The Twentieth Century 15 The Universities and Working-Class Organisations 16 Liberal Adult Education between the Wars 17 The Widening Circle 18 The Auxiliaries of Adult Education 19 The Second World War 20 The Post-War Pattern 21 The Fourfold Partnership Bibliographical Note Index

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