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tioned by Wilson. It will be recalled that Nesmith gives a credit of I 2 for each item in a nine-item test that comes anywhere below the item which should precede it. The pupil receives a score of 88, next to the highest possible score, although no single item of the test is within four places of its correct position. Wilson's method of scoring the test is: Transpose the pupil's markings in such a manner that they correspond with a key which places the items of the test in numerical order. Then cross out the figure i in the pupil's marking and count the number of items below it. Cross

1935, Library quarterl3I raises a question much larger than the relative convenience and expense of titleversus authorship entry for publications of corporate bodies. It brings up the two fundamental principles which underlie the AngloAmerican code2 upon which our American cataloging practice is based. The autlhor is the first concern of the American cataloger. He searches for anonymous authors. If he is dealing with corporate bodies, he seeks to identify and name the society, institution, or governmental body responsible for the document. If he has an anonymous classic, the search goes back to the source of the classic, and in lieu of author he establishes a form of name under which this literary unit is most correctly known. Only in the case of hopelessly anonymous works or works of multiple authorship, where personal authors are too many to be serviceable as an entry form, does he resort to title entry. The attribution of authorship is a first principle of American catalogers. But why this tireless search? A second principle, even more fundamental, which necessitates the search, emerges. The book in hand is considered not as a single item but as a representative of a literary unit. It is the province of the catalog to assemble these literary units, issued in various forms, under a single caption. Pope's translation of Homer's Odyssey

Two experiments tested predictions derived from Wickelgren's associative theory of short-term retention ( Psychological Review , 1969, 76 , 1–15). Children recalled single phonemic CVC syllables which were presented in lists of other CVC items with either initial (CV) or final (VC) phonemic constancy. The single recall item was either similar to (i.e., shared the phonemic constancy) or dissimilar to the list items. In Experiment I, recall did not vary with acoustic similarity, nor did it vary as expected with the locus of the phonemic similarity. In Experiment II, sources of interference were identified which differentially affected the recall of similar and dissimilar items. The absence of a similarity effect was related to these sources of interference. The results of Experiment II were discussed in terms of a multiple-associative theory of retention.

An inventory model is considered where every N periods an order is placed for an amount which brings the sum of stock-on-hand plus on-order up to some level S. The model treats a single item for which there is random demand. Demands that arrive when there is no positive inventory on hand are back-ordered. Leadtime is treated as random and the receipts of orders are allowed to cross in time. Values N* and S* which minimize steady state expected costs per unit time cannot be found. In this paper approximations, N0 and S0 are found. These are determined by minimizing an expected cost per unit time which has been maximized over all distributions of stock deficit with a given mean and variance. The method is applicable even when the functional form of the distribution of demand is not known. Computer simulations are used to indicate the values of the input parameters for which the expected costs per unit time associated with N0 and S0 are close to the similar quantities for N* and S*.

MODERN trends in poultry production have clearly emphasized the need for research on the efficiency of feed utilization in the domestic fowl. Feed cost is the largest single item of cost and amounts to 50 percent or more of the expense in rearing chickens. Consequently, if it is possible to develop strains of chickens that require even as little as 10 percent less feed than present strains, it would amount to a sizable saving to the poultry industry. With this in mind, the present research was initiated. The chief purpose was to determine whether the efficiency of feed utilization in meat production in the domestic fowl is inherited, and whether or not it is possible to develop strains of chickens that will excell others in their ability to utilize feed more efficiently. The efficiency of feed utilization is a very involved phenomenon that is influenced by a great number of . . .

The theory of statistical decision is used to describe the recognition of single letters and pairs of letters from verbally presented lists. The results which are explained by means of the memory operating characteristic exhibit that the recognition of homogeneous pairs is predictably better than the recognition of single items.

The multi-item single level capacitated dynamic lot-sizing problem consists of scheduling N items over a horizon of T periods. The objective is to minimize the sum of setup and inventory holding costs over the horizon subject to a constraint on total capacity in each period. No backlogging is allowed. Only one machine is available with a fixed capacity in each period. In case of a single item production, an optimal solution algorithm exists. But for multi-item problems, optimal solution algorithms are not available. It has been proved that even the two-item problem with constant capacity is NP (nondeterministic polynomial)-hard. That is, it is in a class of problems that are extremely difficult to solve in a reasonable amount of time. This has called for searching good heuristic solutions. For a multi-item problem, it would be more realistic to consider an upper limit on the lot-size per setup for each item and this could be a very important parameter from practical point of view. The current research work has been directed toward the development of a model for multi-item problem considering this parameter. Based on the model a program has been executed and feasible solutions have been obtained. Keywords: Heuristics, inventory, lot-sizing, multi-item, scheduling.DOI: 10.3329/jme.v38i0.893 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Vol.38 Dec. 2007 pp.1-7

TRADITIONALLY, item difficulty has been measured by determining the percentage of exam inees in a group who correctly answered the ques tion. Although most persons have used this clas sical method without question, some dissatisfac tion with it has been expressed. See, for example, Davis (1951). The major limitation of using the proportion who get the item correct is that is does not reveal differences among individuals with re spect to the degree of difficulty they have on each single item. Thus, for one person, an item may be troublesome because he has difficulty in making a choice between only two of the alternatives pre sented; for another, all of the alternatives of the same item may appear as reasonable answers. The rationale for ignoring such differences in the usual measure of difficulty assumes that, when the size of the group is large enough, the laws of chance will operate in such a way that the expected value for the number of persons who will get the item correct will occur. Even so, it is possible to have items with identical proportions of persons who get the correct response which, intuitively, are not of the same difficulty. Consider, for ex ample, the hypothetical situation for the three 5 choice items represented in Table I. While the ex pected proportion of persons who mark the item correctly is identical for all three, the breakdown, showing the different ways in which that proportion was achieved, suggests that the items are definite ly not of equal difficulty. Item B, where 15% of the group could eliminate none of the alternatives and an additional 16% only one alternative, would ap pear to be the most difficult. Item C, where every person was able to eliminate at least two alterna tives and where over half of the group eliminated three of the five choices, would seem to be the eas iest. In spite of this limitation of the classical meas ure, no one seems to have suggested any other way of determining item difficulty. The problem of this study, therefore, was that of devising and ?valua

LOCOMOTIVE REPAIR costs are the largest single item of road or line-haul locomotive operating expense. They are discussed without reference to other operating costs, except depreciation, which should be closely related.

THE eastern merchant who dealt with the West in the early nineteenth century was faced with many problems. But the western merchant was still worse off. Both sets of difficulties, particularly those of the latter, are illustrated in the correspondence between Christian Shultz and his various partners,' of Maysville, Kentucky, and the metal-selling firm of Nathan Trotter & Co., of Philadelphia. These letters are found in the Trotter collection in the Baker Library. There was always the problem of uncertain and slow transportation. If the Philadelphia merchant waited for cheap wagon freight to Pittsburgh or if the Ohio was low or frozen, it might take five months for goods to reach Kentucky. Long credits were usually demanded in the West, particularly for copper, which constituted Shultz's largest single item of purchase. This copper was made into stills and sold to the Kentucky farmer, who ordinarily depended on the proceeds from the sale of whiskey made in the still to pay for it. At this particular time, I815-I825, there were post-war problems to be faced. During the Napoleonic Wars there had been a great European demand for foodstuffs. Wheat-producing Kentucky prospered and her land values rose tremendously. After the peace came a greatly restricted demand for wheat and a decline in land values.2 At the same time the State was flooded with the currency of non-specie paying banks, established in I818 and 1820. This currency declined to such an extent that "eastern funds" cost 28 per cent in March, 1821, and 55 or 60 per cent by September of that year. A series of laws authorizing debtors to replevy their debts made it impossible for a creditor to collect his debt at once unless he accepted these notes.3

For the infinite horizon, single item inventory problem, assume an ordering cost M(i) + K(j) for changing the stock level from i to j (for example, M(i) + K(j) = c · (j − i) + K), a holding plus shortage cost l(j), and a probability φ (j, k) of demand j − k when the stock level is j. New conditions for optimality of (s, S) policies are given, and a computational method is given. Both the total discounted cost and the average cost criteria are treated. The method is simplified when the demand distribution is Bernoulli or geometric. When, in addition, the costs K(j) = K, and l(x) is −Lx for x > 0, zero for 0 ≦ x ≦ I, for some I ≧ 0, and H(x − I) for x > I, then conditions are given for an optimal policy (s*, S*) to have s* = −1 or S* = I. Further, for the same assumptions but without the integrality restriction on s and S, specific formulas are given for s* and S* when the criterion is average cost; and equations, which can be solved for s* and S*, are given when the criterion is total discounted cost.

This paper studies a single-item multi-period inventory model in which future prices of the purchased item are assumed to be determined by a Markovian stochastic process instead of being known with certainty. Convex holding and shortage costs and a set-up charge for ordering are assumed. Such a model applies to purchasing a commodity whose price fluctuates widely because of speculative activity and large variations in supply or demand. For both a finite and infinite planning horizon, the paper determines the form and bounds of optimal policies and discusses computational approaches exploiting structure.

The sessions of Vatican II exhibit the uniquely contemporary controversy between Roman Catholic thinkers. So-called "lib eral" or "progressive" Catholics contend against their more "con servative" brethren. To select only a single item which Vatican II has yet to consider on its agenda, the "conservative" or "tra ditionalist" viewpoint on the proper Church-state relationship is rejected by liberal Catholics. What is the conservative Cath olic's position on Church-state relations which the liberal Cath olic must call into question and, if possible, discredit? It is the purpose of this article to answer this question with specific ref erence to contemporary Roman Catholic Church-state thought on the American scene. The basic principles underlying the Church-state doctrine in American Roman Catholic thought in the present day are vari ously formulated in the writings of outstanding "conservative" and "liberal" Catholic thinkers. We need to state rather clearly what we mean by the terms "conservative" and "liberal" Cath olic views. Essentially by "conservative" we mean the views of those writers who tend primarily to preserve established tradi tions, institutions, and papal pronouncements in presenting these to the modern world. By "liberal" or "progressive" we mean the views of those Catholic writers who also wish to preserve what is considered to be essential in Catholic thought, practice, and pronouncement but who are fundamentally concerned to re-pre sent this in a more vital way for the contemporary world. Both groups wish to remain true to what they take to be the authentic tradition of the Catholic Church; both wish to present the truth of this heritage to the modern world. One way of illustrating this distinction between the two groups is to consider the attitude and method of each with regard to papal utterances. The conservative cites a past papal utterance and then draws conclusions from this to solve some situation *This article is a slightly revised chapter from the forthcoming book, John Courtney Murray: Contemporary Church-State Theory, by Thomas T. Love, to be published by Doubleday and Co., Inc., in April 1965.

A single product system with linear costs is considered when customers are of two different types. Penalty costs for lost sales differ for the two types of customers and; therefore, optimal system control requires different shortage probabilities for the two classes. In one case, high penalty customers independently arrive while at the other extreme it is assumed that there is only one such customer. Single critical number policies are optimal in the simple situations. If the priority type customers become active and register displeasure by changing their demand pattern when their demands are not satisfied, simple convexity or Polya frequency function arguments are not sufficient to guarantee that the optimal policy remains one of the single critical number variety.

When I was first told, as a boy, how to keep my petty cash accounts, my instructor, in a rash moment, once let me see her own. The largest single item on the debit side stood opposite the initials “G.O.K.” Intrigued, I asked who the mysterious “Mr. K. was”. “No-one”, was the reply, “it stands for “God only knows”. The money is gone – on what I could not tell you. G.O.K. balances the accounts and takes care of my ignorance”.

INTRODUCTION FEED costs are the greatest single item of expenditure in the production of eggs particularly in tropical countries where labour is cheap and where the climatic conditions demand no more than simple, inexpensive housing for the birds. The profitability of a poultry enterprise under these conditions would therefore depend very largely on the extent to which feed costs could be reduced. Most tropical countries are fortunate in that oil cakes or oil meals of one sort or another are generally produced locally and thus provide a cheap source of protein. In consequence, it is generally much easier to compound high protein diets for livestock in the tropics than diets with a wide nutritive ratio. In Ceylon, coconut meal is available at very low cost and forms the basis of most concentrate mixtures for livestock. On the other hand, cereals are often difficult to obtain for animal feeding in most …

Summary The periodic review, single item, stationary (s, S) inventory model is considered. There is a fixed lead time, a linear purchase cost, a fixed set‐up cost, a holding and shortage cost function, a discount factor 0 < α≤ 1 and backlogging of unfilled demand. The solution for the total expected discounted cost for the finite period (s, S) model is found. In addition the time dependent behaviour of the inventory process is found. Further a limit theorem is given, which relates the total expected cost for the finite period (s, S) model with no discounting to the average expected cost per period for the infinite period (s, S) model. As a by‐product we obtain known results for the infinite period (s, S) model. Copyright

This review points to areas where new or better crystals for scientific research and for technological applications are needed. The most important single item is still better, larger and more uniform crystals of the main semiconductor materials, especially silicon. The properties of needed crystals of other substances, metals, semiconductors and insulators are briefly described and some further problems of crystal growing research and defect assessment are mentioned.

Sixty three organisms selected from 12 genera of bacteria were subjected to numerical analysis. The purpose of this work is to examine the relationships among 38 coryneform bacteria included in the test organisms by two coding methods—Sneath’s and Lockhart’s systems—, and to compare the results with conventional classification. In both cases of codification, five groups and one or two single item(s) were found in the resultant classifications. Different codings brought, however, a few distinct differences in some groups, especially in a group of sporogenic bacilli or lactic-acid bacteria. So far as the present work concerns, the result obtained on Lockhart’s coding rather than that obtained on Sneath’s coding resembled the conventional classification. The taxonomic positions of corynebacteria were quite different from those of the conventional classification, regardless of which coding method was applied.Though animal corynebacteria have conventionally been considered to occupy the taxonomic position neig...

Twenty-four sleep-disturbed subjects were assigned to one of three group therapy conditions: relaxation-alone, desensitization with relaxation practice, and desensitization without relaxation practice. After three sessions, significant improvement occured in reported latency of sleep onset, rated difficulty in falling asleep, and number of awakenings during the night. While no differences between therapy conditions were found in the main analyses, there was case evidence suggesting a possible superiority of desensitization plus relaxation practice in the more severe cases of insomnia.

A comparison of a forced-choice visual search task with an item recognition task did not support Neisser’s (1967) hypothesis of a preattentive stage that processes targets and nontargets differentially. In the forced-choice condition, Ss indicated which of two items in a visual display was a target; in item recognition, Ss determined whether or not the single item in the visual display was a target. The size of the memorized set of possible targets was varied from one to six items for both tasks. Latencies increased linearly with memory set size in both conditions; the slopes for forced choice and item recognition were 41.8 and 27.9 msec per item, respectively. The ratio of 1.38 between the two slopes was well fit by Sternberg’s (1967) item recognition model, which predicts a ratio of 1.50.

The purpose of the task was to design and develop a knife cutter- bayonet which could be used as a fighting and survival knife, a bayonet, a wire cutter and a general purpose tool. Requirements such as light weight, an ability to cut both barbed wire and barbed tape and compatibility with the standard Army M-16 rifle were essential. Additional features suggested included a built-in saw, a screwdriver and a sharpening stone. Development was terminated when it was concluded that it was beyond the current state of the art to develop a single item encompassing all the features stated as essential. The report recommends that the US Army continue to issue and use the bayonet and the wire cutter as separate items.

To say that the content, form and direction of the educational system has been a preoccupation of every independent government in Africa over the past decade is perhaps only to repeat a truism. Education has been the subject of innumerable international conferences, and of countless reports by experts of every description. National governments and international organizations have made it their first order of business; it has been the major single item of expenditure in many national budgets and to it has gone a major part of the external contributions to African aid. Yet for all the attention education has received it remains a subject of intense controversy, which has produced few satisfactory solutions to the dilemmas posed by the place of education in development.

Mark twain’s three letters of thomas jefferson snod-grass, 1 published in the Keokuk Saturday Post for November 1, 1856, and the Keokuk Daily Post for November 29, 1856, and April 10, 1857, probably owe more to William Tappan Thompson’s Major Jones’s Sketches of Travel (1847)2 than to any other single item in Twain’s reading. This is not to deny that he had read widely in the typical newspaper humor of the 1850’s or that his techniques had been made commonplace by dozens of earlier writers.

The modern cathode-ray oscilloscope is designed as a measuring instrument, and is the most useful of all electronic test devices. So great is its versatility that workers in every branch of scientific activity now find the instrument to be almost indispensable. If limited to the purchase of a single item of electronic measuring equipment, the majority of experienced workers would select an oscilloscope.

Ratings of mental symptoms, behaviour in the ward, and attitudes to discharge were made on random samples of male schizophrenic patients, aged under sixty, from two London mental hospitals. Those resident less than two years were omitted. There was a concentration of unfavourable attitudes to discharge in the longer-stay groups which remained significant when age, and mental symptom category, were allowed for. There was no significant association between mental symptom category and length of stay. There was no significant association between ward behaviour and length of stay except for one single item. The results suggested that patients gradually develop an attitude of indifference towards events outside the hospital which is part of a syndrome of ‘institutionalism’. No such long-term deterioration in mental symptoms or ward behaviour was demonstrated but relatively rapid changes, or deterioration before the two-year point, could not be excluded.

THE years 1941 and 1942 were the outstanding years of all time for electrochemical processes in the number of new kilowatts of conversion apparatus installed to fill the wartime demand for aluminum, magnesium, chlorine, and copper and zinc. In each of these years, conversion apparatus totaling approximately 1,000,000 kilowatts was installed to convert alternating current to direct current. These two record years brought the grand total of direct current kilowatts installed in the electrochemical industry to approximately 3,900,000 kilowatts, 73 per cent in mercury-arc rectifiers. Because of the very high load factor, the electrochemical processes will be absorbing energy at the rate of approximately 30,000,000,000 kilowatt-hours per year by early 1943 when all the new apparatus is in full production. This ranges from 12 to 15 per cent of all the electrical energy consumed in the United States, and is the largest single item of electrical load. These figures do not include the 1,000,000 or ...

Ever since the careful studies of Vaughan, Novy and others on the intracellular constituents of bacteria, considerable attention has been paid to these substances. Various procedures have been devised for the purpose of putting the endocellular materials into solution or into suspension, and such preparations have been subjected to chemical analysis or to tests of toxicity and antigenic activity, often on the assumption that the fractionated extracts contained compounds existing under natural conditions in the living cell. There would appear to be some doubt concerning the validity of such a blanket assumption, particularly as it applies to cellular proteins, for recent work, especially that of Anson and Mirsky,1 has tended to revise the classic concept of protein denaturation, making of it a much more comprehensible process and one occurring more widely than was previously supposed. In the light of this understanding it is safe to say that many of the processes of cell extraction, utilizing drastic treatment of the cells with heat or chemicals, or both, result in partial or complete denaturation of the cell proteins. The very real role which such factors may play is perhaps best exemplified by the single item of denaturation by heat, for which the temperature coefficient (Qioo) is in the neighborhood of 600. This unique figure, three hundred times greater than that holding for ordinary chemical reactions, indicates that even the very moderate temperatures commonly employed in preparing vaccines result in partial or complete denaturation of the cellular proteins. This, in turn, renders difficult the interpretation of immunization experiments as well as tests of toxicity, since Cutler 2 showed that the immune response to native protein is quite different from that exhibited toward denatured protein, and Vaughan 3 recorded numerous instances in which extremely toxic substances were obtained by the chemical treatment of atoxic cells. Further, the experiments of Anson and Mirsky reveal the remarkable ease with which denaturation may proceed under a variety of chemical conditions.

To group a number of otherwise dissimilar dermatoses under a solitary character such as color and at the same time to discuss them from the standpoint of pathology properly require explanation. Ordinarily, to occupy the sacred precincts of pathology and revolve around a single item, such as color, might well be criticized as being, if not sacrilegious, in bad form, or at least of a low order of appreciation of the premises. The particular color in this case, yellow, is an outstanding and comparatively distinctive one when present in a dermatosis— there is little question in a given lesion whether it is or is not present. Furthermore, it is present in but a limited number of dermatoses, and hence from the standpoint of differential diagnosis confines considerations to but a limited list of dermatoses. That is, the situation is different from that of redness, whiteness or brownness

A fundamental principle for the perfection of a technical procedure or an experimental method is to provide some other subject than man on which the novice may develop adeptness by repetition. At first thought, intravenous and intramuscular injection technic scarcely impresses one as deserving a degree of consideration that would bring them within the scope of this dictum. A number of experiences, however, suggest the contrary. Local accidents, including extensive sloughs, from the subcutaneous injection of alkaline solutions which fail to enter the vein are much too common, even in well organized hospitals. Blood transfusion is too often a needlessly brutal affair. Serious and lasting injury may result from misplaced arsphenamine injections.1Serious and prolonged distress from neuritis may follow improper injection of irritants intramuscularly,2and embolism which often might have been prevented by attention to a single item in technic may follow entry of a deep vein.

W HILE considerable has been written upon the food of Bufo americanus, most writers have dealt with mature toads only. The present note pertains only to immature forms, ranging in length from 8 to 12 mm. During June, July and early August of 1928 and June of 1929, I have taken and examined 400 of these small toads. However, no criteria of the food predilection as exercised by any animal can be accurately judged from a large number taken in the same place at the same time. If several hundred small toads are taken from the shelter of a manure pile, one would expect to find 90 per cent or more of the food consisting of a single item, i.e., manure fly larvae, Ceratopogon and Leptocera. Accordingly, not more than fifty individuals were taken on the same date, and these were taken as widely scattered as possible. The toads examined seldom had more than six species of animals in their stomachs, and more often than not, a few mites, thrips or insect larvae made up the total. Rarely a stomach would contain over a dozen different arthropods. The food is recorded in percentage by bulk, and follows in the order of abundance.

In the mid 1960's, Frederick Freedman, then Music Librarian at UCLA, acquired from a variety of sources an extensive collection of printed editions of instrumental compositions by Ignaz Pleyel. Heavily weighted towards chamber music, this collection yields from its thirty-eight separate items a total of forty-five discrete editions (174 compositions), a number sufficient to demonstrate strikingly and specifically many of the problems connected with Pleyel research, problems that have caused generations of scholars to echo Gerber's words of exasperation, "His [Pleyel's] works appear in fifteen different numbers and at the same time, through arrangements, in fifteen different titles and shapes."' "No other composer," Fetis observed some years later, "has furnished the material for so many commercial frauds of all kinds."2 With the realization that Rita Benton's comprehensive Pleyel catalog is nearing completion,3 I have attempted in this brief survey (1 to illustrate with items from the collection some of the bibliographical questions that the arrival of Dr. Benton's catalog will answer, and (2 to list the UCLA holdings and thereby acquaint musicologists with them.4 More specifically, in the UCLA collection there are nine single works, nineteen sets of three works, sixteen sets of six works, and one set of twelve works. Of this total, fifty-one compositions alone are contained in what is perhaps the most important single item in the collection, a complete set of parts (each set bound in quarter red morocco gilt) of various London printings of eight separate string quartet opuses (one set of three works, six sets of six, and one set of twelve). Media represented in presumably original scoring, still a thorny problem, include the solo piano sonata (one item), the string duo (six items), the duet for