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The Songe of Papua New Guinea have little or no indigenous pictorial art. Nevertheless, Songe subjects of both sexes of varying ages and degrees of Western contact were able to identify a wide range of outline drawings depicting objects, animals, and human forms. ‘Kinetic’ scenes and outline drawings portraying colour and texture discontinuities presented some difficulty for the Songe, especially for those over forty years old. Informants over forty in general made significantly more errors than those under forty. It was noted that this has been found in research in many other cultures.

Although herpetic esophagitis is generally believed to be rare, a microscopic study of 55 cases of esophagitis encountered in a review of autopsies revealed 14 cases (approximately 25 per cent). The pathology of herpes esophagitis is described and reasons it has been overlooked are discussed. Possible predisposing factors include immunosuppressive therapy and trauma from nasogastric intubation. Herpetic esophagitis was clinically significant in only one patient, but four patients also had herpes pneumonia, a life threatening infection that occurs concomitantly with esophageal involvement. This association should be kept in mind when herpetic esophageal ulcers are observed at autopsy.

The influence of the presence and novelty of an adult stranger on the reactions of 12-mo-old infants was investigated. Subjects were placed near their mothers in a room containing a new toy and either the same, a different, or no adult stranger for 8 4-min trials. Results indicated that the Same-Adult Group spent more time near the adult, less time near and touching their mothers, and more time near and touching the toys than the Different-Adult Group. These trends emerged as the trials progressed, and evidenced the Same-Adult Group's growing familiarity with the adult. The No-Adult Group spent less time near or touching their mothers and more time near or touching the toys than the Different-Adult Group, but did not differ from the Same-Adult Group on these responses. The findings suggest that fearful or cautious reactions to adult strangers disappear rapidly as the adult becomes familiar and point to the value of studying the process whereby the infant becomes familiar with new people.

In an experiment with grassland, aqueous ammonia containing about 28% N was injected in rows 305 mm apart either in the autumn or in the spring. Two treatments supplied 126 and 502 kg N ha−1. Soil representing a cross-section of one row was taken 3 days after injecting the ammonia in autumn and 8 or 9 days after injecting in spring. The plots receiving ammonia in the autumn were resampled in spring. The soil was divided into 51 × 51 mm sections and for the samples at the time of injection those sections close to the point of injection were further subdivided. Each section or sub-section was analysed for NH4−N and NO3−N. The array of values was used to produce a computer printout from which lines of equal concentration could be drawn by the procedure described in the appendix. With 126 kg N ha−1 applied, maximum concentrations found were 900–1440 μg N g−1, and these had decreased to 100 μg g−1 at 20–30 mm from the area of maximum concentration. Similarly with 502 kg N ha−1 maximum concentrations were 2360–3340 μg N g−1 and the concentration had decreased to 100 μg g−1 at 50 mm from the zone of maximum concentration. Therefore even with the very large application of fertiliser only a small part of the surface rooting zone contained a concentration of ammonia large enough to damage roots or adversely affect root growth. The zone of maximum concentration was always above the point of injection and usually to the side of the centre of the slit indicating that the aqueous ammonia tended to flow up and to one side of the slit, presumably because the soil closed rapidly behind the narrow injection tine. This shows that aqueous ammonia may not necessarily be effectively injected as deeply as the depth of slit might indicate. The soils resampled in the spring showed that much ammonium nitrogen remained, mostly concentrated round the zone of maximum concentration near the point of injection. Some ammonium had nitrified and nitrate was distributed more uniformly than ammonium, some had moved 300 mm deep. Soil containing most ammonia also contained more water than the bulk of soil. This soil was also plastic and structureless and the clay was deflocculated. The extra water may initially have come from the injected aqueous ammonia but was retained because of the changed structure.

The ultrasound method for measuring the dimensions of the left ventricle was utilized to study the effect of oral doses of alcohol on left ventricular function in normal volunteers. Systolic time intervals were also measured. Seven subjects received 0.7 g/kg of ethanol (group I) and six subjects recieved 1.15 g/kg (group II). The peak of blood alcohol levels in the two groups were 75 mg/100 ml and 138 mg/100 ml respectively. There was a 6% decrease in the fractional change in the minor axis of the left ventricle in group I patients which resulted in a decrease in ejection fraction (p greater than 0.05). In group II patients, there was a 3% decrease in the fractional change in the minor axis of the left ventricle, but the change of ejection fraction was not significant. Since there was no significant difference between the physiological effects observed in groups I and II, the two groups were combined. In the combined group, at 30 minutes after the ingestion of alchol, the heart rate was increased by 11%, the fractional change in the minor axis of the left ventricle decreased by 6%, the ejection fraction decreased by 4% (p greater than 0.01) and Vcf decreased by 5%. These data suggest that in normal subjects myocardial contractility is depressed following the ingestion of alcohol.

SUMMARY Data obtained from experiments on the chemical control of wheat bulb fly larvae were used for regression analysis. In these experimerits wheat (cv. Cappelle Desprez) was sown in November, or later, in eastem England in 1957–66. Up to 70 per cent of the variation in yield was accounted for by regressions of yield on measurements made in March of densities of Plants and of larvae, and of Plant development. The possibility of forecasting yields and of estimating yield losses is discussed.

Attention is called to the development of total obstruction to right ventricular outflow in patients with cyanotic congenital cardiac disease after systemic to pulmonary arterial anastomoses. The clinical and necropsy features are described in 4 patients in whom right ventricular outflow obstruction developed (in 3 at valve level-“acquired pulmonic atresia”-and in 1 at infundibulum) from 13 to 19 years after pulmonary to systemic shunt operations. The mechanism of development of right ventricular outflow obstruction in these patients is discussed.

Ventricular function was evaluated in 18 patients prior to left ventriculography and selective coronary arteriography. Simultaneous left ventricular pressure (catheter-tip manometer) and dP/dt were recorded at resting heart rates and during tachycardia induced by right atrial pacing. Pressure-velocity curves were constructed from which V max and maximum measured contractile element velocity (max V CE ) were obtained. V max and max V CE initially increased with pacing-induced tachycardia in 17 of the 18 patients. Eight patients developed evidence of myocardial ischemia during atrial pacing. During the period of myocardial ischemia there was a decrease in V max and max V CE in all eight patients despite constant or increasing heart rate. In the 10 patients who did not develop evidence of myocardial ischemia with pacing-induced tachycardia, V max and max V CE continued to increase or remained constant with increasing rate. Peak left ventricular dP/dt increased coincident with the onset of myocardial ischemia in six of eight patients despite a fall in V max and max V CE in all eight patients during the ischemic period. A highly significant difference was demonstrated between V max values of patients with normal ejection fractions and patients with low ejection fractions, both at rest and during pacing-induced tachycardia.

Infarct site, extent, and the degree of associated asynergy are major determinants of the hemodynamic consequences of myocardial infarction. Although conventional electrocardiography and vectorcardiography are routinely employed in assessing the location and size of infarction, they are relatively nonspecific. The newer techniques of high-frequency electrocardiography and isopotential mapping offer promise but have yet to undergo systematic evaluation. A rough measure of the extent of infarction is obtained from serum enzyme measurements. However, they furnish no information with regard to localization. The region of infarction may be detected by precordial scanning following the intravenous or intracoronary injection of a radioisotope. The infarct may be revealed as an area of decreased perfusion (cold spot) or as an area to which a specific radioactive label is bound (hot spot). With the availability of newer radionuclides such as 43 potassium and the use of computer techniques, a more precise means of localizing and quantifying myocardial infarction may become available. Optimal definition of asynergy is obtained with contrast angiography. However, the risk of this procedure has limited its use, to date, in acute myocardial infarction. Apex- and kinetocardiography, chest X-ray, and fluoroscopy often suggest regional ventricular dysfunction, but these techniques are not sufficiently specific. Newer noninvasive methods for objectively evaluating regional ventricular dysfunction are ECG-gated cardiac scintiphotography and radarkymography. With ECG-gated scintiphotography, end-diastolic and end-systolic cardiac isotope images are obtained following intravenous injection of 99m technetium-albumin. From these images, assessment of asynergy and extent and location of infarct can be made. With radarkymography, heart-wall motion is assessed and quantitated by tracking segments of the cardiac silhouette visualized on a cinefluorogram. These techniques are ideally suited to the acutely ill patient. Echocardiography is another noninvasive technique with potential application to the study of asynergy. However, at present, only posterior-wall motion can be measured. At the time of surgery regions of infarction may be localized by means of chemical indicators (fluoroscein), isotope techniques, or epicardial electrocardiographic mapping. Recently much has been learned about the hemodynamics of myocardial infarction. Through the use of the techniques described, further insight into regional ventricular abnormality and extent and localization of myocardial infarction could be obtained. With this information better approaches to therapy and prognosis could be developed. Many students of the coronary circulation must have noted that the ventricular zone affected by ligating a large coronary branch not only appears cyanotic and dilated, but that it seems to alter in its mode of contraction. The detailed and sequential changes in contraction are not easily followed by the unaided eye and so far have not been recorded myographically. The reasons for this were the lack of an adequate and suitable myograph and a technique for the application of one to a limited ventricular surface so that records obtained represent, at least reasonably well, changes in muscle length and not predominantly artifacts due to position changes, thrusts and vibrations of the vigorously beating ventricle. 1

Indicators can be used to measure myocardial blood flow if the myocardial circulation can be isolated from other segments of the systemic circulation. Methods of measuring myocardial blood flow can be divided into groups according to the technic employed to provide "isolation" of the myocardium. There is no practical method of proved accuracy whereby coronary blood flow can be measured in man in absolute terms of ml./min. All the so-called clearance methods measure myocardial blood flow in flow/volume units or ml./min./100 Gm. Myocardial blood flow measurements in these flow/volume units have not proved useful in separation of normal individuals from those with ischemic heart disease at rest, but have been useful in the study of acute intervention such as exercise or the administration of drugs.

The question concerning the authorship of A Brief and Clear Confession of the Christian Faith, ascribed to John Hooper, is raised in the only extensive work on Hooper, an unpublished dissertation written at the University of Zurich by W. M. S. West. West covers certain intrinsic difficulties involved in ascribing this work to Hooper and finds that this work

In 11 patients with hypertension associated with acute myocardial infarction intravenous phentolamine decreased the elevated left ventricular filling pressure. Cardiac index increased with a small decrease in arterial pressure, and therefore the same or increased stroke work was achieved at a lower filling pressure. In patients with acute hypertension myocardial oxygen demand was decreased and this may tend to increase infarct size. The potentially beneficial effects were less great in patients with chronic hypertension antedating the myocardial infarction.

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A hinged vane and a sensitive electrical system for recording the motion of the vane have been developed for the observation of fluctuating y-components of velocity in boundary layers. An approximate theory of the natural oscillations of such vanes is presented and experimentally verified. Using vanes as resonant detectors, meassurements have been made of oscillations injected into the laminar boundary layer on a flat plate in a wind tunnel with 0·3% free-stream turbulence. Points on the neutral Tollmien-Schlichting curve have thereby been obtained which lie close to the theoretical neutral curve.

A study of Tollmien–Schlichting waves in the Blasius boundary layer has been carried out under good flow conditions. The maximum r.m.s. amplitude of u, the downstream component of perturbation velocity, was limited to about 0·06% of U0, the free-stream velocity. Measurements of the wave-number and of the distribution of u/U0 normal to the plate agree closely with the theoretical results obtained in parts 1 and 2 of this paper. The experimental critical Reynolds number, Rc, is 400; the theoretical Rc derived from the imaginary part of the eigenvalue is 500 (part 2), but additional amplification carried by the eigenvector removes most of this discrepancy.

The fluorescence, Auger, and Coster-Kronig yields of the ${L}_{2}$ subshells in ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{240}$, ${\mathrm{U}}^{236}$, and ${\mathrm{U}}^{234}$ have been determined from measurements on $L$ x-rays emitted following $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ decay of ${\mathrm{Cm}}^{244}$, ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{240}$, and ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{238}$. The techniques employed include $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}L$ x-ray coincidence counting using a silicon detector and NaI(Tl) crystal, proportional-counter spectrometry and in the case of ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{238}$, the use of a curved-crystal spectrograph. The following results were obtained: ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{240}$, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}=0.466\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.023$, ${a}_{2}=0.11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08$, ${f}_{23}=0.42\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08$; ${\mathrm{U}}^{236}$, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}=0.535\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.042$, ${a}_{2}=0.09\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11$, ${f}_{23}=0.37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$; ${\mathrm{U}}^{234}$, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}=0.497\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.035$, ${a}_{2}=0.07\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$, ${f}_{23}=0.43\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$. The measured fluorescence yields show close agreement with those calculated on a semiempirical basis by Listengarten, but the Auger and Coster-Kronig yields are, respectively, much smaller and much larger than predicted.

The patient described here suffered from hysterical trismus for a period of 10 years. When the psychogenic origin of the trismus was determined, appropriate treatment was instigated and corrected the problem. This report illustrates the need for a careful evaluation of each problem so that successful therapy may be provided to ensure proper patient care.