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Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) allows visualization of the entire biliary tree. The cholangiographic appearance of the intrahepatic bile ducts has received relatively little attention. This postmortem study was performed to define cholangiographic alterations produced by disease and to aid in the recognition of pathologic intrahepatic cholangiographic patterns produced by ERC. Intrahepatic cholangiographic patterns in the normal biliary tree, hepatic cirrhosis, hepatic infiltrative processes, and hepatic mass lesions are presented.

72 männliche Punjabi Jat-Sikhs und 71 Banias im Alter zwischen 16 und 24 Jahren wurden vergleichsweise auf ihren Körperbau und dessen Komponenten untersucht. Dabei erwiesen sich die Jat-Sikhs als signifikant größer in den Umfangsmaßen und bezüglich einiger anderer anthropometrischer Maße. Auf der andern Seite zeigten die Banias nach Messungen der Hautfaltendicke stärkere Fetteinlagerungen. Die ersteren haben muskulöse Extremitäten, während die letzteren stärkere Fettablagerungen in den Extremitäten besitzen. Die Fettverteilung am Rumpf ist aber in beiden Gruppen ähnlich. Der höhere Anteil muskulärer Gewebe zeichnet den Körperbau der Jat-Sikhs aus. Analysiert man die verschiedenen Körperkomponenten nach der Methode Matiegkas (1921), so zeigen sich die Unterschiede überwiegend in den Prozentanteilen der muskulären und der subkutanen Fettgewebe, da das Skelett in beiden Gruppen einen annähernd gleichen Prozentwert des Gesamtkörpergewichtes ausmacht.

SummaryIt has been suggested previously that polygenes play an important role in host-parasite relationships, especially in controlling horizontal resistance of the host and aggressiveness of the parasite. Also, quantitative characters in many fungi were found to be under polygenic control. In the fungus Ustilago hordei, causing the disease covered smut in barley, the ordered tetrads of two teliospores homozygous for the recessive virulence allele Uh v-1 were selfed and crossed in all compatible combinations and the resulting 16 dikaryons were tested on the barley variety Vantage. Aggressiveness (i.e. degree of infection) was found to be a continuous character genetically controlled by polygenes which modify the expression of the recessive virulence allele Uh v-1. The analysis of variance showed a large amount of variability in aggressiveness both between and within the teliospores. It also showed that the dikaryons resulting from crossing were significantly more aggressive than those resulting from selfing, suggesting that the alleles for higher levels of aggressiveness are dominant and indicating the existence of heterosis. The results showed the importance of the genetic control of aggressiveness; about 65 per cent of the variability was due to genetic causes while 35 per cent was due to environmental ones. They also showed that the genetic control of the polygenes was not simply additive, there was an amount of gene interaction, which could be due to dominance, epistasis or both.Heredity (1974) 32, 219–224; doi:10.1038/hdy.1974.25

Buffalo spermatozoa have been studied cytochemically and biochemically to investigate their phospholipids, which appear to be phosphatidyl choline, lysolecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl glycerol and monogalactosyl diglyceride. Most of them form lipoprotein complexes in the regions of the plasma membrane, the post-nuclear cap and the mid-piece. The lipid composition of buffalo spermatozoa has been compared to and contrasted with that of bull and ram spermatozoa and species differences are indicated.

Protein is the first limiting nutrient for ruminants grazing indigenous forages during the dry or winter season. As preformed proteins are expensive and in great demand for the feeding of nonruminants, attention of the researcher has turned to the possible use of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources for ruminant feeding and to the possible improvement of the utilization of preformed proteins. To obtain maximum utilization of NPN or protein-nitrogen requires knowledge of the metabolism of these compounds by ruminants. This paper is a review of the research work on NPN and protein nitrogen utilization with emphasis upon rates of ammonia production and nitrogen utilization by ruminants.

Five trials involving 55 lambs were conducted to determine effects of subcutaneous injections of jackbean urease on antiurease production, general performance, digestion coefficients, nitrogen retention, plasma urea and ammonia levels and gastrointestinal fluids urease activity in sheep. Antiurease activity, based upon a technique involving the enzyme inhibition principle, was observed in serum of all urease injected lambs. Significant response in average daily gains was associated with production and maintenance of antiurease activity in blood. A total dose of 250 (International Union of Biochemistry, IUB) urease units per kilogram initial bodyweight, given by subcutaneous administration over a period of 3 to 4 weeks was considered suitable for this response. There was no significant effect of urease immunity on digestion of dry matter and organic matter and the retention of dietary nitrogen; however, the trends appeared to be toward increased digestibility in the immunized animals.In rumen infusion studies ruminal vein plasma ammonia-nitrogen levels were significantly lower in immunized lambs than in controls. Ruminal vein plasma urea level was not affected by urease immunity but peak values for jugular vein plasma urea levels in immunized lambs appeared to be obtained later than in the controls. Urease activity of fluid from the proximal end of colon of immunized lambs was lower than controls, and there appeared to be a trend toward decreased urease activity in rumen and ileum fluids of immunized lambs.The possible association of improved growth performance of sheep to a reduction of urea hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract is discussed.

Cellulose digestion determined by the in vitrorumen fermentation technique was used as a criterion to detect the presence of metabolic inhibitor (s) in various fractions of orchardgrass. The metabolic inhibitor is extractable with hot detergent, hot alkali-detergent, and azeotropic solution of meth-anol and acetone. The inhibitor appeared to be more concentrated in relatively low cellulose-digestibility orchardgrass than relatively high cellulose-digestibility orchard-grass.Supported in part by grants from Moorman Manufacturing Co., Quincy, III., and Nat. Inst. Health Grant GM 08732.

Jackbean urease was extracted and recrystallized three times. Subcutaneous injection of urease in sheep produced urease antibodies in blood and certain secretions. Concurrently urease activity in rumen fluid was reduced. Antiserum gave a positive precipitin ring reaction with ruminal urease. A surgical technique for the cannulation of the parotid duct of sheep is described.

Basal and potential fat mobilizing lipase assays were developed for ruminant adipose homogenates. Cyclic AMP (4 uM), ATP (40 µ(M) and MgCl2(133 µM) as cofactors increased (P<.05) lipolysis from 1.0 to 1.8 umoles fatty acids released/hr/mg protein. Addition of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase did not increase lipolysis. Cyclic AMP caused an apparent increase (P∼.25) in basal protein kinase activity of adipose homogenates from 6.5 to 8.6 mumoles 32P incorporated/hr./mg protein.Fat mobilizing lipase activity was determined in subcutaneous adipose tissues of lambs differing in age (8, 16 and 32 weeks), sex (ewe, wether, and ram) and breed (Southdown and Suffolk sired lambs) (3 × 3 × 2 factorial, replicated once). Basal lipolytic activity at 8, 16, 32 weeks of age were 0.5, 0.6 and 1.8 units, respectively. Comparable lipolytic values with cyclic AMP activation (potential) were 0.8, 1.3 and 3.1. Fat mobilizing lipase activities were higher (P<.05) at 32 than at 8 or 16 weeks. Lambs sired by Southdown rams responded to age effect more than those sired by Suffolk rams. Influence of sex on basal and potential fat mobilizing lipase was small, but rams had low activities relative to ewes and wethers. Basal fat mobilizing lipase activity was higher (P<.01) in adipose tissues from Southdown sired lambs compared to those of Suffolk sired lambs (1.6 vs.0.4), possibly due to a higher proportion of the active form of fat mobilizing lipase in lambs sired by Southdown rams than those sired by Suffolk rams. The difference between breeds for potential fat mobilizing lipase was not significant. Lipolysis appears to increase with fatness in lambs.

BackgroundAlthough a tube potential of 140 kV is available on most computed tomography (CT) scanners, its incremental diagnostic value versus 120 kV has been controversial.PurposeTo retrospectively evaluate the image quality and radiation exposure of cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) performed at 140 kV in comparison to CCTA at 120 kV in overweight and moderately obese patients.Material and MethodsEighty-eight patients who were referred for CCTA between January 2010 and May 2012 were included. Forty-four patients who were overweight or moderately obese (body mass index [BMI], 25–35 kg/m2) underwent CCTA with dual-source CT (DSCT) scanner at 140 kV. Forty-four match controls who underwent CCTA with DSCT at 120 kV were identified per BMI, average heart rate, scan indication, and scan acquisition mode. All scans were performed per routine protocols with direct physician supervision. Quantitative image metrics (CT attenuation, image noise, contrast-to-noise ratio [CNR], and signal-to-noise ratio [SNR] of left main [LM] and proximal right coronary artery [RCA]) were assessed. Effective radiation dose was compared between the two groups.ResultsOverall, all scans were diagnostic without any non-evaluable coronary segment per clinical report. 140 kV had a lower attenuation and image noise versus 120 kV (P < 0.01). Both SNR and CNR of proximal coronary arteries were similar between 140 kV and 120 kV (SNR, LM P = 0.93, RCA P = 0.62; CNR, LM P = 0.57, RCA P = 0.77). 140 kV was associated with a 35.3% increase in effective radiation dose as compared with 120 kV (5.1 [3.6–8.2] vs. 3.3 [2.0–5.1] mSv, respectively; P < 0.01).Conclusion140 kV CCTA resulted in similar image quality but a higher effective radiation dose in comparison to 120 kV CCTA. Therefore, in overweight and moderately obese patients, a tube potential of 120 kV may be sufficient for CCTA with diagnostic image quality.

Human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase was inhibited by aromatic chelating agents. However, structurally related compounds with much lower metal-complexing ability displayed affinities for enzyme essentially equal to those of their respective chelating analogues. Inhibition was competitive with respect to the coenzyme. It is suggested that hydrophobic interactions between the inhibitors and the coenzyme-binding site of the enzyme are responsible for the observed effects on activity.

PERSISTENT hypercalcemia is frequently associated with widespread metastatic calcification, most commonly in the kidneys, lungs, gastric mucosa, and blood vessels. This selective localization is believed to be due to unique physiological factors. Major pathological alterations in the function of these tissues may be expected to alter the distribution of calcium salt deposition. We are reporting a case in which nephrocalcinosis was largely confined to one kidney. It is our opinion that differences in the state of tubular glomerular function are responsible for this differential localization of calcium.Report of a CaseA 51-year-old man was admitted to the New York Veterans Administration Hospital in August 1973 because of weight loss and pain in the lower back and left thigh, of several months' duration. Transurethral resections on two occasions and finally a partial cystectomy in September 1972 were performed for a transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder diagnosed by cystoscopic

Evidence is presented to show that excited O2(1?g+, 1?g) is an intermediate in the dye (methylene blue, rose bengal, eosin) sensitized oxidation of diphenylamine which yeilds N-phenyl-p-benzoquinonimine. The relative rates in different solvents are reported and a mechanism is suggested.

Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., India(Received 22nd January 1975)Studies such as those of Napier (1961), Woolley (1968) and Beatty (1970) have shown that significant variations in sperm phenotype are genetically based rather than caused by the external environment. Little work has been done on goat spermatozoa and their measurements (Saeki, 1948; Jelam & Nambier, 1965; Kurian & Raja, 1965; Tewari, Sharma & Roy, 1968). In view of the large number of publications on the dimensions of gametes of other mammals, the present work was undertaken to fill this gap,Seven male goats (Capra hircus) of two breeds, Black Bengal and Barbari, were selected so that the ages were similar in each group. An artificial vagina was used to collect semen; three collections were made from each goat at an interval of 3 to 5 days. Semen smears were prepared using nigrosin—eosin stain, and