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Noradrenaline (NA) uptake was measured in the anococcygeus by two methods: quantitative fluorescence microscopy and radioactive tracer techniques. A pharmacological analysis of the contribution of adrenergic nerve, smooth muscle, and nonspecific binding to collagen and basement membrane was attempted by studying the effects of desmethylimipramine and phenoxybenzamine on uptake. The importance of metabolic degradation in the process of NA accumulation was estimated by examining the effect of the combined use of iproniazid to inhibit monoamine oxidase and of β-thujaplicin to inhibit catechol O-methyltransferase.The results suggest that NA accumulation in this tissue at concentrations below 2 × 10−6 g/ml was almost entirely due to uptake into adrenergic nerves and to nonspecific binding. At higher concentrations of NA, above 2 × 10−6 g/ml, uptake into the smooth muscle cells began to contribute increasingly to the total accumulation. Inhibition of the metabolic enzymes increased the fluorescence of smooth muscle incubated with high concentrations of NA, confirming that only at those high concentrations was there any intracellular accumulation of NA and suggesting that the NA taken up by these smooth muscle cells is normally almost completely metabolized. Incubation with the inhibitors of catecholamine metabolism, and also with phenoxybenzamine, reduced both the fluorescence in the adrenergic nerve terminals and the accumulation of tritiated compounds by the whole tissue. Possible explanations for this observation are discussed.In the radioactive experiments 14C-sorbitol was used to measure the extracellular space (ECS). The ECS appeared to be a two-compartment system, a large, fast-filling and a small, slow-filling compartment. Electron micrographs suggest a possible basis for these two compartments in the large spaces between muscle bundles and the very narrow clefts between the cells in individual bundles. Quantitative estimates of the magnitude of these two spaces from electron micrographs are not incompatible with this.

Elastic momentum transfer and rotational excitation cross sections have been calculated for positron scattering by nitrogen molecules. The potential describing the interaction between the molecule and the positron consists of static and distortion contributions. The latter is of the Temkin type and results are presented for positron scattering by neon and argon, as well as molecular nitrogen, to show that this approximation may be qualitatively correct for positron energies greater than 2 eV. Wavefunctions and potentials are of single-centre form and the associated convergence problems are fully discussed.

A general, unequivocal procedure for the preparation of specifically substituted 3-aryl-1-naphthaldehydes was developed. Benzylmagnesium bromides with 5-aryl-2, 2-dimethyl-4-pentene-3-ones ( 12 ) gave exclusively 1,4-addition products, 5,6-diaryl-2,2-dimethyl-3-hexanones ( 13 ). The hexanones on oxidation with peracetic acid gave 3,4-diarylbutanoic acids ( 14 ), which were cyclized to tetralones ( 15 ). The tetralones on treatment with MeMgI followed by dehydration and dehydrogenation gave 3-aryl-1-methylnaphthalenes ( 10 ), which were converted into corresponding aldehydes ( 11 ). When benzylmagnesium bromides were added to 4-aryl-3-butene-2-ones ( 1 ), mixtures of 1,2 and 1,4-addition products were formed. Further treatment of these mixtures also yielded the desired methylnaphthalenes along with various identified side products.

A technique for determining the dissolved oxygen concentration of both pure and natural waters is based on aqueous dissolved oxygen. The analyzer consists of a column of thallium-204, deposited on copper turnings, below which is a flow-type Geiger-Mueller tube. Water containing the dissolved oxygen is passed through the column, whereupon T1+ ions are formed. The T1/sup 204/ is detected in the G-M tube, and the counting rate is a direct measure of the dissolved oxygen concentration. In pure water the T1/sup 204/ counting rate is linear with dissolved oxygen concentration down to the lowest concentration investigated, 0.2 ppm. In sea water it is not linear above about 3 ppm and a calibration curve must be used. Linearity in sea water could be achieved by depositing the thallium on a metal more inert than copper. The effects of pH, buffers, and various oxidizing agents were studied. Using T1/sup 204/ of the highest specific activity available, it should be possible to determine 1 part of dissolved oxygen in 10/sup 12/ parts of water. (auth)

Intestinal smooth muscle is normally spontaneously active and contraction is associated with spike activity. Stimulation of excitatory (cholinergic) nerves increases spike frequency while inhibitory (adrenergic) nerve activity reduces slow waves and spikes without necessarily producing hyperpolarization. Activity of intrinsic nerves produces inhibition with marked hyperpolarization. The anococcygeus muscle of the rat, a muscle associated with the alimentary canal, has a dense adrenergic innervation and has neither resting tone nor spontaneous activity. The mean resting potential is 58.4 mV. Field stimulation produces graded depolarization associated with contraction and abolished by phentolamine. The depolarization has an initial component of up to 10 mV followed by a response which can reach 50 mV, the largest sometimes having a single spike on the rising phase. Application of noradrenaline or guanethidine produces depolarization with oscillations at 1/s and maintained contraction. Field stimulation at low frequencies during this contraction causes relaxation and reduction in the membrane oscillations but no repolarization.

1. The histological localization of noradrenaline in the cat spleen has been studied with a fluorescence technique and, after infusing DL-[3H] noradrenaline, both by the fluorescence technique and by autoradiography. 2. In the normal cat spleen the specific fluorescence of catecholamines is confined to nerve fibres among the smooth muscle of the capsule, trabeculae, arteries and veins. These fluorescent fibres are not present after treating the animal with reserpine or after degeneration of the postganglionic splenic nerves. 3. The splenic artery outside the spleen has few visible terminal adrenergic fibres. This is associated with the presence of an external elastic lamina. No terminal fibres were found in the walls of the main splenic vein. 4. After infusing DL-[3H]noradrenaline 1·25 μg/min for 10 or 20 min fluorescence remained confined to the same sites as in normal cats, i.e. in fibres related to smooth muscle. The red and white pulp and the smooth muscle itself remained free of fluorescence. Autoradiography showed radioactivity in similar sites and with the same pattern as the fluorescent fibres. These results support the conclusion reached in the previous article that noradrenaline infused into the spleen is bound to adrenergic nerves.

1. A simple method of stimulating different segments of the autonomic outflow from the spinal column in the pithed cat and rat is described.2. Using a movable Teflon-shielded electrode inserted into the vertebral canal and an indifferent electrode under the skin, reproducible responses were obtained from the adrenals, the bladder, the blood vessels, the colon, the heart and the vas deferens. The level and number of segments stimulated was altered by varying the depth of insertion of the Teflon tube and the length of central steel electrode protruding from it.3. The degree of localization of the stimulus seemed satisfactory since it was possible by stimulating the sacral parasympathetic outflow to the bladder and colon or the lumbar sympathetic outflow to the vas deferens, to elicit responses from these organs with little effect on the cardiovascular system. Stimulation at higher levels of the thoracic sympathetic outflow permitted discrimination between the pressor and cardio-accelerator responses.4. Hexamethonium (1 mg/kg) inhibited all the responses, but the colonic response, which occurred only after a latent period, was especially sensitive to ganglion blockade. Atropine (1 mg/kg) inhibited the bladder response by 50% but only prolonged the latency of the colonic response without affecting its magnitude. Physostigmine (1 mg/kg) enhanced the bladder and colonic responses and reversed the effects of hexamethonium on these organs. Phentolamine (1 mg/kg) abolished the pressor responses to stimulation of the thoracolumbar sympathetic outflow but did not affect the cardio-accelerator response.

The effect of guanethidine and of bretylium on the response to nerve stimulation has been studied on two types of isolated innervated preparations of rabbit intestine. One preparation was that of the rabbit ileum in which the periarterial (mainly sympathetic) nerves were stimulated: the other was the doubly innervated rabbit colon where either parasympathetic (pelvic) or sympathetic (lumbar colonic) nerves were stimulated. In both preparations guanethidine and bretylium in appropriate dosage specifically blocked the inhibitory effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation while leaving the response to parasympathetic nerve stimulation and to acetylcholine unaltered: the response to noradrenaline was unaltered or potentiated. In the ileum, after the addition of guanethidine or of bretylium, the inhibitory response to periarterial nerve stimulation was replaced in every preparation by a motor response which had the same frequency sensitivity as parasympathetic nerves. In the colon a motor response to sympathetic nerve stimulation was rarely obtained after blocking the inhibitory response. When such a motor response was uncovered it had similar characteristics to the motor response in the ileum. Furthermore, if the parasympathetic nerves were stimulated for prolonged periods both the parasympathetic and sympathetic motor responses were reduced. These results do not support the idea that post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves to the intestine are generally cholinergic and are themselves responsible for the motor responses. The experimental results are more conveniently explained by assuming a mixture of cholinergic and adrenergic fibres in the nerves stimulated.

1. The ability of arterial and non-arterial smooth muscle in five tissues (vas deferens, heart, bladder, colon, spleen) in four species (mouse, rabbit, rat, guinea-pig) to accumulate and retain noradrenaline (NA) was measured in thin tissue slices exposed to NA for 30 min, then washed in cold saline solution for 30 min. NA accumulation was assessed histochemically by measuring the fluorescence brightness of the tissue with the Leitz MPV microphotometer. In addition, similar measurements were made on smooth muscle in the cat spleen, on cardiac muscle and on the terminal adrenergic nerves. 2. In general, arterial smooth muscle had a greater capacity to accumulate and retain NA than non-arterial smooth muscle, but there was a great species and organ variability. The ability to accumulate and retain NA was best developed in the mouse, followed by the rabbit, rat and guinea-pig in that order. Among organs the artery to the vas and the coronary arteries showed the greatest retention. Among non-arterial smooth muscle the mouse vas and the rabbit colon were notable. 3. Cardiac muscle accumulates NA during exposure to the amine but, unlike smooth muscle, cannot retain it when washed with NA-free solution. 4. Terminal adrenergic nerves in different tissues show some variability in fluorescence intensity, and this is increased after exposure to NA. This may indicate a variable capacity of these cells to accumulate and retain NA.

1. Twenty-four cases of excision of the lunate bone in Kienböck's disease have been reviewed. 2. In general, the results have been favourable, with 88 per cent excellent or good and 12 per cent fair or poor. 3. Abnormal contact between the triquetrum and the styloid process of the ulna appeared in many cases, but this contact did not appear to prejudice the results. 4. Excision after prolonged symptoms of the disease gave disappointing results.

It is generally recognized that practicing managers plan and take decisions by considering a few `key' factors in a given situation. However, this process of simplification can result in many different `decision models' and the question arises: which model is an `adequate and sufficient' representation of reality for the decision problem in hand. A methodology for comparing alternative mathematical models of a given strategic-planning problem, involving a well-defined interaction between the manager and the management scientist is presented. To illustrate, a specific problem of resource allocation in an applied research and development laboratory is defined, and the approach is illustrated using data from an industrial case study.

In this paper two applications of decision trees are described. These relate to the electronics and chemical industries and are concerned with the evaluation of applied research projects aimed at new products. It is demonstrated that decision tree diagramming is a demanding yet flexible technique which allows the representation of sequential decisions and subjectively based data in a readily understood form.

Cross sections have been calculated for the processes e+He to e+He+(nl)+e for l=0.1 and n=2,3,4 employing the Born approximation and a Hartree-Fock function for the ground state of helium. In the case of the p bound electron the results are compared with those results in which a simple Hylleraas ground state wavefunction is used and also in which the effective nuclear charge (Z) depends on the momentum of the ejected electron. The author discusses in particular, the dependence of the cross sections for the two processes on the values of Z and suggest a method for the evaluation of an average value of Z.

The synthesis and reactions of several substituted s-triazines were studied in attempts to prepare 4,6-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-s-lriazine-2-carboxylie acid (2) and 2-aldehyde (8). The 4,6-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-s-triazine derivatives were surprisingly inert to a variety of reagents. 4,6-Bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-s-triazine (1) could not be oxidized with any of a variety of oxidants. On bromination 1 gave 4,6-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2-dibromomethyl-s-triazine (4) which was resistant to hydrolysis but on oxidation with selenium dioxide gave 2. Compound 2 was also prepared by the oxidation of 4,6-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-s-triazme (7) with potassium permanganate. Other reagents did not oxidize 7 to 8. 4,6-Bis(4-chloroanilino)-2-mcthyl-s-triazine (3) was also resistant to oxidizing agents. 2-Diazomethy1-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine (11) on reaction with 4-chloroaniline gave 4,6-bis(4-chloroanilino)-2-chloromethyl-s-triazine (12). All efforts to prepare 8 were unsuccessful.

1. The repair of lateral instability of the ankle in twenty patients by the Watson-Jones technique has been reviewed. 2. The results were favorable—80 per cent were excellent or good and 20 per cent were fair or poor. 3. The existence of instability of the subtalar joint should be determined either preoperatively or at the time of operation. This instability may cause the surgeon to modify the procedure performed. 4. The presence of arthritic changes in the ankle preoperatively may be a contraindication to this operation. Stability may be obtained by the procedure, but arthritic changes were shown to progress following the operation in a few patients.

1. The magnitude of the maximum constrictor response to nerve stimulation was measured in the saphenous, ear, inferior and superior mesenteric, renal and carotid arteries in the rabbit and corresponding arteries, except the ear and carotid, in the guinea-pig. The responses varied from an average rise of 350 mm Hg in the rabbit saphenous to almost no response in the rabbit carotid. The guinea-pig arteries gave consistently smaller responses than the rabbit. The response magnitude was unrelated to wall thickness or the presence of an active uptake mechanism for noradrenaline. The response did correlate with the density of adrenergic innervation, with the wall thickness to lumen ratio and with the function of the artery and the amount of connective tissue in its wall. 2. The magnitude of the maximum constrictor response to noradrenaline and six other agonist drugs, acetylcholine, histamine, 5-HT, KCl, vasopressin and angiotensin II, was compared. In all arteries noradrenaline was the most powerful agonist. The maximum responses to nerve stimulation and to noradrenaline were compared. In the rabbit saphenous and ear arteries this ratio was almost 1, but in arteries such as the rabbit renal it fell below 0·5. 3. Artery wall stiffness was measured from the pressure/volume relationship during distension of a closed length of artery. In a relaxed artery two components only were present, an early easily distended phase and a late relatively undistensible phase. Noradrenaline caused a third, early, very stiff phase to appear in the pressure/volume curves. This is probably due to contracted muscle. The increase in stiffness varied from 617% in the rabbit saphenous to 152% in the rabbit carotid. In conducting arteries such as the carotid the change in stiffness was a more sensitive index of noradrenaline action than vaso-constriction. 4. During the measurement of wall stiffness stress relaxation was not noticeable in relaxed arteries but was prominent in arteries contracted by noradrenaline. Stress relaxation involved both the changes in wall stiffness and the ability to constrict and was reversible even in the continuing presence of agonist drugs. 5. Nerve stimulation, even in arteries where its vasoconstrictor effects were equal to those of noradrenaline, gave only slight increases in artery wall stiffness, suggesting that even in these densely innervated arteries only a small fraction of the muscle is activated by nerve stimulation.

Cross sections for the electronic excitation of the (ns,mp)1P states (for n,m=2,3,4) from the ground state are calculated using the Born approximation and multi-parameter Hylleraas-type wavefunctions. The influence of the interelectron coordinate r12 is discussed.

The substance noradrenaline is found in two sites in the body. First in certain nerves, and secondly in association with adrenaline in the adrenal medulla. In nerves this noradrenaline is stored in granules concentrated in the terminal nerve fibre. Its prime function is to transmit the effects of nerve impulses across the gap between the nerve ending and the cell served. This point is illustrated in figure 1 ( a ). When the nerve impulses, travelling down the nerve fibre, invades the nerve terminal, this releases some of the noradrenaline which passes into the space between nerve and muscle. This noradrenaline then diffuses across the gap to the smooth muscle, where it combines with a specialized part of the membrane, a part originally referred to by Langley (1905) as the ‘receptive substance’, and today more briefly termed the receptors. A consequence of this combination is a change in activity of the cell, the response. From this brief account it is clear that the most obvious binding sites for noradrenaline are the receptors for this substance on effector cells. Studies on the relationship between drug concentrations and the tissue response and the effect on this relationship of such irreversible blocking agents as phenoxybenzamine have led pharmacologists to suggest that only a small fraction, perhaps as low as 4 to 5% of the total receptors on the effector cell are involved in producing even a maximum response (Stephenson 1956). There is therefore a large reserve of ‘spare receptors’ (figure 1 ( a )), all potentially binding sites but not all simultaneously occupied under physiological conditions. A second binding site is shown in figure 1 ( b ). There are other substances and tissues in the body potentially capable of binding noradrenaline, the ground substance of con­nective tissue would be one example. Such binding would produce no response from the tissues themselves, and for this reason these sites are sometimes referred to as ‘silent receptors’ (Goldstein 1949). Nevertheless, the effector cell response may be affected in various ways. The response may be diminished by the silent receptors acting as a ‘site of loss’, so that less noradrenaline is available to the true receptors. There may be a secondary release from the silent receptors, so pro­longing the response. At present the evidence for the existence of these silent receptors is indirect and the extent of their involvement in vivo is obscure.

We have measured the b-axis thermal expansion coefficient, α, of ferroelectric tri-glycine sulfate (TGS) near its Curie temperature in the presence of uniform d.c. fields along the same axis. The results show qualitative agreement with scaling.

public health nursing should be utilized more effectively in the community mental health program. As the public health nurse has expanded her role to help the emotionally ill, she has been challenged to identify her mental health services. Frequently, the nurse is unaware of what it is she gives these patients. She often lacks the words to interpret how she promotes the mental health of families she visits.

RNA tumor viruses and viruslike particles from human milk are quantitated by hybridization of the polyadenylic acid regions in their 60S to 70S RNA to radioactive polyribouridylic acid of known specific activity. The length of the polyadenylic acid region in the 60S to 70S RNA of the human milk particle is identical to that of the known oncogenic RNA viruses.

Hydrogen, as tritium, extracted from aluminum by solid extraction methods and assayed in an ion chamber can be measured to a level of about 3 x 10/ sup -10/ ml at STP. The method compares well with existing solid extraction methods for assaying nonradioactive hydrogen and is as reproducible. Sensitivity far exceeds existing methods and the radiochemical method requires no troublesome surface gas corrections, Tritium activities between 10/sup -9/ and 10/sup -2/ c can be measured routinely. Isotope effects were found only for the atinck of condensed tritiated water on aluminum powder at room temperature.

1. The transmembrane potential of smooth muscle cells of the rat anococcygeus muscle was studied with micro-electrodes. The muscle had a mean resting membrane potential of --61-5 mV and normally lacked spontaneous mechanical and electrical activity. 2. Stimulation of intramural nerves with single pulses produced a small depolarization and contraction. At frequencies greater than 0.5 Hz a second component occurred which had a maximum value of 35--51 mV with short trains at 30 Hz. Spike potentials were rarely seen. Depolarization was accompanied by a decrease in membrane resistance. 3. Noradrenaline (3 times 10-minus 5 M) and guanethidine (3 times 10-minus 5 M) both depolarized the membrane and produced contraction. Initially, oscillations in the membrane potential were oftern seen. 4. Intramural nerve stimulation in the presence of guanethidine damped the oscillations and produced relaxation. This was accompanied by neither hyperpolarization nor a change in membrane resistance. 5. TEA (1 mM) depolarized the membrane (--47-6 mV) and initiated spontaneous activity. Field stimulation evoked spikes with overshoot.