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Arylarsonates of dibutyltin(IV) of the general formula X-C6H4AsO3Sn(C4H9)2 (where X is H, p-CH3, p-OCH3, o-OCH3, p-Cl, p-Br, o-NO2, o-NH2 and p-OH) have been obtained and characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The arsonio acid group acts as a tridentate ligand in these polymeric compounds.

The effect of cortisone on bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in experimental mice forced to inhale aerosols of dry and viable spores of 6 Aspergillus species was investigated. A significant enhancement in mortality and tissue invasion due to all the test species: - A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. nidulans var. dentatus, A. niger, A. tamarii and A. terreus was observed in the cortisone treated animals.

This study, done in Punjab, India, had three objectives: (1) to evaluate a farmer's personal characteristics (education, land size) in relation to his adoption of modern agricultural technology; (2) to investigate certain village characteristics which are significantly associated with modernized farming; and (3) to determine whether modernization is more influenced by the villages as a unit than by individual characteristics. By using the interview-questionnaire method, 495 Punjab farmers were interviewed in 93 villages designated high or low in modernized farming. While education and land holding size (individual characteristics) were positively related to odernization of farming, organizational help and communication (village characteristics) showed a higher correlation with adoption of farming innovations. The primacy of village characteristics over the individual factors was evident. The villages high on adoption of agricultural innovations were also high on other indices of development. These villages were also high on the use of bank loans, farming subsidies, and the use of agency help.

Seeds of 33 genotypes of chickpeas (Cicer arietinumL.), were assayed for total protein and one aspect of protein quality, sulfur content. Since the sulfur‐containing amino acids in protein of chickpea are first limiting in human dietary requirements, a barium sulfate turbidimetric method was developed for rapid determination of sulfur content. Using five genotypes, a coefficient of determination of 0.89 was obtained between the total‐sulfur content determined by this turbidimetric method and sulfur‐containing amino acids as percent of protein determined by an amino‐acid analyzer. Evaluation of these 33 genotypes over 2 years for 8 morphological, agronomic, and protein characters revealed significant genotypic effects and highly significant year‐by‐genotype interactions for all variables. Percent protein ranged from 14.5 to 28.9 with a mean of 21.8. A highly significant negative phenotypic correlation (r = —0.57) was determined between percent protein and 100‐seed weight. To avoid the pseudosuperiority of small, sometimes shrivelled, unfilled seeds, protein weight per seed was calculated. Protein weight per seed was positively correlated (P < .01) with sulfur as percent of protein and 100‐seed weight. Broadsense heritability estimates based on the phenotypic variance of means of genotypes over years ranged from 0.51 to 0.74 for the eight variables. Protein weight per seed revealed a value of 0.70, with percent sulfur and sulfur as percent of protein values of 0.64 and 0.51, respectively. Highly significant general and specific combining ability effects in F1and F2populations were evident for 100‐seed weight, percent protein, and protein weight per seed. Less definite results were obtained for percent sulfur and sulfur as percent of protein. Heterosis values were calculated comparing F2with midparental values.

A procedure for setting up variational principles for a class of linear coupled field problems in continuum mechanics is presented. Some generalizations of the principle and their relationship with existing variational theorems are examined. Alternative schemes useful for direct methods of solution are discussed. Examples of typical application are included.

The pathogenicity ofNocardia caviae, N. asteroides andN. brasiliensis has been tested for white mice, guinea pigs and rabbits and chorio-allantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo. Altogether, 14 strains belonging to the 3Nocardia species originating from soil, human and animal sources in India or abroad were tested. All of them proved pathogenic though the degree of virulence varied from strain to strain. Incorporation of hog gastric mucin in the inoculum enhanced the virulence of all the 3Nocardia species for white mice.N. caviae strains were uniformly more virulent than those ofN. asteroides andN. brasiliensis.

Petal extracts of Gossypiumwere analyzed chromatographically to determine if flavonoid constituents are modified by different environments. In the initial phase, fourteen inbred stocks from four species were grown in a plot that was replicated in five different localities ranging from the Mojave Desert to Raleigh, North Carolina. Petal samples were collected from each stock at each site, and chromatograms developed from these samples looked highly similar regardless of the locality of the growing site. In the second phase, two stocks were phytotron grown under a series of regimes in which daylength, temperature, and mineral nutrition were varied. Each stock showed very little floral flavonoid variation despite the growing conditions. A chromatographic survey of leaf extracts from these same phytotrongrown plants showed them to be much more variable. In cotton, flower petal constituents appear to be less variable than leaf constituents. The chemotaxonomic significance of these results are discussed.

The pathogenicity of 2 strains of Candida viswanathii has been tested in laboratory animals. One strain of the fungus, isolated from cerebrospinal fluid, caused lesions in the lungs of a rabbit and in the kidney of a mouse when inoculated intravenously and appears to be pathogenic. In the case of the second strain the limited evidence available suggests that it is non-pathogenic.

A keratinophilic fungus, isolated from soil in India is described. The cleistothecia develop both on hair bait in soil cultures and in Sabouraud's glucose agar. They are white to buff coloured on hair bait and light greyish brown to dark brown on Sabouraud's glucose agar and have a pseudoparenchymatous peridium. The asci are globose to subglobose or slightly ovate and 8-spored. The ascospores are unicellular, smooth-walled, lenticular with somewhat flattened sides, thick-walled, pale yellowish brown, 3·3-5 × 1·7-3·3 μ with a narrow irregular equatorial crest. The fungus is not identifiable with any of the known genera and the name Keratinophyton terreum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed.

A survey of the prevalence of Nocardia asteroides, N. caviae and N. brasiliensis in soil in India was carried out. Of 504 soil samples examined 57 yielded Nocardia spp. A detailed study of the morphological and physiological characteristics of these isolates showed that 54 were N. asteroides, 2 N. caviae and 1 was N. brasiliensis. The commonest species N. asteroides was found in 10.7% of the soil samples investigated. Its widespread distribution in the country was apparent from its isolations in the States of Rajasthan, Punjab, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala and Orissa. Nocardia asteroides showed a significantly higher prevalence in Kerala soils than in Delhi soils. The soil types from which it was isolated varied from clay to clay loam, sandy loam, laterite and gravel mixed with sand and clay. Nocardia caviae and N. brasiliensis showed a low prevalence. Both the isolates of N. caviae originated from Kerala where-as the solitary isolate of N. brasiliensis was from Madhya Pradesh.

The first comprehensive survey of soil-inhabiting dermatophytes and related keratinophilic fungi of India is reported. Of the 485 soil samples examined by hair baiting 45·9% yielded keratinophilic fungi. Among the species isolated were Keratinophyton terreum (32·3%), Microsporum gypseum (11·7%) and one of its cleistocarpic states, Nannizzia incurvata, Ctenomyces serratus (2·4%), Trichophyton evolceanui (2·0%), Keratinomyces ajelloi (1·2%), Chrysosporium tropicum (0·6%) and Microsporum cookei (0·2%). Mixed growth was noted in 14% of the soil samples. In general keratinophilic fungi were met with in a great variety of soil sources. However, soils from shady and moist sites rich in organic or keratin matter or both appeared to be more suitable than others. Saline soils, barren roadside soils, dry river sand and beach sand proved to be poor sources of keratinophilic fungi.

Resistance to heat and to drouth in five varieties of wheat was associated with high root/top ratios, slow water loss from excised plants, and better field yields under drouth conditions.

Effect of cortisone administration on the pathogenicity of Nocardia asteroides, N. caviae, and N. brasiliensisfor white mice has been investigated by using the intravenous route of inoculation. The observations indicated that the susceptibility of white mice to nocardiosis was enhanced by cortisone. Test strains of the three species of Nocardiacaused a higher and more rapid mortality, as well as more extensive lesions, in the cortisone-treated than in the normal mice. The mean lethal dose (LD50) values of N. asteroidesand N. caviaefor the cortisonetreated group were found to be seven and eight times lower than their respective values for the normal group. N. asteroidesand N. caviaewere more virulent than N. brasiliensis, the LD50of N. brasiliensisfor cortisone-treated mice being 30 and 26 times higher than that of the former two species, respectively. N. brasiliensisalso differed from the other two species in its inability to infect the brain. In the untreated animals, N. asteroidesand N. caviaeshowed a tendency to form conglomerate growth, in contrast to formation of freely dispersed growth in the lesions of cortisone-treated animals.

The present study provides descriptive and relational data on a large sample of children and adolescents referred to the Psychology Clinic School at UCLA for assessment and treatment of learning disorders. 364 Ss ranged in age from 7 to 15.9 yr. and had IQs between 61 and 133. A wide range of reading achievement and emotional adjustment was represented. Descriptive data, including psychological assessment data, family background, developmental history, and the referral problem, are presented for the group as a whole. The relational treatment of data utilized five subgroupings of Ss: intelligence, reading achievement, emotional adjustment, age, and sex. The range of subject characteristics as well as certain commonalities is pointed up.

The efficacy of 10 ppm phenylmercuric acetate (PMA), 2N KCl and 0.02N CuSO4 in suppressing ammonification, denitrification and CO2 accumulation was studied during short-term anaerobic incubations of three soils at 25 C. KCl and CuSO4 almost completely suppressed ammonification in two of the soils and decreased it markedly in the third. Ammonification was suppressed to a lesser extent by the addition of PMA. The KCl treatment was much more effective than either PMA or CuSO4 in preventing NO3- disappearance and denitrification. Appreciable amounts of NO3- disappeared from the soils treated with PMA and CuSO4. N2 and not N2O was the major denitrification product; the suppressors had only a small effect on N2O accumulation. The influence of the chemicals on CO2 accumulation differed according to the soil. CuSO4 was least effective at depressing the accumulation of CO2, and, in fact, stimulated it in one soil. Neither 0.02N CuSO4 nor PMA (10 ppm) is recommended in the absence of a concentrated salt solution for preventing mineral nitrogen changes during extraction of inorganic soil nitrogen. The value of 2N KCl in suppressing such changes is emphasized by the results of the present study.

Nuclear spin relaxation measurements are used to measure quantitatively the amount of oxygen present in methane. An upper limit of 2.5 × 10−4% is placed on the amount of oxygen present in methane after treatment with a getter made of misch metal.

An investigation into the gettering powers of aluminum, barium, magnesium, and misch metal for removing oxygen from liquid samples has been carried out. The liquids treated with each getter are: H2O, CH2Br2, CH2Cl2, CH2I2, and CH3OH. The results show that aluminum is more suitable for all these liquids even though the other getters are also effective. It appears that as long as there is no strong reaction, any of these getters can be used to remove oxygen from any liquid.

Several diverse strains of Cicer arietinumL. were grown in growth chambers to study the effects of temperature, photoperiod, and light intensity on flowering and seed set. Plants were grown in 15, 22.5, and 30 C conditions at about 16 and 28 kilolux. Generally, plants in the high light intensity, 16‐hour photoperiod, and at 22.5 C, produced more flowers and seed than did other treatment combinations. Some strains produced flowers and set seed under short photoperiods and may have potential in breeding chickpea cultivars with wider environmental adaptability.