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Clarifies the various meanings and contents of the hypothesis of embourgeoisement. Types of empirical evidence on the interpretation of working-class embourgeoisement; Interpretation of a series of changes in the productive organization and distribution process which took place during the last decades in advanced capitalist societies; Effects of modern technology and automation.

The article discusses the factors of exclusion, choice and divisibility, affecting the measurement of urban agency output and impact. The first major attribute distinguishing different types of output is the cost of excluding potential users from receiving the benefits to be derived from that output. When the costs of exclusion are high, producers find it much more difficult to exclude future beneficiaries from their output. The relative costs of exclusion depend at any point in time upon technology and the law of property rights which are in effect. A second attribute of goods or outputs is the degree of choice which potential consumers have regarding whether they consume aspects of the output of an agency. When an individual has a high level of choice, refusing to consume output involves a low cost. Some output has the characteristic that once it is supplied for one individual, its consumption by one individual does not reduce the potential availability for someone else. If the output were characterized by low exclusion costs, high consumer choice and high divisibility, then one would have some assurance that agency records should exist which might provide relatively accurate measures of output and impact.

A survey of members of the Society for Psychophysiological Research showed that most members responding foresaw both applications and problems associated with the development of biofeedback research and technology. It also showed that most respondents would not favor legislation regulating biofeedback work or public monitoring of it, but would favor public involvement in decision making in the face of its misuse. Although there was a consensus that biofeedback's treatment in the media is too sensationalistic, opinion was divided between those advocating less publicity as a remedy and those advocating improved working relations with the press and better educating the public. Age, source of research funds, and professional orientation were significantly related to respondents' opinions more than other background and work context variables. These relationships are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of selecting a computer is very complex, involving much technical detail and much economic approximation. Because of the substantial investment which many organizations have in computers, it is of significant benefit to use selection procedures which minimize computer costs as much as possible within the numerous difficult constraints always present in computer selections. The issues involved in such selections are so complex, the needs and economies are so variable, and the trade-offs which must be made are so qualitative that it is not meaningful to suggest a single, universal approach to selection. Instead of attempting such a recommendation, this paper provides a framework and a basis from which the user can confidently determine a selection approach which is appropriate to his own circumstances. An exposition of the basic considerations underlying selection is presented, followed by a detailed analysis of the steps in the selection process, including alternative approaches to carrying out these steps. An account of procedures used by various organizations is given. Finally, a bibliography, organized by subject matter, is included to facilitate deeper investigation of the issues raised. An appendix contains an attempt at comparison of some major computers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of 82 business organizations provides data on the disputed question of whether organization technology or organization size is more closely associated with the elements of organization structure. Technological variables are found to be associated with structure in certain definable respects, but, on the whole, size enjoys a much higher relationship. Partial correlational analysis serves to clarify these patterns of association. Measures of technology used in previous studies are seen to be problematic for two reasons. They can obscure the differential elements involved in technology. Secondly, they may to an important degree be acting as surrogates for inter-industry differences which include the influence of industrial managerial ideologies and environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marked regional differences in industrial and political attitudes were found among process workers in highly automated plants. It is argued that a major explanation is to be found not in the technology but in factors outside the factory gates, notably in the processes of political socialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Civil Engineering industry the attitudes of the navvies have been found to conform to a broad pattern imposed by their like interest in, and value of, individual independence. This interest and value appear to have originated in the circumstances of the industry which enforce on the workers a reaction of individual independence of, and an evasion of relationships with, the employers. The resulting like interest and value become dominant among the interests and values held by the navvies in their industrial situation inhibiting the growth of common interests and of collective action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of access control and privacy in computer systems is surveyed in terms of existing systems and current proposals. A review of suggested legal and administrative safeguards is given. The bulk of the discussion deals with the current technology, its limitations, and some additional safeguards which have been proposed but not implemented. Finally, a few promising computer science research problems in the field are outlined. A partially annotated bibliography of literature in the area is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article seeks to explore varying dimensions of contributory infringement of patent rights in the U.S. Under the statute of the United States which enacts that the patentee for a new and useful invention shall have the exclusive right to make, use, and vend his invention or discovery, cases without number have been disposed of by the Federal courts. Sitting in equity, the courts in terms enjoin the infringer of patent rights from "directly or indirectly" making, using, selling, etc., the subject-matter exclusively controlled by virtue of the patent grant; and, generally speaking, no argument need be wasted in support of the proposition that no man may do indirectly that which he may not do directly.

This article explores certain facets of the phenomena associated with rural modernization through a socio-historical analysis of a selected case. Specifically, an attempt is made to trace the chain of events that led to the introduction of tractors and to the problem of over-mechanization of agriculture in a once traditional, relatively isolated peasant village in Germany. The main concern is with process and the socio-psychological dimensions of these events. An acculturation model is employed for analytical purposes. Diffusion is treated as the necessary condition for technological modernization to occur and the roles and attitudes of initial adopters are explored in detail. The socio-historical stages including presentation, acceptance, integration and aftermath or repercussions are studied. One unanticipated consequence has been the problem of over-mechanization relative to the productive capabilities of existing land resources. Land is regarded as the only basis for economic security in an uncertain world and villagers cling to their holdings even though almost are employed in industry. The use of modern machinery is considered essential. This phenomenon, which may be inefficient on a strictly cost-account basis, may nevertheless be functional in social terms, serving to stabilize a rural society in transition.

With a growing public awareness that technological advances need to be made subservient to social goals (Murdoch and Connell, 1970), there are increasing expectations of sociologists to become advocates for, and active planners in, framing a new man-environment philosophy. While sociologists have traditionally studied, observed, and commented upon societal change, there is an urgent need for sociologists to actively assist in assessing the social applications of science and re-shaping the organization of the scientific establishment to better study. the changing relationships between scientific needs and social and environmental problems (Dubos, 1970:115-116). As Starr (1969) has suggested, "if we understood quantitatively the causal relationships between specific technological developments and societal values, both positive and negative, we might deliberately guide and regulate technological developments so as to achieve maximum social benefit at minimum social cost." Since new technologies are often instituted before their total social impact can be hilly assessed, and technical sub-systems become enmeshed with the economic, political, and cultural structures of society, social scientists' assessments of societal change have more often been retrospective than prospective. The gravity of our ecological problems, however, requires immediate scientific planning, and society is looking to social scientists to provide these skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A report of a factor analysis of 38 measures of organization characteristics was obtained for 107 small metal working firms. Nine factors were derived and interpreted with reference to the results of other empirical studies. The results differ from those of other studies and there appears to be limited concensus across all studies. Factors which appear in three or more studies are: Organization size, formalization, centralization of authority, extent of technology, and standardization with reference to skills and product complexity. The failure of researchers to interpret? results more thoroughly seriously limits attempts to compare study results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of the power-function model in describing and predicting the adaptation of existing groups to new technologies has been demonstrated in a large number of industrial settings. The generality of this function in describing a second category of adaptation--that of newly established groups to existing technologies-is investigated in this paper. The adaptation of different sets of newly formed groups to two experimental tasks was investigated; twelve groups of three subjects were given a business simulation task and 11 groups of five subjects were given a common symbol task of the Bavelas-Leavitt type. It is concluded that the power-function model describes the adaptation of both sets of groups very efficiently and that a strong relation- ship between the parameters of this model may provide a method of predicting group adaptation curves at the initiation of task performance. The practical implication of these findings for organizational planning, co-ordination, and control are described. A set of behavioral elements common to the industrial and experimental processes are identified and discussed as a possible beginning in the development of a theory of group adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to estimate cost functions for the U.S. passenger airline industry in order to determine the sources of recent observed productivity, increases. A cost function is derived from the Cobb-Douglas production function, and the parameters of that reduced form equation are estimated. Special attention is given to effect of technology on costs. In general, it was found that there seem to be no scale economies present in the production of available seat miles, but that the level of technology has a substantial impact on cost and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the nineteenth century, the abolition of slavery and advances in the technology of manufacturing sugar led to the replacement of the Labat system of cane sugar production by the central factory system. The resolution of a labor crisis and the financing of central factories at a time when competition from beet sugar was beginning constituted a challenge to which cane growing regions reacted differently. Around the Caribbean, some long-established sugar colonies could not meet the challenge and their production declined or stagnated, whereas other colonies rose to importance and prosperity. In Pernambuco, Brazil, the combination of a free population which was gradually drawn into the sugar industry, investment of foreign as well as domestic capital, and the appearance of new markets permitted the sugar industry to survive, even to increase production, but not to prosper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the role of the news media in providing the facts about environmental quality. Problem with the public's understanding of the role of science and technology; Factors that contribute to pollution; Responsibilities of the news media in improving public knowledge of issues.

The article discusses on the shift of balance of interests of the medieval science during the fourteenth century. Science has developed through the speculative reasoning of the philosopher, scientist, or mathematician is in closest touch with the manual skill of the craftsman, and this has become the most important factor in ancient and medieval science when technology was the part of science. There has been a long separation of surgery and medicine which indicated how cultural ideals of the past. It continued to exert the prestige of tradition on the development of medicine.

The article presents the author's views on institutionalism and economic development. The author contends that the most significant distinguishing mark of the institutionalist way of thinking is its emphasis upon the dynamism of technology. This point has not escaped its critics. Most scholars have found it impossible to dissociate Thorstein Veblen's conception of technology as a dynamic factor in economic development from the now obsolete rubrics in terms of which he couched it, and so have dismissed the whole idea as no less preposterous than the primitive utopia of savagery. But in doing so, they have thrown out a thriving infant with his dirty bath water. As regards whole cultures, it is now well established that there is no single series of "stages," through which all have passed in regular succession. In particular is this true of kinship systems and other social structures, as well as of taboos, ceremonial rites, and tribal legends and beliefs, none of which seem to have evolved through any soft of regular succession. Nevertheless, the arts and crafts of all peoples do seem always to have developed in the same direction, from simpler and cruder tools and operations to finer, more complex, and more effective ones.

The article focuses on technology and capital formation. Professor C.B. Thoman advanced the thesis that technology imposes certain requirements on the process of capital formation in an expanding economy. In the usual Keynesian short-run analysis this is taken for granted, the essential problem is one of making certain that the level of investment expenditure is large enough to absorb savings forthcoming at the income level corresponding to full utilization of the economy's capacity. Thoman established a formula designed to show that the maximum quantity of consumer goods that can be produced in a period is determined by technique, as it is embodied in the man-hours required to produce a capital instrument and the man-hours required to produce consumer goods using the capital instrument and the available labor force measured in the Keynesian labor unit. By a technology-imposed relationship Thoman means that relationship between investment and consumption determined by the man-hours required to produce a capital good and the man-hours required to wear it out in the production of consumption goods.

The article discusses technology as action and science. Since technology considered as action is a complex of different components, in other words, of many functions, it extends from a strictly technical sphere into a realm of social relations. The science of technology as a complex of knowledges underlying manifold technological activities is heterogeneous or, rather, should be such, but its social component has not yet been sufficiently recognized and developed. Technological education is, with a few exceptions, likewise under a spell of traditional tenets which recognize physical science as the sole factor in shaping its foundations. Living realities call for a widening of the field of technological science in accordance with the criterion set up by a complex of technological functions. Through technological applications, physical science is given additional social significance and recognition while more practical weight is eventually imparted to social science. Also a stronger demand for more exact methods can hardly fail to affect social sciences as they are attracted and to an extent drawn into the field of technology.

The article reports that the book "Technology and the Economics of Total War," by Lyman Chalkley is a restatement of the importance of modern scientific technologies in a profit economy, and the place of scientific technologies in the war time economy of necessity. The author points out that with the coming of the scientific age and the application of science to technology, business men abandoned traditional technology based upon an authoritarian background of inherited and personal experiences, and turned the new technologies to their own account in so far as the new technologies were more effective in producing profits than the old. Another book "Labor Policy and the Business Cycle," by Sidney C. Suffrin carries a rather ambitious title considering the scope and development of the material presented. The author states that the major purpose is to bring to light some of the divergent assumptions and interpretations which have given rise to the different explanations of wages and of the role of wages in the economy. This is an ambitious objective for a space of 52 pages.

The article focuses on the population aspects of the national economy. The increase of population gradually results in over-population in rural areas and in governmental attempts to keep excess farm people from moving to town. The resulting unemployment throws distribution system out of balance and makes it impossible to utilize entire productive capacity. The dynamic of improved technology is working at cross purposes to the population increase. One population aspect of economic maladjustment that cannot be evaluated but which is of the highest significance is that of population quality, not inherent quality but that which comes as the result of environmental stimuli, environmental stresses and strains. Much more planning can be done toward providing opportunities for rural people in their present location. In overcrowded areas intensive farm enterprises should partially alleviate the population problem. Several specific programs for an expansion of production and employment have been made that would involve a realignment of price levels.

The article focuses on experimentation for co-operative settlements in the United States. In the nineteenth century the United States was the center of experimentation for co-operative settlements-the kind generally known as Utopian. These colonies took on various characteristics, reflecting the source of inspiration, practical considerations of settlement, and the nature of the settlers. From this standpoint, one of the most interesting was the colony, which a group of Americans attempted to establish at Topolobampo, on the west coast of Mexico. It pervaded by the joint-stock principle of organization but it was also intimately associated with a company that proposed to build a transcontinental railroad line. The central figure in the railroad and colony ventures was Albert K. Owen. This man was an engineer who became deeply interested in social and economic questions and an active participant in various "reform" movements. His ideas form a curious mixture, compounded out of diverse influences engineering, business, social philosophy, and money reform, to indicate only the more striking ones.

The article focuses on writer Michael Fordham's paper, 'Technique and Counter-transference," which explains the concept of 'technique.' The author feels that a closer and more comprehensive examination of the concept of technique in this paper would help to avoid confusion and throw a new light on the conclusions. To clarify the symbolic meaning of technique one must see the close relation it has with mechanisms, machinery, mechanical processes, etc. Technique is a procedure of doing things, acquired by training and practicing and it is applied repeatedly and even repetitiously without any conscious thought or reeling. It represents the acquired habit of adroitness.

Introduces Implement Geography in the field of Human Geography focusing on technology. Distribution of implement types among peoples of a wide variety of cultures occupying a wide range of environments; Changes in the economy and technique of whaling; Importance of the seal to the Eskimo.

This section presents a speech by Harvey Cox, a theologian, delivered to the Canadian Institute of Public Affairs. Cox talks about two basic tendencies in modern Northern American urban milieu which, he believes, have a kind of inner logic which may result in a dangerous, if not catastrophic collision. He refers, first of all, to the increased necessity and indeed the practice of applying scientific technology to the planning and designing of urban environment. According to him, the first tendency is symbolized by the outcropping in university of centers of studies. The other major tendency is the increasing resentment on the part of those who have left out of planning and decision making in U.S. cities, the cutting out of the deal of people who are economically, racially, ethnically or in some other way, deprived of their voice in the decision makings in the councils of the metropolis. Cox notes that the urban technologists and the participatory democrats are the two emerging quadrants of the urban milieu. He suggests that both of the tendencies, and the two groups, owe their emergence at least in part, to the impact of the Judeo-Christian religious tradition on western civilization.

A well-integrated society is a value but not the final value of existence. There may be, from the Christian and human points of view, bad integrations. It is therefore necessary to emphasize the dangers of technical civilization when it becomes man's highest value. This technical myth leads to materialism for human relations which crystallize here into social structures are more and more dependent on material finalities. The man who is perfectly integrated into this new universe is the one who is perfectly conditioned by technology. The ≪ dechristianizing ≫ force of this bad integration, which does away with the problem of God, cannot be underestimated. Is the pastoral reply within the aspiration toward a Christian society isolated from contemporary society? Or in a transformation of the technical society under evangelic ferment? More emphasis must be given to the training of the Christian to be in the work without being of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial psychology is an applied science: it wants a continual impregnation and contact with so-called pure science (university). On the other hand it is bound by direct influence of industry to entertain a close contact (social organizations). Broadly outlined industrial psychology follows the development of theoretic psychology: interest in the separate phenomenon gets merged into consideration of the phenomena in the unity of the human individuum, being considered eventually in his community. The workingfield of industrial psychology comprises as principal applications: personnel selection, adaptation of person to work and environment, (introduction, training, education), research of staff building and training, survey of the concern, adaptation of labour and organization to the person, participation of the workers in the events of department and concern. The practice of industrial psychology in a catholic institute may contribute positively to the restoration of human dignity in the industrial domain and of the idea of co-operation instead of class-warfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in aircraft technology will create greater airlift capabilities at lower costs. How will this increased capability be effectively utilized by the Department of Defense? Time-series extrapolations of air-cargo demand have been made in the past for the civil sector of our economy and similar projections have been proposed for military airlift planning. These proved less than successful when compared with actual tonnages generated. This paper will explore a different methodology for predicting airlift demand in the military establishment. Basic data, consisting of approximately 3.8 million commodities and millions of shipments recorded on magnetic automatic data processing tapes, are obtained from all DOD supply management activities. Two information files are established. One is a catalogue file reflecting the physical characteristics (weight, cube, price, etc.) of the commodities that influence total distribution costs of delivering the items to overseas destinations. The second is a demandfile containing the actual volume and traffic flow of the commodities. From these files, total distribution costs for air and surface movement are computed by a mathematical model for each commodity to determine the break-even air rate. The economically air-eligible commodities are then correlated with the volume and traffic flow to determine the elasticity of demand at various air ton-mile rates. Based on known operating costs of new aircraft, logical requirements for airlift can be established. At the same time, criteria for selecting air-eligible commodities are based on economic considerations, thus producing the least-cost method of supplying overseas activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]