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Stormwater runoff from a homogeneous residential area in Windsor, Ontario, was studied over a 1 year period of time. Hourly grab samples were taken and analyzed for 21 constituents. Seasonal and annual concentration data are reported along with the most significant correlations among constituent concentrations. Other influences on runoff quality are discussed. Rainfall for all 25 storms was measured, and discharge was measured for 13 storms. The discharge data and rainfall data were used to generate runoff hydrographs for 9 storms without measured hydrographs. The hourly discharges and concentrations were used to calculate loadings on an annual and seasonal basis. The loadings' variation on an hourly basis is listed. The results of an empirical analysis of the average annual loadings contained in percentage amounts of annual runoff are reported. Significant correlation was found between the preceding two variables for all constituents whose loads were calculated. A comparison is made between annual loadings of stormwater runoff and raw sewage for biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids and orthophosphates.

Suspended soilds in waste effluents from the canning of leafy green vegetables were effectively reduced by segregation and separate physical-chemical treatment of the unit wastes. Turbidity in the dunker washer effluent from spinach was reduced by treatment with 0.04 mg of an anionic polymer per liter at pH 4.0. The most concentrated effluent (from the tumbler fillers) contained 11% of the total suspended solids load and 16% of the COD in only 1.3% of the waste water flow. Treatment with 20 mg cationic polymer per liter, 80 mg ferric sulfate per liter, and 2 mg anionic polymer per liter reduced the suspended solids concentration from 1,348 mg/l to 63 mg/l—a reduction of 95%. The tumbler filler effluent from turnip greens and diced roots was treated on a pilot-scale with 70 mg cationic polymer per liter, 80 mg calcium chloride per liter and 10 mg anionic polymer per liter to reduce the suspended solids from 1,148 to 140 mg/l The composite effluent from canning of turnip greens and diced roots was treated with polymeric flocculating agents and activated carbon in a physical-chemical treatment system. The suspended solids concentration was reduced by 92% and the COD by 19% through flocculation and settling. The clarified effluent was applied to a downpass column of activated carbon which adsorbed 89% of the COD applied.

Assessing the impact of Navy shipboard sanitary waste discharges within the contiguous zone of the United States requires generation of data, not available so far, on the dispersion and fate of pollutants from shipboard sources. To generate data applicable to the 3–12-mi coastal zone, studies were conducted by the Naval Ship Research and Development Center using Naval facilities in the Norfolk, Va. area. Controlled releases were made of sanitary waste water and tracer dye mixtures. Dispersion of waste/dye patches was monitored through aerial reconnaissance, precise radio-navigational information, and seawater sample collection. It was demonstrated that pollution from controlled releases of sanitary waste can be detected above background concentrations for a brief span of time using conventional methods for determining effluent water quality (5-day biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, ammonia-nitrogen, total acid-hydrolizable phosphate, coliform bacteria). A mathematical model for the dispersion of pollutants discharged from ships in the coastal zone was developed from these data. An assessment was then made of the concentration of pollutants after discharge from Navy ships during normal operation. Seawater samples were collected from the wakes of ships in transit and from the water around ships anchored for an amphibious operation in the coastal zone. It was determined that pollutants discharged from the transiting ships were not measurable above background concentrations, and only slight coliform bacteria population increases were detected in the amphibious operations area. These increases were still well within those prescribed as safe for bathing beaches and fisheries. Findings of this study specifically refer to the Navy ships and the geographic locations involved. They may be used for estimating effects of sanitary waste releases by non-Navy ships and in other areas.

Some chemical parameters of fertilizer factory effluent (FFE) and sweetmeat factory waste (SFW) were analyzed before and after culture of three important microalgae (Spirulina platensis, Chlorella ellipsoidea and Scenedesmus obliquus) to make the waste environment friendly and to develop their economic use. Among the two wastes significantly (P

Municipal solid waste collected in Nigeria are often disposed of in uncontrolled dumpsites and/or burnt in the open spaces and consequently causing significant pollution on surface water, ground water and the air. An investigational study was carried out on the level of pollution on groundwater near Gbagede dumpsite in Kwara state. Ground water samples, GW1, GW2, GW3 were taken at three different locations: 186 m, 290 m, and 326 m from the edge of the dumpsite. Physicochemical parameters evaluated include; pH, total hardness, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, alkalinity, turbidity, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate ion, Chloride ion, Sulphate ion, Electrical conductivity, Calcium ion and Magnesium ion using standard laboratory procedures. The results of the evaluations were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) to establish its suitability for human consumption. Results fell within the stipulated range of WHO and NSDWQ standard for drinking water. It was however observed that the water quality improves with distance from the dumpsite. Statistical analyses indicated mild differences among all the parameters tested for in the samples at 95% confidence level. Uncontrolled accumulation of leachates from the dumpsite may pose potential risk to the source of water for the community in the near future. It was recommended that the dumpsite be relocated from the current residential area.Key Words: Groundwater, Assessment, Contaminants, Solid-waste, Water quality

The river Karnafully is one of the Himalayan River originating from the Lushai Hills in India. The catchments of the Karnafully and its allied streams cover 5,500 (14,000 sq km) square miles. Water samples were collected from Karnafully River along different points and analyzed for various physiochemical parameters during winter. Effects of industrial wastes, municipality sewage and agricultural runoff on the river water were investigated. The study was conducted between the Kaloorghat Bridge and Patenga estuary including Chittagong port. This is the most polluted area due to the presence of many chemical fertilizers, iron, leather and pharmaceutical industries. All these industries discharge their untreated toxic waste water directly into the river Karnafully. The study involved determination of physical and chemical parameters of surface water at different points. The mean values of water temperature, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total solids (TS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, electric conductivity and total alkalinity were 23°C, 365.87 mg/L, 8018.8, 8518.33 mg/L, 31.54 FTU, 1.55 mg/L, 6.65 mg/L, 13961 μs/cm, 247.47 mg/L, 560.27 mg/L and 4.8 mg/L respectively. Key words: Physiochemical parameters; Winter season; Monsoon season; Dissolved oxygen; Biological oxygen demand. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i2.5722Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(2), 177-181, 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effect of industrial effluents on seed germination and seedling growth of some leafy vegetables under pot culture condition. Waste water sample was collected from natural gas fertilizer factory Limited, Fenchuganj, Sylhet. Four different leafy vegetables were selected as test crop to grow using these effluents. The design of the experiment was randomized complete block. The effects of different concentration of effluent were compared to that of distilled water (control). The results revealed that different concentrations of the extract caused significant inhibitory effect on germination and root elongation but benefited the shoot elongation. Maximum reduction in germination and root length was observed with the increase in effluent concentration, but increasing the shoot length. Bioassays indicated that the effects were proportional to the concentrations of the effluents and higher concentration showed stronger effect. Different physicochemical parameters of water e.g. pH, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, Total dissolve solids (TSS), total suspended solids (TSS) etc. of the sample was also analyzed. It was found that the values were far apart from the optimum values that require for safe aquatic environment to establish an aquatic ecosystem on water body. It can be concluded that polluted water is becoming a threat for the crops and also for aquatic environment with the passage of time as more and more wastes are becoming a part of it. Key words: Industrial effluents; Aquatic environment; Seed germination; Seedling growth; Pollution. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i2.5705Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(2), 101-104, 2010

Bangalore city hosts two Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants (UWTPs) towards the periphery of Vrishabhavathi valley, located in Nellakedaranahalli village of Nagasandra and Mailasandra Village, Karnataka, India. These plants are designed and constructed with an aim to manage wastewater so as to minimize and/or remove organic matter, solids, nutrients, disease-causing organisms and other pollutants, before it reenters a water body. It was revealed from the performance study that efficiency of the two treatment plants was poor with respect to removal of total dissolved solids in contrast to the removal/reduction in other parameters like total suspended solids, BOD and COD. In Mailasandra STP, TDS, TSS, BOD, and COD removal efficiency was 20.01, 94.51, 94.98 and 76.26 % and respectively, while in Nagasandra STP, TDS, TSS, BOD, and COD removal efficiency was 28.45, 99.0, 97.6 and 91.60 % respectively. The order of reduction efficiency was TDS < COD < TSS < BOD and TDS < COD < BOD < TSS respectively in Mailasandra and Nagasandra STPs. Additionally, the problems associated with the operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment plants is discussed. Keywords: Total dissolved solids; Chemical oxygen demand; Biochemical oxygen demand; Aeration tank; Mixed liquor suspended solids; Sludge volume index DOI: 10.3126/kuset.v6i2.4020Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.6. No II, November, 2010, pp.115-125

Assorted physical and chemical parameters were measured in glass aquaria (10 l) receiving some commonly used organic manure namely cow dung (CD), compost charged with rock phosphate (CR), vermin-compost charged with rock phosphate (VCR), horse dung (HD) and farm yard manure (FYM). There was no significant difference in the moisture content of the manures tested. The values of pH, conductance, TDS, PO4-P, NH3-N was highest in the VCR treatment indicating a better manurial value for VCR than others. The size of fibers of VCR was significantly (P>0.05) lower in size when compared with other manures tested. There was almost no difference in fiber content of the manures tested except VCR where it was significantly low (p CD (T1) > CR (T2) > HD (T4) > FYM (T5). The values of total suspended solids (TSS) imparted by the manures showed significant differences (P>0.05) among various treatments and was in the following descending order: HD (T4) > CD (T1) > CR (T2) > FYM (T5) > VCR (T3). This indicates that the application of (VCR) will pass on less fiber garbage to aquatic body.Key words: Limnology, aquaculture, vermi-compost, organic manure, rock phosphateDOI: 10.3126/on.v7i1.2566Our Nature (2009) 7:163-167

Thousands of animals are slaughtered every year in Pakistan, but unfortunately there is no proper mecha-nism nor waste water management system to handle the effuent discharge of the slaughtering process. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the potential hazards associated with slaughter houses, by analyzing waste-water characteristics and designing a suitable treatment system for safe effuent disposal. The results obtained indicate that the wastewater parameters of the slaughter house do not meet the requirements of the local effuent dis-charge standards. The average wastewater characteristics in terms of COD, BOD, TDS, TSS, turbidity and pH observed were 9600mg/L, 7450 mg/L, 1650 mg/L, 2280 mg/L, 1489 NTU and 6.5, respectively. The results of plain sedimenta-tion point out that the maximum removal effciency of COD, BOD, TDS, TSS and turbidity at 80 minutes of detention time could be obtained as13%, 21%, 10%, 30% and 39%, respectively. Out of the three coagulants tested, the alum was tested out as the most suitable coagulant in terms of its treatability performance, which gives 80% COD removal compare to lime and magnesium sulfate that gives about 56% and 71% removal, respectively. The activated system designed consists of 12m x 7.5m x 3.5m rectangular aeration tank and 12m x 7m x 5m secondary sedimentation tank. The amount of air, power and the major nutrient (N and P) required for this system were worked out as 136m3/min, 7.8kW, 152 N-kg/day and 30 P-kg/day, respectively. Key words: Slaughter house effluent; Sedimentation; Alum; Activated sludge system; Pakistan DOI: 10.3126/hn.v7i0.4236 Hydro Nepal Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Vol 7, July, 2010 Page: 48-53 Uploaded date: 31 January, 2011

In the White Shoal area of the James River, Virginia, recognizable faccal pellets formed an average of 0.42% by weight of the total suspended solids at 1 m above the bottom and 0.14% by weight at 1 m below the surface during a 24-hour sampling period. Pellets retained on soil analysis sieves (mesh sizes 125 and 44 μ), however, formed an average of 26.6% and 19.26% by weight, respectively, of the materials retained on the screens at the same depths. The pellets were apparently being transported in suspension. Although quantities in suspension were small, it is suggested that sorting during transportation and deposition could result in accumulation in areas of the estuary where fine sediments would not settle out. Such accumulations on the bottom could alter the textural and chemical characteristics of the existing sediments because of the fine size and chemical properties of the component particles of the pellets.

The study was carried out to assess the impacts of textile effluents on aquatic plants by using hydroponic culture. Effluent water of three textile industries and effluent free water were collected from Savar region. The higher contents of pH (10.47), total suspended solids (1407.33 mg/L), total dissolved solids (19014 mg/L) and biochemical oxygen demand (735 mg/L) were recorded in industrial effluents comparing with control. The lowest content of DO in industrial effluents (0.87 mg/L) was much lower than the control (5.65 mg/L). Hydroponic test showed that 100, 75, 50, 25 and 1% textile effluents caused the death of Pistia stratiotes L. and Ludwigia adscendens L. within 1-4, 2- 6, 3-9, 5-12 and 14-17 days, respectively. When P. stratiotes was grown in 100% effluent water its concentrations of Cr, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn were 8.00, 1.4375, 189.06, 1843.1, 5.075 and 261.87 ppm, respectively and the test species died within 1 - 3 days. When L . adscendens was grown in 100% effluent water, its concentrations of Cr, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn were 7.25, 0.975, 312.87, 1621.2, 5.0125 and 138.75 ppm, respectively and the test species died within 2-4 days. The uptake of heavy metals increased with raising effluent concentration comparing with control culture. The uptake of Cr, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn were significantly higher at 50%, 75% and 100% (p = 0.01** at 1% level of significance) effluent which caused the death of both test species. Key words: Textile effluents; Pistia stratiotes L.; Ludwigia adscendens L.; Hydroponic culture. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i1.5172 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(1) , 9-16, 2010

Chimdi Lake was ecologically a valuable site but due to the exploitation, almost all parts of the Lake changed into a terrestrial habitat. The issues of lake conservation have been brought into light recently and the work for rehabilitation; protection and conservation have been initiated by local peoples. Water quality plays an important role in determining the biodiversity of any water body. Various physico-chemical parameters such as atmospheric temperature, water temperature, transparency, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, humidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, total alkalinity, acidity, total hardness, calcium hardness, calcium, magnesium and chloride were estimated on monthly basis from March 2004 to February 2005. Physico- chemical values revealed that the lake is a suitable site for the habitat of aquatic lives.DOI: 10.3126/on.v8i1.4337

Characterization of unit effluents from a commercial pimiento canning operation revealed significant patterns of difference in composition and flow rates. The most concentrated effluent occurred in the first stage of the processing operation where the roasted peel was removed by washing. The suspended solids load of this effluent accounted for 69% of the total suspended solids load and 37% of the COD load, but only 18% of the total flow. Segregation and separate treatment of this concentrated effluent is suggested to reduce the total waste load. Another concentrated effluent resulted from the citric acid dip just before the packing and closing area. The flow of the effluent was only 10% of the total, but accounted for 32% of the total dissolved solids and 37% of the total BOD. Two effluents from the grading area accounted for 50% of the total flow and only 10% of the total COD load. Recycling of these dilute effluents to the peel removal operation is suggested. Based on the rate of processing, the total wastes produced from pimiento canning contained 3.2, 60.2, and 35.4 lb. of suspended solids, COD, and BOD, respectively, per ton of raw pimientos. The total waste flow was 4,840 gal. per ton.

Textile industries release huge amount of effluents to aquatic systems, which contain toxic and hazardous pollutants degrading the environment. A laboratory scale study was conducted to characterize physicochemical parameters of local textile industrial effluents and evaluate their impact on aquatic macrophytes and algae. Total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solid (TDS) was found 100 to 336 mg/L and 1856 to 4356 mg/L, respectively. The recorded pH was 9.6 to 11.2 and temperature 40.5 to 43°C. Dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was recorded 0.11 to 0.5, 151.24 to 299.1 and 652.8 to 2304 mg/L, respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was monitored 2210 to 6020 μs/cm; salinity was found 1.1 to 3.3 ‰, and color 1890.75 to 5625 PCU. Zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) were 0.0838 to 0.596, 0.0 to 0.0006, 0.018 to 0.1727 ppm, respectively. Except heavy metals concentrations all of the physicochemical parameters were found beyond the standard limit set by department of Environment (DoE). Textile industrial effluents showed the toxic effects on aquatic macrophytes and algae, as aquatic macrophytes could hardly survive 2 days on textile effluents and noticeable reduction of algal concentration was found when grown on textile effluents. Key words: Textile effluents; Toxic effects; Physicochemical parameter; Aquatic macrophytes; Algae DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i1.5187 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(1), 79-84, 2010

Physical and chemical constituents of the Missouri River near Brownville, Neb. U.S.A. were studied during the period May, 1970 through December, 1972. Considerable variation in river discharge was observed. The changing hydrological conditions affected the concentrations of both the dissolved and suspended constituents in the river. Rain and snowmelt runoff increased the river discharge and also contributed to increased turbidity and total suspended solids. A number of parameters including total phosphorus, total organic nitrogen, oxygen demand and certain metals correlated with increased suspended solids. However, most of the major anions and cations measured showed decreased concentrations as a result of increased river discharge.

On the basis of wet- and dry-season sampling along the Amazon River, at its mouth, and from its 16 large tributaries, the factors that control the salinity and the composition and concentration of the suspended solids of the Amazon River were determined. The multiple regression analysis of the analytical results of 74 river-water samples and numerous in situ measurements revealed: (1) of the 92 percent of the variability of the salinity accounted for, 85 percent was accounted for by relief—86 percent of the total dissolved salts discharged by the Amazon was supplied from the 12 percent of the total area of the Basin comprising the mountainous-environment type; (2) of the 62 percent of the variability of the concentration of the suspended solids accounted for, 43 percent was accounted for by relief—82 percent of the total suspended solids discharged by the Amazon was supplied from the mountainous environment-type. The multiple regression analysis of the analytical results obtained by X-ray diffraction from 50 suspended solids samples revealed: (1) increased-relief physical weathering controlled the percentages of quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, mica, chlorite, and amphibole; (2) the percentage of “calcic” rocks in the upper portions of tributary basins controlled montmorillonite concentrations; and (3) a combination of low-relief chemical weathering and the percentage of igneous and metamorphic rocks controlled the percentages kaolinite and gibbsite. The increased-relief physical weathering dominant in the Andean mountainous environment controls the geochemistry of the Amazon River, indicated by the following observations: (1) the over-all composition of the suspended solids discharged by the Amazon differs only slightly from that of the suspended solids eroded from the mountainous environment; and (2) 84 percent of the total amount of dissolved salts and suspended solids discharged is eroded from the 12 percent of the total area of the Amazon Basin comprising the mountainous Andean environment-type.