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A migration inhibition test on spleen explants from NZB mice of different ages (4, 8 and 12 months) was performed using 40 μg/mI of DNA. The results have shown increased positivity with ageing of experimental animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four rats were first trained to make a light-dark discrimination by making electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) available to them for responses made in the presence of one stimulus ( S), but not in the presence of another stimulus ( S). Subjects were then tested following treatment with pilocarpine, scopolamine, and combinations of the two. Pilocarpine (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) significantly reduced the rate of reinforced responding, in the presence of S, but did not affect the rate of unreinforced responding, in the presence of S. On the other hand, scopolamine (2.5 mg/kg) did not affect response rates during S, but did significantly enhance responding during S. Furthermore, when given in combination, the two drugs failed to antagonize eath other's actions. Instead, the outcome was equivalent to the sum of the two separate effects: i.e., decreased responding during S and increased responding during S. These results support the conclusions that 1. a pilocarpine-sensitive, inhibitory neural subsystem opposes response activation produced by ESB, in the presence of a discriminative stimulus ( S), and 2. a separate muscarinic inhibitory system which is not sensitive to pilocarpine opposes the activation of non-reinforced responses, i.e., in the presence of S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence is endemic in Indian public life. India stands in the middle range among nations in respect to rates of murder in proportion to population. But violence, including deadly acts, may have increased in India. Be that it may, political and social turbulence is an outstanding characteristic of India. The inclination of physical violence is facilitated by the lack of inhibition in Indian culture, except in the caste untouchability, against physical contact. The bars against contact are group prohibitions rather than individual ones. On the other hand, tactile deprivation is widespread in the U.S.

Thirty-six Ss, informed about the contingencies, were given differential SCR training with 3 different signals: CS[SUP+], CS--, and a signal which was random with respect to UCS occurrence. UCSs occurred randomly between trials and during random signal trials, were correlated with CS+ presence, and were absent during CS--. Employing nonspecific response frequency and amplitude, as well as responding during random signal trials, as baselines for comparison, evidence for both inhibitory and excitatory influences was obtained. The pattern of these influences was such as to question the proposition that a CS+ acquires general excitatory properties and a CS- acquires general inhibitory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tested twelve hypotheses derived from psychophysiological theory underlying the systematic desensitization method of reducing phobic anxiety. Subjects with phobias imagined threatening scenes and neutral scenes under relaxed or non-relaxed conditions while cardiac, respiratory, digital vasomotor, and skin conductance activity was recorded. Seven hypotheses were confirmed for one or more response measures. The results indicated that (a) imagining threatening scenes produces autonomic arousal in direct proportion to degree of subjective threat associated with the scenes, (b) autonomic reactions do not extinguish and countercondition faster to weak stimuli than to strong stimuli, and (c) muscle relaxation has a demonstrable but limited effect on counteracting autonomic fear reactions. Desensitization theory was partially supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cardiac deceleration which occurs during the preparatory interval (PI) of a reaction time (RT) task was examined with reference to a facilitatory feedback model in contrast with a model which viewed the response as part of a somatic inhibitory response. Sixty-three male Ss were run in three independent groups in an RT study. Two groups received 96 trials (divided into blocks of 24) with Pis of 2, 4, 8, and 16 sec presented in a regular series counterbalanced for order. The third group received the same number of trials of each PI in a restricted random order. Heart rate (HR), chin electromyograph (EMG), eye blinks, and eye movements were recorded as dependent variables. Results indicated an orderly, time-locked decline in EMG, eye blinks and movements, which was closely concomitant with a deceleration in HR during the PI. With some exceptions, the various measures demonstrated similar functional relationships with Group and PI variables. The results failed to differentiate between the feedback and somatic inhibitory models because the only combination of variables which eliminated HR deceleration also eliminated the inhibition of the somatic measures. This fact is consistent with the somatic inhibitory model, but is neutral with respect to the feedback model. Different statistical methods for examining the cardiac-somatic concomitance were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of presenting different numbers of standard stimuli (SS) upon the orienting responses (ORs) to test stimuli (TS) that vary in SS-TS similarity were examined. Sokolov's theory of the OR was interpreted as predicting an interaction between the number of SS presentations and SS-TS differences. The prediction was not supported. The data did indicate that (1) prior presentation of SS reduced the ORs to subsequently presented TS and (2) within sequences of SS and TS, OR habituation occurred. SS-TS differences were not significant. The results suggested that theories that assume precise generalization of habituation reconsider that assumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of immune tolerance after feeding a single large dose of picryl chloride to previously starved guinea pigs requires a minimal induction period of approximately 48 to 72 hours. Resistance to anaphylactic sensitization is regularly present at two days and reaches the highest levels by four days. In contrast, contact tolerance occurs sporadically at 72 hours and gradually increases in frequency to reach the maximum rate of inhibition over an interval of 18 to 21 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the retroactive inhibition (RI) in paired-associate learning of normal and mentally retarded teenagers. Significantly, the subjects learned paired-associate lists conforming to A-B, A-C or A-B, C-D patterns. The author points out that previous studies did not provide a clear picture of the RI produced and that the process by which RI is produced was not examined involving normal and mentally retarded subjects in a negative transfer situation. The findings have shown that the A-B, A-C negative transfer paradigm is paired associated learning produced the same amount of RI with mentally retarded teenagers as with their normal counterparts. Finally, the findings provide support for the unlearning hypothesis as an explanation of the RI phenomenon.

This paper is a case report of the treatment of a severe lice phobia using systematic desensitization procedures suggested by Wolpe. The training portion of the procedures required 5 sessions, while the therapy sessions proper required 11 sessions. Following treatment, the patient reported almost complete remission of symptoms. A posttherapy MMPI showed a dramatic shift towards normality when compared to a pretherapy MMPI. A 3-month follow-up was conducted; the patient reported further improvement with no evidence of any symptom substitution. Trainees were present in the treatment room 60% of the therapy sessions with apparently no adverse effects upon the course of treatment. It is noted that systematic desensitization therapy provides an unusual opportunity to teach psychotherapy in a direct and effective manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article assesses several thresholds to perceptual defense. One study has been conducted to determine recognition thresholds for disagreeable emotionally toned words and for neutral words. In this study, threshold reduction for obscene, violence and failure related words was obtained for both externalizers and internalizers. The researchers also found that increased skin conductance, anxiety predispositions, avoidance responses to stimulus words and the disagreeableness of the words are associated with reduced thresholds. The study concludes that both sensitization and inhibition are the two primary perceptual defenses.

The article discusses the experiments on biracial work groups that attempt to modify the behavior of Black Americans toward white teammates in the direction of greater assertiveness and autonomy. The arrangements for affecting the change are derived from the assumptions about the sources of Blacks's inhibition in biracial work groups and it has been found out that their sense of intellectual inadequacy in such situations is an important inhibitory factor. Furthermore, the researchers found that those who actually did as well as white teammates on mental tasks perceived their own mental performance as inferior.

The article cites a study that aims to test the hypothesis of response inhibition under nonarbitrary frustration, and the effects of expectation and reasonableness on the arousal of aggression. Subjects of the study which consist of seventy-six male undergraduate students were given a bogus intelligence test under frustrating conditions. Results indicated that in the present situation, the expectation of a frustration reduces the tendency to express aggression toward the frustrator. The hypothesis on response inhibiton in the reduction of aggression under nonarbitrary frustrations, is also found to be more tenable.

The article attempts to delineate some aspects of hypnotic phenomena which can be rigorously tested and established. It incorporates three aspects where the heuristic model of hypnosis underlies such as the desire on the part of the subject to play the role of a hypnotized subject, increase in suggestibility, and a further less well-defined category that is called by some as an altered state of consciousness and by others, cortical inhibition. It holds the hypotheses that much hypnotic behavior results from the subject's conception of the role of the hypnotic subject as determined by past experience and learning, and by explicit and implicit cues provided by the hypnotist and the situation.

The article discusses a study about the neural satiation and reactive inhibition of introverts and extroverts. Expanding the earlier theories of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Hans Eysenck has hypothesized that extraverts would show greater figural aftereffects or neural satiation and more reactive inhibition on a motor task than introverts. Results of the study revealed that the introversion-extraversion scores were not significantly correlated with either amount of visual aftereffect or reactive inhibition measures.

Analyzes some factors affecting one's emotional traits. Aggressive and inhibitive emotions; Pleasurable and unpleasurable emotions; Classification of the judgments made by an introvert.

Presents a list of articles and other materials on psychology written by psychologist William McDougall. Physiological factors of the attention process; Theory of laughter; Nature of inhibitory processes within the nervous system; Conditions of fatigue in the nervous system.

McClelland and his associate identified two principal factors—power and inhibition—as characteristics of nonalcoholic drinkers. This experimental study was designed to test these results on a small sample of hospitalized alcoholics. A factor analysis identified five factors, one of which was parallel to McClelland's inhibition factor and another that included some but not all of his power variables. The analysis indicated that power and inhibition factors and their relationship to drinking history were different for this sample of hospitalized alcoholics than they were for nonalcoholics. The derived factor scores were further used to assess treatment outcomes after a short-term follow-up of these alcoholics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the significance of the scope of education in understanding social and emotional development. The traditional cleavage between cognitive and affective processes or between learning and attitudes toward learning has almost vanished in the last four or five years. Educational implications of social and emotional development have come into focus in such discussions as Prescott's "Emotion and the Educative Process" and J. E. Anderson's article on 'The Development of Social Behavior." The insight which this approach has developed is becoming particularly active in relation to many chronic educational difficulties, such as those involved in reading. The fact that progress is being made in helping children who are having reading difficulties through working on basic emotional problems points to the need for an evaluation of each child's areas of comfortable learning and areas of learning inhibition in terms of the emotional values of these areas to him. Wickman's study of children's behavior and teacher's attitudes stands out in the period 1925 to 1935 as virtually the only attempt to consider the relation between the teacher's judgments and attitudes and what went on in the schoolroom. This attempt was limited to pointing out that what is considered problem behavior is largely a matter of what disturbs the teacher. This is the central point of the studies by Lewin and Lippitt.

This article discusses on the motor development from birth to maturity. In the field of motor development during the last few years attention has been focused primarily on studies on the early stages of neuro-muscular development, on studies of age changes and developmental sequences in motor coordinations, and on the standardization of tests of motor skills. The recent researches show that during the first few years of life maturational factors are of primary importance in the development of motor coordinations; that in the neonate coordinations are reflex in nature and under sub-cortical control. With development of the cortex, voluntary motor responses emerge, and the order of their maturing is in a cephalo-caudal direction. Although the development of motor ability is dependent upon maturation, the acquisition of skill is influenced to a great extent by practice. Differences in performance may be due not only to differences in opportunity for practice but to freedom from inhibitions and to the child's attitude toward the activity. A variety of standardized tests have been reported for the measurement of these marked individual differences in motor abilities. Such tests make possible more intelligent provisions of play equipment and provide a basis for more adequate planning of the physical education program. the factors most important in tests of motor abilities are found to be strength, speed, and coordination of movements.

A description of the problem of intellectual inhibition has been followed by a brief outline of the principal manifestations of intellectual inhibition and a discussion of some of the methods that have been devised for overcoming this problem. The implicit awareness of affect-impulse factors influencing cognition has been indicated in scientific literature since the time of Francis Bacon, yet many scientists, including psychologists, have ignored. this phenomenon. It is only when we make the problem explicit by description and definition that we can begin to understand it and answer it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the study of aggression. It is assumed that the person exhibiting an overaggressive pattern has weak internal restraints against expressing impulses. He attributes aggressive intentions to others in their use of power from his viewpoint others wish to coerce him into doing their bidding. With regard to the overinhibited person, it is assumed that he has strong internal restraints against expressing impulses. He attributes inhibitory intentions to others in their use of power others wish to restrict his movement. As for the intermediate person, it is assumed that he has moderate internal restraints against expressing impulses. He attributes instrumental intentions to others in their usual use of power. In other words, although he is capable of recognizing aggressive or inhibitory intent in others, he does not regard others' efforts to influence him as typically aimed at doing him in or at doing him out of things. The intermediate person is sensitive to external cues because his aggression motive is of low strength.

This study was concerned with the influence of certain prior conditions upon subsequent recall of grocery store advertisements. The three conditions used were no prior material (normal), similar advertisement learned prior to learning (similar), and different advertisement learned prior to learning (different). A total of 85 male college students served as subjects in the experiment. Recall scores were found to be poorest in the similar condition, varying reliably from the normal and different conditions. The latter two conditions do not vary significantly from one another. This finding was true for both the mean number of items recalled and for the error score. The result was taken as indicating the validity of the principle of isolation in advertising, particularly where advertisements were in proximity to similar advertisements. From the point of view of theoretical interpretation, it was suggested that the results could be better subsumed under a transfer theory than under the theory of perseveration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extension of discrimination-learning theory based on the inhibition of stimulus intensity was proposed as a mechanism of cognitive development. According to this discrimination-inhibition theory, children experience concrete cues such as form, brightness, etc., with an intensity which captures and holds the orienting response and thereby prevents children from focusing on more abstract stimuli, such as the cues for number of elements and identity over time. The Ss were 48 normal and 37 educable mentally retarded children. The amount of stimulus distortion in Piaget's conservation-of-number paradigm was varied. Results indicated that among both normal and EMR children, the predominant category of transitional children was composed of children who conserved at a low level of stimulus intensity but failed to conserve at a higher level of stimulus intensity (p < .01). The data support the discrimination-inhibition theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compares the effectiveness of producing response inhibition of high- and low-intensity physical punishment and elaborated verbal punishment when punishment was delivered either early or late in a response sequence. Data showing that physical punishment was more effective when of high intensity and when delivered early in the response sequence; Verbal punishment generally more effective than physical punishment.

Examines the behavioral inhibition of newborn infants produced by auditory stimuli. Criteria used to assess the level of arousal; Effectivity of the low-pitch continuous tone as a stimulus condition; Impact of auditory stimuli on crying and the total activity of the infant.

The article presents a study which aims to determine the relationship between loose or allusive thinking and conditioning performance. It examines the theoretical proposition that looseness of thinking is associated with weak internal inhibition of autonomic responses in classical conditioning. Two classical conditioning procedures were designed to maximize internal inhibition and both uses delayed conditioning. The study found out that the amplitude of conditioned responses correlates with the amplitude of the associated unconditioned responses. The results indicated that allusive thinkers differed significantly from non-allusive thinkers wherein they showed a slower rate of conditioning, less inhibition of delay and less ability to suppress irrelevant responses.

The article examines the use of response inhibition and deviant social behavior to extend the experimental investigations of mental defective adult population. In the study, 56 mental defective patients between the age of 19 and 45 years were subdivided as subnormal and several subnormal groups. A Rustrak pen recorder was used to electronically record auditory stimuli and response of patients. The Kendrick Digit Copying Test and Gibson Spiral Maze were used to test the psychomotor ability. Other methods and results of the study were also discussed.

The article cites a study about the use of an indicator of tension for the treatment of phobias using reciprocal inhibition method. According to the researchers, it is desirable to develop a form of indicator of response to measure the reaction of patients to the stimuli. The study made use of a skin resistance measurement to control the treatment process of patients with phobias. Moreover, the researchers used as test subjects two patients suffering from phobia of strong winds and eating in public who were subjected to treatments with and without the use of skin resistance monitoring. Results of the study indicated that skin monitoring resistance is not a stable value for a given individual because of its fluctuating responses to internal and external stimulus.

The article discusses the correlation between scientific temper and social values. Social values relates to individual human values. They are linked with health and security, with the individual's freedom to be different from others. The scientific temper is a state of mind that emerges in few individuals as a result of the mutual inhibitions of a multitude of impulses. The scientific temper directs its own efforts toward getting as nearly as may be at the realities, uncontaminated by superstition and ignorance, and undiverted by fear, desire, envy, hatred, or other emotions. The author states that in the long run greater social value can be assured by a technique actuated altogether by the scientific temper. It also outlines that how does scientific temper and social value affect the day by day activities and struggles of ordinary people bent upon maintaining and enriching one's life.

Haber & Standing (1969, 1970) have shown that visual persistence (VP), which it is suggested corresponds to Sperling's 'Visual Information Store', can be directly measured. The present investigation extends this approach with another direct measure of VP. This involves recording the number of phenomenally simultaneous lines that are experienced when viewing a single trace moving in a straight line, at a sweep speed above the fusion threshold, across the face of a rotating CRO. The results from three experiments suggested that VP for the apparent movement produced by this display was a decreasing function of field brightness, a curvilinear function of sweep speed, and an increasing function of rotation speed and of the spatial separation of the lines. One implication of the latter findings, namely that termination of VP may be brought about by lateral inhibition, received additional support from the finding that disruption by a superimposed noise field increased VP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquisition, reversal, adaptation and inhibition of the orienting response were investigated in a mentally retarded sample and its CA and MA matched normal groups. GSR frequency, magnitude and latency were used as indices of the OR. The retarded subjects maintained and modified their ORs as efficiently as the normals during acquisition and reversal. OR decrements to non-signals and to former signals were distinguished as adaptation v. inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the behavior of a reticent speaker within a model of learned neurotic behavior focusing on a state of speech inhibition referred to as reticence. Experiences of fear and anticipation of speaking or during speech; Speech disorders by the speaker during the speech; Kinds of therapy for improving public speaking.

The article focuses on mobilization of inhibitions and the enjoyment of aggressive humor. Internalized prohibitions against the free expression of certain needs, motives, and impulses have long been assigned a central role in the dynamics of humor by psychoanalytic theorists. In the study reported here, some notions about the role of such inhibitions in the appreciation of aggressive humor were subjected to experimental investigation. According to sociologist S. Freud, aggressive humor can be regarded as one form of tendentious humor that is jokes, which serve some sexual or aggressive purpose. While in all forms of humor some of the pleasure is derived from the mental processes involved in tendentious humor the expression and partial gratification of impulses which are barred from more direct expression provide a supplementary source of pleasure. Freud proposed that aggressive or hostile humor is a veiled form of attack, which satisfies an aggressive motive of its author. Cartoons, jokes, and anecdotes, which derogate an object or emphasize themes of its destruction or suffering all fall under this rubric.

Under a non-arbitrary or reasonable set of frustrations, instigation to aggression was still present, but inhibited owing to the nature of the situation. Also, on the average, females feel as hostile as males but are more inhibited in expressing hostility in overt behavior. Finally, if discrepancy between self and ideal concepts can be considered as a measure of adjustment, as has been shown by a number of experiments, then the more maladjusted the person, the greater is the likelihood that he/she would respond with behavior aimed at injuring the instigator under both arbitrary and nonarbitrary frustrations. The analysis for sex indicates that, in general, the females are much more inhibited in reporting hostile behavior with respect to the number of hostile feelings than the males. The significant interaction of sex with self-ideal discrepancy shows that the difference in the sexes is also a function of the self-ideal discrepancy.

The present paper will present data indicating some behavioral correlates of cortical conductivity as measured by the kinesthetic aftereffect, and some further development of Dynamic System Theory. Specifically, the article relates the kinesthetic aftereffect to efficiency of rote learning and to susceptibility to retroactive inhibition. The demonstration of such interrelationships would support the minimum assumption that the kinesthetic aftereffect measures something which possesses general significance for cognitive behavior. Further, since the seeking of correlation among such phenotypically diverse behaviors stems from assumptions concerning the neurological correlates of the figural aftereffect and the neurological attributes which we hypothesized for Dynamic Systems, such correlations would join with the original study by psychologists G.S. Klein and D. Krech to provide another demonstration of the heuristic role which can be played by an organismic theory set in neurological constructs.

Analyzes aspects of learning in animals in reference to psychological rodentology. Discussions on study of latent learning problem; Relationship between reinforcement and learning behavior; Mechanism of reactive inhibition in behavior variation.

The article presents a study to determine the assumption of H. J. Eysenck concerning satiation and reactive inhibition from a unitary trait. This involved 62 male and female college students who were measured on several tests of satiation and reactive inhibition. It was noted that W. C. Becker was unable to give support to the assumption that there is a relationship between introversion-extraversion dimension of personality and satiation or reactive inhibition. Two tables related to the report were presented. Eysenck's perception was criticized concerning the generality of cortial inhibition. The suggestion about the several different kinds of inhibitory cortical processes made by Becker was considered as a more valid representation of the complex nature of the investigated phenomena.

The article describes a method of treating psychogenic dyspareunia by reciprocal inhibition. According to the authors, the method involves relaxation and reassurance. Two examples of cases where the method was successfully applied are also presented. The first case involves a twenty-two years old married woman whose personality showed several neurotic traits. After the application of the method, the woman who used to be afraid of sexual intercourse because of pain has experienced a satisfactory and normal sexual intercourse.

The article presents a lecture on psychology. Inhibition is described as action of any function which tends to inhibit others. In teaching inhibition, the evolution of the nervous system may be tackled. Habit is defined as the consequence of physical character. In children it is seen as an act that is done in a reflex. Character, being result of habit, is formed during actual reaction.