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Sitotroga cerealella Oliv. causes a considerable amount of damage to unhusked stored rice in Bangladesh, but the details of the extent of such loss are not known. The studies conducted here showed that from 3 to 12 per cent of the rice kernels are attacked over a period of 6–9 months. This causes a total weight loss varying from 4·2 to 11·9 per cent with an average of 8·1 per cent. Only about 56·3 per cent of each infested kernel is needed for complete larval development. The extent of the pest attack was increased by high moisture content. The proportion of kernels of the sundried rice attacked varied from 2 to 4 per cent, whereas it rose to about 45·5 per cent of kernels soaked in water for 18 hr before exposure to infestation.

The olfactory responses of Peristenus pseudopallipes (Loan) to the odors of some food plants of its host, the tarnished plant bug ( Lygus lineolaris Palisot deBeauvois), were studied. The parasitoid females responded preferentially to Erigeron plant odor in a Y-tube olfactometer. The attractive odor was shown to emanate from the flowers. The responsiveness of the P. pseudopallipes females was shown to be related to the number of eggs in their ovaries. The flowers of Erigeron were also preferred for feeding, and this feeding apparently was necessary for maximum longevity.

To establish the indices evaluating the ecological conditions of forests in Bangladesh, total number of butterflies counted in 5 observation sites reached 27,805 (76 species, 10 families). Number of butterflies (IND) and species showed bimodal pattern of seasonal fluctuations peaked in April and November-to- December. The values of I(R5) also showed bimodal seasonal fluctuations peaked in January-to-February and July-to-September. The ratios of IND/I(R5) formed a large peak in November. Results indicate that species diversities of butterflies high in March-to-July decreased thereafter, the numbers of butterflies increased toward November in the study area. Key words: Butterfly, seasonal fluctuation, population indices, ecological states  doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1958 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 67-71

The presence of numerous haors (seasonal lakes), and the occurrence of flash floods and sedimentation are among the dominant physical and hydro-climatic features of North-East Bangladesh. These features for one of the haors (Hail Haor) in the region are studied using a conceptual hydrological model and a hydraulic routine. The hydrologic model used for daily runoff estimation from rainfall and evaporation information is the widely used tank model. Both soil-moisture movement and stream-flow routing are considered in the developed model. The tank runoff is used as an input to a hydraulic routine for estimation of stream water temperatures and suspended sediment load. Based on the stream sediment concentration, sedimentation in a downstream lake (Hail Haor) is estimated and it is found to be about 25 mm per annum. The relationship between monsoonal flooding and thermal response of the haor is investigated with one-year measured data of haor temperatures and water level. Different heat fluxes and thermal stability parameters are also estimated. The advection flux and the Richardson number are found to be sensitive to flooding in the haor. The unique feature of the Hail Haor found in the context of lake ecology is that thermal stratification occurs during sunny days under calm weather and complete mixing occurs in the event of large flash floods. Keywords : tank model; suspended sediment; water temperature; thermal stratification; buoyancy flux; Richardson number; haor. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jhm.v6i1.5480 Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology , Vol. 6, No. 1 15-25

Experiments were carried out to evaluate the toxicity of six botanicals, Bazna (Zanthoxylum rhetsa) , Ghora-neem (Melia sempervirens), Hijal (Barringtonia acutangula), Karanja (Pongamia pinnata), Mahogoni (Swietenia mahagoni) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) against red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst. Leaf and seed extracts were prepared by using acetone, methanol and water as solvents. The results showed that extracts of all the six plants had direct toxic effect on red flour beetle. Among them, Neem seed extract showed the highest toxic effect (mortality, 52.50%), whereas Hijal leaf extract possessed the lowest toxic effect (mortality, 22.24%). Among the solvents, acetone extract showed more toxic effect than other extracts. Seed extracts of respective plants were slightly more toxic than leaf extract. The effectiveness of most of the plant extracts increased proportionally with the increase of doses and decreased with time. Keywords: Plant extracts; Toxicity; Red flour beetle DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i1.4789 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(1): 1-5, 2009

The present investigation was done in the esterase gene expression analysis of the Red Jungle fowl Gallus gallus of Bangladesh utilizing the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) technique. Each allele produces a biochemical message that helps to produce various protein phenotypes those were expressed in the form of bands on the polyacrylamide gel bed. Altogether four different esterase bands were recorded in both Red Jungle (RJ) fowl and Naked Neck (NN) fowl of Bangladesh. These were denoted as Est-1 (2), Est-2(1), Est-3 (21) and Est-4 (13) based on the relative mobility on the gel. Among them Est-2 is very common in almost all tissues. Comparing the esterase in both genetic groups, their expression intensity even the relative mobility provided a unique feature that they were similar. The investigation indicates that esterase gene between the Red Jungle fowl and Naked Neck fowl of Bangladesh has a close relationship. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v38i1-2.9908 BJAS 2009; 38(1-2): 15-21

Effect of superparasitization on the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), and its parasite Trichopoda pennipes pilipes (F.) is discussed. The parasite emerged from 38 to 78% of the superparasitized hosts. This percentage was correlated with the number of parasite larval penetrations into each host. At low larval density (2-5 parasite larvae per host), the percentage of hosts from which the parasites emerged was greater (64-78%) than at high parasite larval density (7-14 parasite larvae per host). In the latter case the percentage of hosts which produced adult parasites was reduced to 38%. The fecundity of the superparasitized hosts was reduced to about 59% of that of unparasitized hosts, but the percentage of egg fertility remained unaffected.

The geometry of a meandering stream depends strongly on the relative stream size (Q 2/5 / g 1/5)/D, on the valley slope, Sv, and on the charge, Q s/Q, where Q and Q s are the fluid and sediment discharges respectively, g is acceleration due to gravity and D is the mean sediment size. The geometry depends less strongly on the relative settling size of sediment, D/(v 2/3 / g 1/3), where v is the kinematic viscosity. For constant values of Q, S v and D, the effect of increase of charge reduces the meander length, M L, and the mean channel surface width, B, whereas meander width, M B, bend radius, R M, and mean channel depth, H, increase, For a constant value of (Q 2/5 / g1/5)/D the values of M L, M B, R M and B increase with the increase of valley slope but the value of H tends to decrease.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcmcta.v22i1.9104 JCMCTA 2011; 22(1): 7-10

Fatty acid composition of Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn root extracted successively with light petroleum ether (40-60 0 C bp.)- n-hexane and chloroform were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Twenty one fatty acids were identified in the Seuli root. The major saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are palmitic acid (C 16:0, 13.97%) and oleic acid (C 18:1, 28.43%). Physio-chemical characteristics, such as iodine value, moisture, ash, lignin and crude fibre of the Seuli root were also determined. Keywords: Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn; Seuli; root; fatty acid composition; gas liquid chromatography. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcs.v24i2.9709 Journal of Bangladesh Chemical Society , Vol. 24(2), 202-208, 2011

Indiscriminate and frequent use of insecticides are causing occurrence of resistance problem in the treated population in mosquitoes. Organo-phosphates are associated with esterase enzyme overproduction leading towards the selection of resistant population. Esterase pattern was studied from two geographically isolated populations of Culex quinquefasciatus by the Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE). The municipal area of Sirajganj (24°19'48" N, 89°37'12"E) is located 160 km away from Dhaka (23°42'0" N, 90°22'30"E), the capital of Bangladesh. In Dhaka insecticides are frequently sprayed with by the city corporation whereas in Sirajganj town insecticides usually not in use. Altogether eight and seven esterase bands were observed from above two populations. These were named as Est-1, Est-2, Est-3, Est-4, Est-5 Est-6, Est-7, Est-8, respectively. Sirajganj population in general showed less esterase activity in comparison with that of Hatirjheel. Est-5 in Hatirjheel population was found to be distinct and darkly stained. These reflect increasing insecticide resistance due to excessive use of insecticides in mosquito control program in the Dhaka city. Furthermore, in Sirajganj population two female samples were found to produce unique bands in Est-2, very thick (~50-100fold), although these specimens were morphologically similar to other samples, alleged to be the occurrence of species complex in Culex quinquefasciatus. Nation wide intensive sampling and large scale study in terms of esterase appears to be essential to reveal the entity of species complex and correlate resistance with the esterases for managerial purpose. Key Words: Esterase variability; Culex quinquefasciatus; Isolated locations DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v19i1.8939 DUJBS 2010; 19(1): 13-20

This study was done to identify the lacking in conducting MBBS course-curriculum of Bangladesh. For this purpose a descriptive survey was done among 30 MBBS doctors (Passed within 10 years) of Faridpur district. No internship doctors were included. Self-administered unstructured questionnaire was supplied to them and qualitative analysis of data was done. Majority doctors dissatisfied with (i) Gaining knowledge and skill (ii) Environment of medical colleges (iii) Teaching method (iv) Less MCQ (v) Existing viva-voce (vi) Library facilities (vi) Less clinical symposium. Key Words: Under Graduate; Medical Education; Curriculum; Doctor; Bangladesh DOI:10.3329/jbsp.v2i0.986 J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2007 Dec;(2): 54-59.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of packaging materials on the quality and shelf life of country bean (Lablab niger) using passive modification of modified atmosphere packaging system. The modified atmosphere was created by making perforation in the packets made by polypropylene. Bean pre-treated with chlorine water and then packaging in selected polypropylene resulted substantial reduction in losses caused by weight loss and rotting/shriveling. These treatment combinations also considerably retained vitamin C, β-carotene, moisture content, etc. Under this condition, the retention of quality and shelf life of bean could be extended upto 8 days at ambient condition as compared to non-treated and without packaging. Key Words: Packaging techniques; chlorination; shelf life; country bean. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i4.5838Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(4) : 623-631, December 2009

An investigation was conducted to evaluate the status of micronutrients i.e. Iron, Manganese, Copper and Zinc and their behavior with respect to some general soil properties according to the land type in some soils of Gazipur district. A total of 114 soil samples were collected from different spots of Sripur and Kaliakair upazilas under Gazipur district which is situated in two physiograpic regions: Madhupur tract and Brahmaputra floodplain. Amount of total Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn varied significantly and ranged from 0.1817-0.3375%, 0.0094-0.0754% , 0.0028-0.0089% and 0.0080-0.1216% respectively in Sripur upazila whereas 0.1433-0.4864%, 0.0428-0.0804%, 0.0020-0.0079% and 0.0030-0.0399% in Kaliakair upazila of different land type. The content in the studied areas increases from high land to low land. The textural class in most soils is silty clay loam, silt loam, clay loam, silty clay and clay. The pH was highly acidic to moderately acidic and there was a small change of pH with the land type. Organic matter content showed an increasing trend from high land to low land of the studied soils. A significant and negative correlation observed between pH and total Mn content while other micronutrients (Fe, Cu and Zn) showed non-significant and negative relationship. Total exchangeable bases of some soils of the studied areas have positive significant correlation with micronutrients. Interaction of micronutrients with each other showed significant relationship. Key words: Fe; Mn; Cu; Zn; Madhupur tract; young Brahmaputra floodplain DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i4.4592 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(4), 425-430, 2009

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v1i1.7848 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.1(1) 1994 pp.22-27

The host-finding activity of Leiophron pseudopallipes Loan centers on flowering Erigeron plants. Several plant-related variables that could affect host-finding success were studied. These included plant height, plant density, host density per plant, the presence of unattractive plants in the habitat, and the background color of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) feeding sites on the plants. Although the highest percentage of Lygus nymphs parasitized was associated with the same plant-height class in all fields sampled, plant height is probably unimportant in the host-finding behavior of L. pselldopallipes . Plant height is influenced by plant density, and evidence suggests that L. pselldopallipes is differentially attracted to areas of the habitat with the greatest density of Erigeron plants. Lygus densities are also higher where the Erigeron densities are greatest, which sometimes gives rise to a correlation between parasitization and Lyglis density. The presence of other herbs in Erigeron patches appears to lower the attractiveness of these stands to L. pseudopallipes . It is suggested that these plants may disrupt the olfactory cues used in host finding. The contrasting background color of the Erigeron plants also influenced parasitization. Reddish L. lineolaris nymphs, which tend to contrast with green plant background, were 3 times as apt to be parasitized as the green nymphs.

The electrophoretic banding pattern of esterase isozymes were examined in eighteen different tissues of Nile tilapia after staining with α and β naphthyl acetate as substrate. The tissues were anterior-, mid-, tailmuscle (ventral and tip region), buccal muscle, stomach, fore-, mid-, hind-gut, liver, gill, heart, kidney, eye (lens), eye (iris), fore-, mid- and hind- brain. Altogether five bands named as Est-11.4, Est-21.1, Est-31, Est-40.62 and Est-50.25 were observed different relative mobility. Est-1 and Est-5 denote the fastest and slowest band. Est-3 was present in all the tissues. All five bands were expressed in liver and stomach. Some of the esterase bands showed tissue and substrate specificity, where Est-1 was in fore-, mid- and hind- brain, Est-2 in hind gut, Est-5 in stomach, gill and heart was stained only with α naphthyl acetate. None of the band was expressed with β naphthyl acetate only. Key words: esterase, isozyme, Oreochromis, tissue  Doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1942 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 01-05

The moth, Eublemma amabilis Moore is very destructive to lac insect and lac encrustation. The moth is generally white-pinkish in colour and it lays gray-white and round eggs, depressed in the centre. The newly hatched larva enters the lac insect either through one of the opening in the cell or by tunneling a hole through the encrustation. A single larva damages 42-50 matured cells prior to pupation. It completes six generation in a year and causes comparatively more injury to the "Kartki" crop than to the Baishaki crop. The morphological details of this predator were studied. Several natural enemies of E. amabilis have been recorded. Key words: Eublemma amabilis, Lac, Predator, Crop injury and Control measure. doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i1.2714 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(1), 57-64, 2009

Tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), were collected in the vicinity of Storrs, Conn., and the parasitoids were reared from them. Leiophron pallipes Curtis was the principal hymenopterous parasitoid obtained. A few Euphoriana uniformis Gahan were reared from tarnished plant bugs from a field near East Hartford, Conn., but were not obtained from bugs collected around Storrs. Tarnished plant bug nymphs were collected from plants of several taxa and were dissected to determine parasitization. Nymphs found on Erigeron spp. were much more heavily parasitized than nymphs collected on other plants. The highest parasitization in July occurred on E. strigosus Muhl. and E. annuus (L.), ranging from more than 80 to nearly 60% in different fields during this period. The highest parasitization during August was on E. Canadensis L., where more than 30% of the nymphs were parasitized. The highest parasitization on other plants during July and August was 11% on Verbena spp. Parasitization of nymphs collected on Daucus carota L., Solidago spp., Polygonium pennsylvanicum L., Medicago sativa L., Trifolium pretense L., Chenopodium album L., Oenothera biennis L., and Amaranthus retrofiexus L. was negligible or nonexistent during both months.

Nine organic amendments, namely, Bishkatali leaf dust, mustard cake, sesame cake, jute seed dust, Neem leaf dust, Neem cake, Neem seed dust, Bankalmi leaf dust and rice husk were used in controlling rice ufra disease in three Boro seasons during 1994-1996. The amendments were applied at the rate of 200 kg/ha except for rice husk (500 kg/ha). All the amendments reduced the damaged tiller, ufra 3 and total ufra significantly and gave higher percentage of healthy panicles and increased yield over control (diseased). In all seasons, due to application of Bishkatali leaf dust, mustard cake, sesame cake, jute seed dust, Neem leaf dust, Neem seed dust, Bankalmi leaf dust and rice husk the yield was increased that ranged from 61.60-67.17, 56.07-71.43, 67.98-75.98, 65.78-78.51, 62.25-76.10, 61.79-79.06 and 62.53-80.16, 61.01-71.43% respectively over the control (diseased). The organic amendments could be used as the alternatives of nematicides for the control of ufra disease. Keywords: Organic amendments, Ufra disease, Rice DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v23i2.874Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 23, Number 2, December 2006, pp 118-120

Sapote gum polysaccharide was examined for homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose and by fractional precipitation of its propionate derivative. The polysaccharide showed essential homogeneity and was therefore suitable for structural analysis. The polysaccharide showed a low negative specific rotation and contained residues of L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-glucuronic and 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acids. A new method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid and other uronic acids by gas-liquid chromatography. Uronic acids in polysaccharides may be reduced by reaction with lithium borohydride in tetrahydrofuran. After hydrolysis and reduction of the monosaccharides the acetylated alditols may be separated by gas-liquid chromatography on a column of butanediol succinate. The method permits the simultaneous estimation of 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, D-glucuronic acid and D-galacturonic acids. It was found by this method that L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-glucuronic and 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acids were present in the ratio of 1:2.8:0.48:0.52. An examination of the O-methyl-derivative of the gum yielded 2,3,5- (+++) and 2,3,4- (+)- tri-O-methyl-L-arabinose, 2,3,4- (+)- tri-O-, 2,3- (+)- di-O-, 3-0- (+++)-methyl-D-xylose, 3,4- (++)- di-O-methyl-D-glucuronic and 2,3,4— (++)- tri-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid. The methylation data indicates the high degree of branching in the polysaccharide. The presence of 3,4-di-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid also indicates that a part of the total uronic acids is branched at C-2. Autohydrolysis of the gum yielded a series of oligouronic acids and a lesser branched polysaccharide. The polysaccharide after methylation, reduction and hydrolysis afforded 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl, 2,3-di-0-methyl, 3-O-methyl-D-xylose and 2,3,4~tri-O-methyl-D-glucose in a molar ratio of 2: 1.3: 1: 2 indicating that the degraded polysaccharide has a xylose backbone. Sapote gum polysaccharide after successive periodate oxidation, borohydride reduction and mild acid hydrolysis yielded a series of homologous glycosides, (xylosyl) n=1,2,3 glycerol, which were fully identified by methylation and periodate oxidation. The occurrence of these glycosides signifies a random branching in the polysaccharide. Periodate oxidation and subsequent complete acid hydrolysis of the carboxyl reduced polysaccharide afforded ethylene glycol, glycerol, 2-O-methyl-D-erythritol, D-xylose and 4-O-methyl-D-glucose whose molar ratios were determined by gas-liquid chromatography (g.l.c.). The presence of 4-O-methyl-D-glucose indicates that a major part.of 4-O- methyl-D-glucuronic acid is branched at C-2 (a conclusion supported by the methylation data) and 2-O-methyl-D-erythritol arises from a minor part of 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid with no substituent at C-2. Partial acetolysis of the carboxyl-reduced polysaccharide afforded a new series of oligosaccharides [formula omitted] and [formula omitted]. The results confirm the presence of the oligouronic acids in the polysaccharide. A new method for the selective cleavage of glycosiduronic acids, Hofmann. degradation, was applied to sapote gum in order to study the resulting degraded polysaccharide and to find out the nature of the substituent on 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid. The degraded polysaccharide after methylation and hydrolysis afforded 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-, 2,3-di-O-methyl-, and mono-O-methyl-D-xylose in a molar ratio of 3: 11: 2. An oligosaccharide originally attached at C-2 of 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid was isolated. Digestion of the polysaccharide with arabinofuranosidase yielded free arabinose indicating that a major part of the terminal non-reducing arabinose units are in the furanose form and linked with xylose in [symbol omitted] configuration. Some enzymes with known ‘xylanase’ activity did not degrade the gum because of the high degree of branching of the polysaccharide. The structural evidence suggests that sapote gum polysaccharide possesses a highly branched xylan framework to which are attached L-arabinose units, D-glucuronic acid and 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid containing side chains.

Fractionation of the polysaccharides from corn leaves by extraction with dilute alkali furnishes a branched chain arabinoxylan containing D-glucuronic acid, small amounts of 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid and D-glucose. Complete acid hydrolysis of the periodate oxidised polysaccharide gives ethylene glycol, glycerol, erythritol and D-xylose in a molar ratio of 1:34:8:18. Hydrolysis of the methylated hemicellulose has yielded a mixture of 2-O- and 3-O-methyl-D-xylose; 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-xylose; 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-xylose; 2,3,5-tri-O-methyl-L-arabinose and 2-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-3-O-methyl-D-xylose in a molar ratio of 4.6:3:40:1:4.5:6. The side chains of the polysaccharide consist of single units of uronic acid and single units of L-arabofuranose joined to positions 2 and 3, respectively, of D-xylo-pyranose units of the xylan molecular framework. A similar polysaccharide is present in corn stalks. The variety used was Golden Bantam.

This paper addresses the parliamentary accountability system in Bangladesh. With a view to that Bangladesh constitution (CoB) and the Rules of Procedure (RoP) of Bangladesh parliament were analyzed. The mechanisms for ensuring accountability are questions, discussion, budgetary debate, motions, ombudsman, committees and resolution. The effectiveness of these mechanisms is determined by various factors such as active parliament, expertise and interest of parliamentarians, unbiased role of the Speaker and dynamism in committee systems. Absences of such factors have made multifarious problems in ensuring accountability of the executive branch of government through parliament. The implication is to remove all the barriers to ensure accountability for better democratic governance.

Zn1-x-yCdxLiyO (x=0.30 and y=0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) have been prepared by solid state reaction method. The prepared samples have been characterized by structural and dielectric measurements. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show a good crystalline nature having double crystal structure and indicates the phase mixing of the constituent components. The hexagonal phase corresponding to ZnO and cubic phase to CdO is well defined and the lattice parameters are consistent with the published values (Grant in Aid report 1987). The estimated lattice parameters, bond length and crystallite size are quite consistent corresponding to the hexagonal ZnO and cubic CdO which suggests the formation of super lattice structure of the system. Crystallite size at different crystallographic planes analyzed from XRD for both ZnO and CdO lie between (15-50) nm. The variation of the dielectric constant of the samples with frequency is systematic and the dielectric constant increases with the increase of Li in the solution. doi: 10.3329/jbas.v32i2.2430 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences Vol.32(2) 2008 234-242