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THE BUREAU OF STUDIES IN ADULT EDUCATION WAS FOUNDED AT INDIANA UNIVERSITY IN 1947 AND ASSIGNED THE TASK OF PROVIDING OFF-CAMPUS NONCREDIT COURSES IN ADULT EDUCATION. THE BUREAU BEGAN BY PROVIDING FIELD SERVICES, RANGING FROM PROVIDING ASSISTANCE TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES ON ADULT EDUCATION PROBLEMS TO PROVIDING GENERAL ADULT EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES. IT STARTED A RESEARCH PROGRAM WHICH EXAMINED HOW ADULTS LEARN EFFECTIVELY, AND THE CONDITIONS THAT PROMOTE LEARNING IN PRACTICAL SITUATIONS. BETWEEN 1947 AND 1952, THE BUREAU GREW AND BECAME A MULTISPONSORSHIP OPERATION. IT INITIATED FORMAL ADULT EDUCATION COURSES AT THE GRADUATE LEVEL AT INDIANA UNIVERSITY AND INTRODUCED A NEWSLETTER ON ADULT EDUCATION. BETWEEN 1952 AND 1958, THE BUREAU EXPERIMENTED WITH AN INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH TO ADULT EDUCATION, STRESSING RESEARCH ON ADULT LEARNING. IT DEVELOPED A GRADUATE PROGRAM FOR ADULT EDUCATORS. FROM 1958 TO 1965, IT CONDUCTED MORE ADULT EDUCATION RESEARCH THAN DID ANY OTHER COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY ADULT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT, FOR EXAMPLE, ON ALCOHOLISM, MENTAL HEALTH, GERONTOLOGY, AND FUNDAMENTAL AND LITERACY EDUCATION. (EB)

BASED UPON THE FINDINGS OF A RURAL EDUCATION AND WELFARE SURVEY OF MORE THAN 900 SUGARCANE WORKERS IN THE NINE LOUISIANA COUNTIES WHERE SUGARCANE CULTIVATION IS CONCENTRATED, THIS DOCUMENT TELLS OF THE LIVES OF THE WORKERS AND EXPLAINS THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL "SUGAR SYSTEM" UNDER WHICH THEY LIVE. DISCUSSED ARE THE EFFECTS OF MECHANIZATION OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY, WORKERS' WAGES, THE WORKERS' HOUSING, LIVING, AND WORKING CONDITIONS, THE HISTORY OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY IN LOUISIANA, LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO THE LOUISIANA, NATIONAL, AND INTERNATIONAL SUGAR INDUSTRIES, UNIONIZATION FOR SUGAR WORKERS, A MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING ACT PROGRAM, AND THE FUTURE OF SUGARCANE WORKERS. THE DOCUMENT INCLUDES THE SURVEY FORM WITH A QUESTION-BY-QUESTION SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS. (RB)

The ability to analyze a word into its component sounds is prerequisite to a child's learning of letter-sound correspondences and therefore to his learning to read. As prereaders do not typically master the ability to analyze a work into its component sounds, techniques must be developed to teach them this skill. Most procedures which have been tried have not been successful with children younger than 6 or 7 years; however, Zhurova reports success teaching even 3-year-olds to isolate initial sounds of words with the method she describes. The current experiment evaluated Zhurova's iteration method of instruction by comparing it with a segmentation method. Ss were 32 kindergarteners. The two methods of instruction were fully crossed with four sequences of real word and nonsense stimulus items, given in two training sessions. None of the six variables was significant; however, training time had a significant effect. (Author)

This report summarizes the findings of a Fall 1970 administration of the Basic Prereading Skill Test to 162 entering kindergartners. The test is being developed to diagnose prereading skill deficits in kindergartners and to predict end-of-first grade reading achievement. Included in the Fall administration were subtests for attending to letter order, letter orientation, and letter-string detail, and for segmenting sound sequences. A test for letter-naming ability was included for comparison to previous versions of the test, but will not be retained in the final version. Results are presented and the implications for test revision discussed. (Author)

This report summarizes the findings and recommendations of a feasibility study of industrialized building method utilization in school construction. The 3-part format attempts to define the conditions necessary for the satisfactory operation of an industrialized building system for the benefit of the community; explain the conditions relevant to the issues of system building which exist in British Columbia; and recommend what must be done in British Columbia to sponsor and sustain an industrialized building system for schools. In part one, description of the issues in principle is outlined and represents a summary of research undertaken in Europe, the U.S.A., and eastern Canada of four significant industrialized building systems. The findings of a market analysis, an examination of local manufacturing capabilities, and comments on the building codes and the need for a locally sponsored building system comprise part two. A summary of conclusions and recommendations and their rationale is set out in part three. Appendixes contain school construction costs and cost estimates, an analysis of construction types, and comments of the Metropolitan Toronto School Board Study of Educational Facilities progress to date with implications for a system building program in British Columbia. (Photographs may reproduce poorly.) (Author/MLF)

The problems of agricultural laborers were discussed in this report on the public hearings held by the National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor. Problems were identified in the areas of wages of farm workers, labor standards and labor shortages, welfare, marginal farmers, Federal aid, public assistance in rural areas, family farmers, and the monopoly of land and water. The major conclusion was that there is a need for total commitment to the war on poverty among the migrants and other farm workers. Twenty-three recommendations made by the National Advisory Committee in light of the hearings were in the areas of legislation to aid the farm worker and family farmer, legislation to aid the rural poor, government action to aid the farm worker and family farmer, and government action to aid the rural poor. (PS)

This paper considers the reconstruction of the relationship of social science and education, and examines two main alternatives, first, that efforts to join social science theory and research to education are irrelevant and deleterious--a position which is discussed, analyzed, and refuted-- and second, as purported by the authors, that social science theory and method are relevant to educational enterprises. The Twelfth Street School Project illustrates how a development of structure can bring together university faculty and school system personnel to work jointly and cooperatively in a "Center for Innovation and Research." The structure and organization present an embodiment of five premises. 1) The collaboration of educator and social scientist can best occur on the neutral ground of a center. 2) The disciplines in a joint effort must depend upon analysis of the problem and upon the orientations of collaborators. 3) A close relationship between university researchers and school practitioners is necessary. 4) Research contacts should be sustained and cohesive. 5) The same research findings can contribute to a disciplinary body of knowledge and to the solution of "real" problems of teacher and administrators. The Center has produced an understanding about the possibilities of a productive relationship of social science and education. (Author/SJM)

This course, intended for intermediate students of English-as-a-second-language, seeks to identify the needs of students in the areas of comprehension, speech, reading, and writing for the purpose of being able to individually counsel students in Quinmester Programs. Performance objectives are prescribed, including study of fundamentals of county, state, and national government and citizenship. Language content begins with a review of the beginning level material. Emphasis is placed on correct usage of singular and plural nouns; possessive nouns; compound nouns; clauses beginning with "as,""when,""if,""who,""that," and "while;" and regular and irregular verbs in the present, past, and future tenses. Students' vocabulary, written and oral expression, reading comprehension, and pronunciation are reviewed and reinforced. A list of performance objectives and suggested activities are included. (RL)

This report summarizes the findings of a February 1971 administration of a revised and expanded version of the Wisconsin Basic Prereading Skill Test to 138 kindergartners. The test battery being developed has two purposes: (a) the identification of prereading skill deficits in kindergartners for individualized curriculum planning, and (b) the prediction of reading achievement at the end of first grade. Included in the February 1971 test battery were visual tests for attending to letter orientation, letter string order, and letter string detail; auditory tests for sound matching and sound blending; and learning rate tests for picture-sound association and word segmentation. For background information a letter-naming test was also included. Data were gathered on two forms of each visual test by testing a child on the complete test battery one day and the alternate forms of the visual tests the preceding or following day. Item analyses, test reliabilities, test correlations, and descriptive statistics are reported for the test battery. Implications for further test revision are discussed. (Author)

In this monograph, the authors provide a general overview of recent literature on administrator preparation programs. Ten chapters parallel the major interrelated components of an administrator preparation program: Program content, program structure, recruitment and selection, instructional approaches, field-related experiences, student research, graduation requirements, program evaluation and development, departmental functions and staffing, and inservice programs. The survey is limited largely to recently published books and journals that treat as their prime topic the preparation of administrators in education. An extensive bibliography is included. (Author/DN)

A study was devised to investigate the effects of sequence of concept presentation and practice in a concept learning task. Learners were presented with either one conjunctive concept at a time, or with multiple concepts all related to the same principle. Practice was sequenced in four positions: before concept presentation, after concept presentation, both before and after, and all practice with no concept presentation. Material presented (developed especially for the study) was a film study unit of an audiovisual materials and procedures course in education. Subjects were students in the class and were assigned to treatments in a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Results of analyses showed that the various treatment groups were all significantly better on posttest, but did not differ significantly from one another. This result may be due to such things as timing of reinforcement, a ceiling effect produced by the efficacy of the instructional unit, or to failure of the principles behind the manipulations for the specific age group and task-type selected. (SH)

Research in an urban public school system (Grand Rapids, Michigan) was conducted to determine teachers' view of Ritalin for school children. Three questions were addressed: what contact with and information about Ritalin do teachers have; what attitude do teachers express toward Ritalin; and what professional behaviors do teachers report in regard to Ritalin use in classrooms. One hundred fifty teachers were selected from Grand Rapids Public Schools as subjects and were administered a questionnaire determining general familiarity with and attitudes toward Ritalin. It was found that teachers' contact with Ritalin was extensive, but their knowledge about the drug was questionable. Teachers were cautiously accepting of Ritalin but were in conflict about its use and the inconsistencies involved therein. As professionals, teachers were shown to be relatively isolated from the medical profession, only receiving one-way communications about the drug from school system specialists. Implications of this study indicate the need for a coherent educational perspective regarding the use of Ritalin as a behavior modifier. (Nine tables of data are included.) (Author/JB)

This working paper presents the background, justification, and development plan for a kindergarten program to identify and correct deficits in prereading skills. The program provides for individual differences in: (a) patterns of skill deficits, (b) rates of learning, and (c) degrees of assistance required. It is intended for optimal use in the multiunit elementary school organization, permitting the planning of individually guided instruction with flexible groupings of staff and students; it is adaptable, however, to a variety of other school organizations. A three-year research and development plan incorporating pilot and small-scale field testing is proposed. At the end of that period, a full-year program would be ready for large-scale field testing. (Author)

The findings of a survey of selected administrative computer applications in large public school districts are presented in this report. Using a three part written questionnaire, the investigators polled 99 school districts throughout the United States and examined the responses of 55. Two major hypotheses were tested: 1) the difference in the frequency with which the benefits resulted from various applications; and 2) the various benefits which resulted from different means of development. The study reported several conclusions: 1) the most frequent computer uses were for financial accounting applications with personnel applications second; 2) contractor staffs are used less often than inhouse personnel; 3) most of the applications in use were designed for first or second generation computers; and 4) the financial applications were the most operable and successful of all the applications. The report noted that it is quite apparent that school districts are not reaping the rewards of third generation computers. (MC)

To be effective the community college must meet community needs. Before these needs can be met, they must be systematically identified. Their identification, however, hinges on an appropriate definition of community. Prior to presenting methods for identifying community needs, the problems surrounding the defining of "community" are explored. The community constructs of Hendrix, Treloff, Sumption, Hallenbeck and Verner, and Blackwell (portrayed in model form) serve as keys to community definition. Three methods (community advisory committee, community coordinating council, and community study) of sampling community input are then described. It was not intended to present these three methods as alternatives to be selected by any college as it seeks to measure its community. Rather, they were presented as three procedures by which different kinds of information and service could be made available to the community college with the recommendation that each be applied as circumstances permitted. Use of the community survey technique remained the single most effective method of broadening the college mission to help provide a more comprehensive base for developing a community's human resources. (AL)

Forty normal children aged 3 and-one-half to 5 and-one-half were tested on the pronunciation of initial /-1/, /-r/, and /s-/ clusters in 120 words, occurring 36, 48, and 42 times, respectively; other phonemes in the cluster occurred from 6 to 18 times. Articulation errors of individual subjects were examined for evidence of (1) degree and type of consistency, including consistency in rate of error; (2) mispronunciation of a phoneme, unconditionally or in any cluster environment; (3) the articulatory feature changed in substitution errors, regardless of phoneme; and (4) the error made on a phoneme. Results showed that children typically made the same number of errors when retested on similar lists, but not on the same items. There was little evidence for consistency in making errors on particular phonemes or features. Few children mispronounced any phoneme more than 50 percent of the time; most missed a phoneme in initial or final position in a cluster only once. In the few instances in which children made more than one error on a phoneme, the error made was usually the same; that is, the subjects were consistent in the error made. Tables and references are included. (Author/VJ)

Differences in articulation error rates and error patterns as a function of five elicitation modes (picture, picture with pretraining, word repetition, sentence repetition, and nonsense word repetition) were examined. The same 15 words (or pictures representing them) were stimuli in four real word conditions; nonsense words were formed by recombining the vowels and final consonants of the real words. Subjects were 22 preschoolers, 8 kindergarteners, 10 first graders, and 24 college students. Each subject was tested in each mode with order of testing counterbalanced. Errors in initial consonants, initial consonant clusters, vowels, final consonants, and final consonant clusters were scored separately. Error rates and error patterns were similar for the four real word modes. The nonsense words showed an error rate three times higher than that of the real word modes and, in constrast with the real word modes, increased rather than decreased from initial to final position. The effect of test items which are effectively nonsense as well as additional considerations bearing on the choice of real word testing modes are also considered. Tables and references are included. (Author/VJ)

A description is provided of the personnel subsystem of the computerized School Information System (SIS) developed by the Department of Advance Planning and Development of the Montgomery County, Maryland Public Schools. Other subsystems of SIS are being developed to deal with data relating to pupils, material, finance and facilities. The first section of the paper reviews the general design of the personnel subsystem, its design objectives, and its conceptual design. Brief mention is made of applications which are not operational, but which are planned for the areas of: 1) certification and in-service training, 2) payroll, 3) substitute teachers, and 4) application and recruitment. Lastly, detailed discussions of operational applications in the areas of personnel master files and position control are presented. (PB)

Chile is unique in its geography and urban concentration, its political history and its present governmental structure. These features are examined in this survey report. Topics for discussion include: (1) The Instruments of Planning, (2) The Planning and Development Structure, (3) The Move to Integrated Economic Space, (4) The Chilean Heartland--The Macro Zona Central, (5) An Inventory of Planning, (6) The Urban Planning Alphabet, (7) The Role of the International Agencies, (8) The Geneva of Latin America. [For related documents in this series, see UD 013 731-735 and 013 737-744 for surveys of specific countries. For special studies analyzing urbanization in The Third World, see UD 013 745-UD 013 748.] (SB)

This survey paper will deal primarily with the following two issues: (1) How to cope with the growth of the metropolitan Lima area, and the current and future stresses on its social and physical environment, and (2) How to develop, if it is possible and desirable to do so, other urban growth poles in the country which will relieve the concentration of population and economic development which is now taking place in Lima. Contents of this paper include: (1) Metropolitan Lima, (2) The Pueblas Jovenes, (3) The Character of Lima, (4) The Structure of Metropolitan Government in Lima, (5) Planning for Metropolitan Lima, (6) Oposecion Entre Lima Metropolitana y El Resto del Pais, (7) The Institutional Inventory--Planning, Research, and Training, (8) The International Roster, (9) Chimbote--A Special Case for International Assistance, and (10) Some Final Observations. [For related documents in this series, see UD 013 731-734 and 013 736-744 for surveys of specific countries. For special studies analyzing urbanization in The Third World, see UD 013 745-UD 013 748.] (Authors/SB)

Stages in the development of international and intercultural education in the American secondary schools are discussed in this report. The author describes different sets of rationale for teaching toward international understanding which have evolved through the years. Cited are six social studies projects which represent productive materials and programs being developed for the secondary schools. Suggestions of methods intended to improve international understanding in American schools are presented. These include proposals for use of educational resources from other countries which might assist the schools in this country to realize their objectives related to international understanding. (SHM)

Sedgwick County leaders, concerned about outward movement of young people from rural areas, requested that a study be made of the population change and migration from the county. Dated in September of 1964, this report deals with the educational plans, community satisfaction, and migration intentions of the county's young people. The sample studied consisted of 93 high school juniors and seniors (16, 17, and 18 years of age), or about 44% of all persons in those age groups in the county. Data collected by a questionnaire suggested that most students expected to leave the county. The largest group who expected to remain were from farm families and planned to farm; however, they were faced with the problem of decreasing number of farms and increasing cost of land and necessary farm equipment. The majority of students who desired further education and occupational mobility were planning to leave the county. The crucial point in the students' responses seemed to be the lack of occupational opportunity they perceived in Sedgwick County. Due to a positive evaluation toward the county in general by these students, it would seem that emigration of the students might well be reduced if their perception of job opportunities, or the opportunities themselves, could be changed. (AN)

Three major rationales characterize the literature dealing with the use of humanities instruction in preparing educational administrators. These rationales focus on (1) the general liberalization of the administrator, (2) the values and purpose-defining skills of the administrator, and (3) the creative and analytical skills of the administrator. Although most of the literature advocates inclusion of the humanities in educational administrator training programs, few such programs exist. Among existing programs, four of which are described in detail, the emphasis appears to be on the values approach. Most of the implementation problems inherent in these humanities programs have been resolved, but finance and evaluation remain particularly troublesome. A 56-item bibliography of related literature is included. (RA)

The purposes of this conference paper are to point out major research needs in educational administration and to stimulate exploration of methods to resolve those needs. Discussions of apparent problems in educational administration research and suggested responses to these problems are followed by important questions concerning research needs. (LLR)

Professional preparation of educational administrators is in need of active and productive school district-university cooperation. This paper recommends increased district-university cooperation in (1) recruitment and selection of students for doctoral programs in educational administration; (2) planning, development, and evaluation of preparatory programs; and (3) development of field-related training experiences and instructional approaches. (Author/LLR)

Conditional letter sound correspondences (LSC) in which the pronunciation of a letter is determined by its graphemic environment were studied. Conditional LSC patterns selected for investigation were the c, g, and vowel-in-final-e patterns. The study had two aims: (1) to gather normative data for LSC generalizations and (2) to examine, for each pattern, the relation of appropriate choice of pronunciation to school achievement and IQ. A 69-item list of synthetic words was constructed and presented to a total of 561 subjects from grades 2, 4, 6, and 8 and undergraduates. IQ and achievement test scores from school-administered tests were recorded. Grade point average was used as an achievement-score measure for undergraduates. Both correct and plausible responses were analyzed. Treatment of data was by analysis of variance. Results indicated that better students showed greater mastery of all three conditional patterns tested. Mastery of the conditional patterns increased through grade 8. This is in contrast to the acquisition pattern for simple LSC generalizations. References and tables are included. (WB)

Two hypotheses are examined: 1) Low Machiavellians writing counterattitudinal essays will report greater attitude change toward the direction of the position advocated than will high Machiavellians; and 2) Intrinsically religious persons writing counterattitudinal essays will report greater attitude change toward the direction of the position advocated than will extrinsically religious persons. Machiavellianism is defined as a high need to control others, regardless of the attending ethical considerations. Intrinsically religious persons are motivated to practice their beliefs in everyday life; extrinsically religious persons use religion as a utilitarian method for self-gain. Sixty-six subjects were classified as High or Low Machs on the basis of the Christie et al. Machiavellianism Scale and as Intrinsically or Extrinsically Religious on the Allport and Ross Religiosity Scale. The experimental group of 53 wrote essays advocating two years mandatory military service prior to college enrollment; they believed these were to be read by persons who were undecided on the issue. Pretesting had indicated that no subjects supported this proposition. It was believed that writing the counterattitudinal essay would induce greater cognitive dissonance, and hence attitudinal change, in Low Machs and Intrinsically Religious subjects. Posttesting revealed that Low Machs displayed greater attitude change than did High Machs; however, the religiosity hypothesis was not confirmed. (KW)

Current recruitment efforts in educational administration are limited by the narrow target population considered (which seldom extends beyond professional educators) and the unsystematic methods utilized. In addition, five significant obstacles to effective recruitment are (1) the lack of information about educational administration among potential recruits, (2) the occupation's low perceived status as a career, (3) the restrictions to entry into the occupation, (4) the problems of graduate study for persons already established, and (5) the low general opinion of preparation programs in educational administration. Strategies to ease the recruitment problems include: (1) Communicate to high school seniors information about the career, (2) encourage talented young people to enter preparation programs from pools traditionally ignored by current recruitment efforts, (3) recruit persons from other careers in which relevant competencies are developed, and (4) recruit paraprofessionals to serve in supportive administrative roles in big-city school systems. To conduct the recruitment program, a consortium composed of the following kinds of agencies should be created: (1) A nationwide group of selected universities and associated school systems (it is recommended that UCEA serve this need), (2) a firm to produce printed and audiovisual materials, (3) a public relations or advertising firm, and (4) one or more funding establishments. (HW)

Communication and cooperation between public and nonpublic schools might have potential for an immense and beneficial national impact, especially in confronting certain urban problems which nonpublic schools are better able to deal with than are public schools. At present there is a great lack of such communication and cooperation, due to a variety of legal, constitutional, structural, financial, philosophical, historical, and psychological barriers, the majority of which are largely emotional in origin. There are two basic kinds of activities which can be used to overcome these barriers: (1) Research on the barriers themselves and development of proper solutions, such as shared time or dual enrollment; and (2) preservice and inservice training programs to improve mutual understanding and increase contact between officials of public and nonpublic schools. School board members can play a vital role in overcoming the obstacles. Generally, they should be aware of what other related agencies are doing and provide the leadership in procuring available resources external to the public schools which may contribute to the achievement of the public schools' goals. (HW)

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

A format considering factors to be studied in a proposed obsolescence formula. Items listed under the physical characteristics category are intended to be subjected to a technical evaluation under which the condition and adequacy of the building and building system may be subsequently measured as a yardstick of the building's present and future use as an academic facility. Other categories given consideration include building services, codes, and safety, building location, and land use. Items listed under an academic category involve evaluation to be based on current academic use and conducted on a room-by-room basis. A point system is presented for evaluation of the items listed under each category. Projections of the rate of obsolescence based on point system time relationships are presented in graphic form. (FS)

Bibliography is divided into the following sections: history and organization, current trends and problems, curriculum and teaching, professional education, research and scholarship, students and student services, and the professor and conditions of work. (PG)