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This thesis examines the apparatus added to The Shepheardes Calender by E.K. and the woodcuts to determine how, or whether, they function as criticism in the modern sense of the term. The arguments are generally not in sympathy with the eclogues to Which they pertain, although some of them do highlight the advertising aspects of the Calender. The woodcuts, however, besides showing many instances of one-to-one correspondence with the eclogues, often interpret and even extend the poem along sympathetic lines. This contrast between the arguments and the woodcuts, both appearing before the text of the eclogue, suggests that a cross-reference between E.K.'s verbal and the artist's visual representation, and between these and the text, is intended, and that these parts of the apparatus constitute a lesson in reading Spenser. The, glosses contain much padding, many errors, and some misleading interpretations, which implies that their purpose is not criticism. They are to be seen rather than read, for their cumulative effect is to make the Calender look like, a heavily glossed edition of a classical author. That is, E.K.'s material is primarily an advertising strategy, as is much of the poem itself. In his introduction, arguments, and glosses he often works directly to promote the "New Poete," and more often obliquely by producing an apparatus whose existence takes priority over the content. Master of Arts (MA)

Through a fearful dread of the disease, preventive measures have arisen. The Chinese, the Brahmins of India, the Arabians and the Africans all knew from earliest times that the inoculation of matter from a mild case of smallpox often produced a slight form of the disease, which would protect against a severe infection. The method preferred by the Orientals was to insert smallpox crusts into the nostrils, whereby the disease was communicated through the respiratory tract. Inoculation (or variolation) was in early use in Wales and the Highlands of Scotland. In Western Europe the medical efforts were directed not towards prevention but towards treatment. In England in the seventeenth century, and indeed well into the eighteenth, the orthodox treatment for smallpox comprised of isolation of the patient, rest in bed in a hot, ill- ventilated room, frequent blood -lettings, and overdrugging. In essence, a regime not too compatible with survival. Sydenham, who rejected this belief that the disease was contagious - for the scourge was so universal that some believed it to be congenital - proposed the "cooling method ". There were no fires allowed in the patient's room, windows were opened and bedclothes were "laid no higher than the waist ". Under this mild treatment his patients did well, but few doctors adopted it, feeling his treatment was essentially to do nothing.

A collection of folklore and local history stories from Áthán (B.), Lios na Groighe (school) (Ahane, Co. Limerick), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher Seán Ó Héalaithe., Old Story / Ryan, Tim -- Old Story / Ryan, Tim -- Old Cures / Cooke, Michael -- Old Cures for Animals -- Persons Who Cure Cattle / Cooke, Michael -- Weather-Lore / Ryan, Tim -- Severe Weather / Moloney, John -- Local Heroes / Brien, Thomas O' -- Old Hedge-School / Richardson, Michael -- Old Schools -- Hedge-Schools / Cooke, Michael -- Local Happenings / Callinan, Patrick -- Local Happenings / Ryan, Tim -- Local Happenings / Moloney, John -- Old Crafts / Roche, Joe -- Home Crafts -- Home Rollers / Ryan, Tim / Cooke, Michael -- Old Marriage Customs / Ryan, Tim -- Marriage Customs / Brien, Thomas O' -- Bird-Lore / Moloney, Michael -- Travelling Folk / Richardson, John -- Travelling Folk / Moloney, John -- Tinker's Tables / Gleeson, Pat -- Fight - Tinkers / Roche, Joe -- Tinker's Prayers / Moloney, Michael -- Tinker's Flowers - Homemade / Richardson, John -- Story About Tinkers / Callinan, Patrick -- Fight with Tinkers / Brien, Thomas O' -- Gipsies / Ryan, Tim -- Homemade Toys / Callinan, Patrick -- Lore of Certain Days / Brien, Thomas O' -- Lore of Certain Days / Ryan, Tim -- Fairy Forts / Cooke, Michael -- Games I Play / Cosgrove, Martin -- Local Poets -- Local Poetry -- Local Poetry - 'The Prize' -- Local Poetry - 'A Farmer's Life' -- Local Poetry - 'A School Boy' -- Local Poetry - 'The Farmer' -- Newport Town -- Turf Man from Ardee -- Falls of Doonass / Roche, Joseph -- Bullock Fair Day / Ryan, Tim -- Beggarman's Song / Callinan, Patrick -- Hay Drawing from Murroe / Richardson, John -- Mary from Murroe / Cooke, Mick -- Castleconnell Far Away / Brien, Thomas O' -- Walls of Limerick / Cosgrave, Tony -- Local Expressions -- Local Roads -- Holy Wells / Ryan, Tim -- Herbs / Moloney, John -- Care of Farm Animals / Moloney, John -- Stories - The Two Women / Richardson, Michael -- Sick Call / Ryan, Tim -- Story / Ryan, Tim -- Story / Ryan, Tim -- Sick Call / Cooke, Mick -- Story / Cooke, Mick -- Local Expressions -- Story / Brien, Thomas O' -- Story / Richardson, Michael -- Story / Moloney, Michael -- Story / Roche, Joe -- Old Story -- Old Stories -- Old Stories / Cosgrove, Martin -- Story / Callinan, Paddy -- Fright / Moloney, John -- White Hare / Cooke, Mick -- Bull / Cooke, Mick -- Holy Well / Roche, Joe -- King and A Snag / Cosgrave, Tony -- Story about a King / Moloney, Michael -- Danny Lafawn and the Dog / Gleeson, Paddy -- Old Story / Richardson, John -- Shawn a Scoop -- Watty Collin's Cat / Richardson, Michael -- Local Forge -- Clothes Made Locally / Ryan, Tim -- Piseoga -- Clothes Made Locally -- Nature Can't Be Trained / Ryan, Tim -- Story / Ryan, Tim -- Riddles -- Pupils Who Collected Folklore, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.