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HIP welding is effective method for fabricating complex structures or assemblies such as alternator rotors, regeneratively-cooled rocket-motor thrust chambers, and jet engine turbine blades. It can be applied to fabrication of many assemblies which require that component parts be welded together along complex interfaces.

Differential energy spectra of cosmic ray protons and helium nuclei were measured by an ionization spectrometer flown at balloon altitudes. The energy range extended from 50 GeV to above 1000 GeV. The observed differential intensities can be represented with power law spectra with a slope of -2.75 + or - 0.03 for protons and of -2.77 + or - 0.55 for helium nuclei. The proton to helium ratio is equal to 26 + or - 3 at 40 GeV/nuc and is constant within errors up to 400 GeV/nuc.

The study of cosmological models by means of equations of motion in Hamiltonian form is considered. Hamiltonian methods applied to gravity seem to go back to Rosenfeld (1930), who constructed a quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian for linearized general relativity theory. The first to notice that cosmologies provided a simple model in which to demonstrate features of Hamiltonian formulation was DeWitt (1967). Applications of the ADM formalism to homogeneous cosmologies are discussed together with applications of the Hamiltonian formulation, giving attention also to Bianchi-type universes. Problems involving the concept of superspace and techniques of quantization are investigated.

The investigation of expanding, rotating, shearing Bianchi type IX universes is extended to the most general case possible. Use is made of the techniques of Arnowitt et al. (1962). It is shown that the conclusion reached by Arnowitt et al. regarding the small effect of rotation on the singularity of type IX universes is true in general. The superspace approach to the motion of the universe is discussed in an appendix.

Experimental results from the balloon borne ionization spectrometer have enabled the extension of the measurement of the energy spectra of cosmic rays to 10 to the 12th power eV. The exposure factor for this flight was 1825 sq m/sr/sec and approximately 10,000 nuclei with Z greater than or equal to 3 have been observed. Differential spectra of individual nuclei from lithium to oxygen and from groups of nuclei with Z = 10-14, 15-19, 20-23, and 24-30 energy range 2 x 10 to the 10th eV to 10 to the 12th eV are described in a power law representation. Results indicate that the composition of galactic cosmic rays remains similar to that observed at lower energies. These results from direct measurements provide evidence for the processes of source acceleration with interstellar propagation remaining essentially energy independent up to 10 to the 12th power eV.

An ionization spectrometer consisting of 10.8 radiation lengths of tungsten and 35 radiation lengths of iron has been used to determine the energy spectrum of cosmic ray electrons above 10 GeV. The spectrometer was calibrated with electrons from 5.4 to 18 GeV and then flown at an altitude of 6 gm-cm/2 for 16 hours. Separation of electron initiated events from proton events was achieved by utilizing starting point distributions, the shower development in tungsten, and the energy deposited in the large thickness of iron absorber. The exponent of the differential energy spectrum of the electrons is -3.1 + or - 0.2 while the exponent of the background is consistent with the proton exponent of -2.7 + or -0.2.

The survival of high Z nuclei in the X-ray photon field of a pulsar is investigated. For heavy nuclei with energies greater than or equal to 100 GeV/nucleon, 100 keV X-ray photons have sufficient energy to cause photodisintegration with cross sections of approximately 10 to the minus 25th power sq cm. Using the observed properties of the Crab pulsar, extrapolation back to epochs when the pulsar was more active indicates that the photon field is sufficiently dense to prevent the acceleration of heavy nuclei within the velocity of light cylinder. On this model, the upper limit on the energy of the escaping nuclei varies with time. The models for cosmic ray acceleration in supernova explosions or by pulsars will be related to experimental observations.

An ionization spectrometer consisting of 12 layers of tungsten each 6.13 gm cm/2 thick and 7 iron modules each 70 gm cm/2 thick was flown in a balloon at an altitude of 6 gm cm/2 for 16 hours. The distributions of the first interaction points are used to determine the mean free path of the incident particles. At energies of 20 GeV the proton m.f.p. of 140 gm cm/2 is in agreement with that of other workers. The m.f.p.'s of heavy nuclei have been determined as a function of energy up to a total energy of 1000 GeV. These results are compared with the overlap model of nucleus-nucleus collisions. For C nuclei interacting with W the overlap parameter is -2.6 x 10/13 cm. The energy dependence of this parameter is discussed.

The primary cosmic ray proton and He spectra from 50 GeV to 2000 GeV have been measured by an ionization spectrometer flown on a balloon. At low energies, the energies of individual events are determined to within + or - 30%. At higher energies, the cascade is not fully contained within the four mean free path thick spectrometer and the problems of estimating the energies of these events are discussed. The proton spectrum continued with constant exponent = -2.7 + or - 0.1 up to energies greater than 1000 GeV. This spectrum was in agreement with the results at the low energies. There was no evidence for a spectral break at about 1000 GeV observed.

Explosive welding techniques in fabricating regeneratively cooled thrust chambers for large rocket engine requirements including ultrasonic inspection, metallography, and burst testing

Calibration of high energy cosmic ray experiment

Production of regeneratively cooled rocket thrust chambers by removable tooling and subsequent hot isostatic pressing in gas autoclave

Primary cosmic rays balloon-borne charge composition detector in 3-30 Z range

Einstein equations for Bianchi type IX universe model suitable for numerical solution and application to cosmology with pure fluid stress tensor

Fabrication of rocket engine components with intricate internal flow channels using powder metallurgy techniques

Determination of the mean interaction lengths for 9.3-, 13.8-, and 17.8-GeV protons and 9.3- and 17.8-GeV positive pions in iron. The mean interaction length of pions is found to be approximately 20% greater than that of protons. No statistically significant variation of the mean interaction length for protons or pions as a function of energy is observed. With only two exceptions, the data obtained show a systematic 5% difference between measurements of the mean interaction length made with cosmic rays and those made with accelerator-produced protons.

The NASA/GSFC high energy cosmic ray experiment was calibrated during the summer of 1970 using protons and pions with energies from 9.3 GeV to 17.6 GeV. The best measure found for the energy E of an incoming primary particle is sigma I, the total number of ionizing particles observed in the instrument, summed over the various iron modules. The resolution in the calibration energy range is about + or - 30 percent (s.d.) over a wide range of incident angles and positions. The calibration function may be parameterized as e = sigma I/K, where K is predominantly a function of the location of the first interaction and the trajectory of the incoming particle.

The interaction lengths of pions and protons in iron have been measured using an ionization spectrometer composed of alternating layers of iron and plastic scintillator. These measurements cover an energy range from 9.3 to 18 GeV. The interaction lengths were determined by accurate statistical analyses of the experimental data using the maximum likelihood method. The dependence of the interaction length on the parameters used to define an interaction was studied, and the results reported employ parameters chosen to minimize the percentage uncertainty in the interaction length. The mean interaction length of pions was found to be approximately 20% greater than that of protons.