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Services discussed are directed toward providing relief to parents charged with full-time care of a retarded child. The manner in which this respite care can be provided are explored in areas in or out of the home, on a regular or intermittent basis, and involving additional services. Homemaker, nursing, and babysitter services, as well as foster, temporary care, family-group, and group homes are described and several model programs are cited. Halfway houses, specialized nursing services, and state residential facilities are mentioned, while facilities offering respite care are listed. (RJ)

A mute autistic boy whose special education in seven programs enabled him to change from a hyperactive destructive child to a pensive lovable teenager gradually adjusted to placement in the Utah State Training School for retarded children during his parent's vacations. (MC)

The mother of a 21-year-old mentally retarded boy, who also suffers from frequent petit mal seizures, describes the developmental and behavioral problems which led her to seek institutional placement. (LH)

T was not always a pleasant duty during the war period to show credentials to a plant manager and to announce the unpopular task of plant inspection. Government inspectors were constantly coming and going until the managers often begged for a respite that they might have time to attend to their work. Occasionally, however, managers welcomed inspectors. At times when the inspectors were specialists in their field, they were eagerly sought. It fell to the lot of the office to which the writer was attached to receive requests to assist plants where either the raw materials, intermediates or finished products constituted a health hazard. The management at such times was puzzled as to how to check high sick rate, absenteeism and decreased production in certain departments. Often, despite strenuous efforts to recruit employees, despite a constant force of new employees being hired and in the face of a persistent demand to increase output, the working force decreased. Impressions received while on such duties have fully confirmed the writer's opinions concerning the close relationship which, under other circumstances, he has observed between safe working conditions and a normal output. It is, among those who have followed scientific production, a demonstrated fact that working conditions have a determinable relationship to output. When these working conditions are insanitary, output diminishes; when they conform to hygienic laws, output approximates its maximum, other things being normal. WORKING CONDITIONS RETARDING PRODUCTION

A LEARNED MAN asked me how many treaties of peace had been made and broken since Hamlet's father "in an angry parle, ... smote the sledded Polacks on the ice." Somehow treaties of peace have come to mean little or nothing, and those who put their faith in the meetings of the Great Three or the United Nations do not realize that, so long as the present scheme of power politics prevails, treaties will not save them from war. The system must be completely changed if man is to have respite from bloodshed and rapine. Yet, great efforts were made in the past to restore tranquility after the ravages of war. I advised my learned friend (not because I thought it was a practical suggestion, but solely for the sake of spiritual exercise) to look back to the tenth century and read once more what was done by simple religious men in the direction of keeping the peace. There are many works which deal with that period. Indeed, the essays in The Cambridge Medieval History provide an excellent foundation for any student who will turn his mind to this grave question, for in it he will find not only what some of Europe's greatest scholars of today have said, but also a bibliography that is of invaluable worth. Such a task, however, is one for an old-fashioned student-one who will take a wide survey of time and events. It will not be of much interest to the man who devotes himself to a mere segment of a country's story or the analysis of a batch of documents which concern only a short period in a dynasty. Therefore, it may be well to turn to the works that have been compiled by scholars of established competence, who have devoted

EVERYONE admits that radiotherapy is of value in ankylosing spondylitis although no one really knows how it acts. In other types of arthritis the value of X rays has been, in the past, a matter of opinion. In order to try to learn more about this subject, Dr. Desmarais, at that time one of my Unit, collaborated with Dr. Flemming under a grant from the Nuffield Foundation to investigate the problem. Sokolow in 1897 and Stenbeck in i898 were the first to use X rays in the treatment of joint disease. Since then many encouraging but conflicting reports have been published regarding the value of X rays in different arthritic conditions. Most of the reports, however, except for those of Smyth, Freyburg, and Peck (i94I) and Kuhns and Morrison (i946), were not based on carefully controlled experiments. They agreed about the beneficial effects of X rays in ankylosing spondylitis and osteo-arthritis, but they were not in agreement regarding the results in rheumatoid arthritis. In our experiment, routine physical treatment was given to all patients, and I should like to emphasize at this point the need for radiotherapy to be combined with other treatment and general advice on the management of the patients' daily routine for the result to be satisfactory. For instance, if X-ray treatment temporarily eases pain in an osteo-arthrific joint, unless advice is given about the methods required to save yet mobilize the joint, the patient will take advantage of any analgesia, still further to misuse the joint, and the end-result may be worse than at the beginning. Advice will depend, of course, on the joints involved. In the patient who is fair, fat, and forty, with painful knees, weight reduction and quadriceps drill will be the order of the day. The sportsman with a bad hip must cut out his excessive walking and should do some ' back cycling ' to keep up mobility. The housewife with backache must have a stool of the right height in the kitchen and carry out postural, mobilizing, and strengthening exercises regularly each morning. A spinal belt may also help her. Heat will ease pain in an exacerbation and massage may deal with concomitant ' non-articular rheumatism '. Let us remember that radiological changes and pain often do not correlate at all well and that attention to the soft tissues may provoke a cure in spite of the presence of osteophytes. Again in spondylitis, unless the respite obtained by radiotherapy is utilized to improve posture and is followed by the use of a light brace and instruction on the importance of the recumbent posture, the long-term gain will be but slight. In a severe and active case a plaster bed at night, postural and breathing exercises, and a rest, flat on the back on a firm surface, at midday are necessary. Without this the value of radiotherapy will be entirely lost. Team work is required in diagnosis, preparation of the patient, treatment of anaemia, mapping out a general treatment and concomitant physiotherapy, discussion on X-ray dosage, sometimes the application of surgery, and finally, perhaps adjustment of occupation. The physician, orthopaedist, pathologist, radiologist, radiotherapeutist, physiotherapist, and welfare officer should all have their place in the team, though the part they will play will vary according to the particular case under treatment. The present series of 788 cases was first divided into those due to osteo-arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and spondylitis with peripheral joint involvement. Each group

This article continues a line of thought presented by Peter Cooper in JPR 1965, No. 1, by relating the formation of 'war' and 'peace' concepts in children to some of Jean Piaget's developmental dimensions. 114 subjects in the age groups 8, 10, and 12, chosen from different socio-economic levels, were interviewed with a fairly comprehensive instrument containing among other items a set of questions designed to tap ability of reciprocal reasoning. 1) The subjects seem to know much more about war than about peace. For both concepts they concentrate upon the 'concrete' aspects (war as fighting, killing, dying, weapons; peace as respite and inactivity) rather than upon the more 'abstract' aspects (war as a conflict situation; peace as something which must be actively obtained and maintained). 2) The relation is greater between ability of reciprocal reasoning and the concrete aspects, than between ability of reciprocal reasoning and the more abstract aspects of war and peace concepts. 3) Socio-economic level is related to conception of concrete aspects of war and peace, but subjects from high socio-economic level do not necessarily conceive of peace as something which must be actively obtained and maintained more than do subjects from low socio-economic level. On the basis of these findings the author hypothesises that the subjects may not have been given the opportunity to apply their growing mental capacities to the development of an active peace concept, and that much more can be done in this direction through education.

THE war hit southern England very hard. The ports on the South Coast, from Plymouth on the west to Ramsgate on the east, shared the blows. Their experience was also usually more varied, on occasion more intense and generally more prolonged and with less respite than that of any other part of the area, London not excluded. Most of them have been, at different times, both reception and evacuation areas, and their populations have fluctuated wildly. In some cases, particularly in the more closely threatened east, the record low population figures of 1940–41 were unprecedented. Ramsgate's population fell from 35,000 to 12,000, Dover's from 40,000 to 15,000 and Folkestone's (generally speaking a more readily mobile population) from 46,000 to 12,000.

Nepal is in the grip of electricity crisis. The electricity crisis of this millennium began in 2006. Nepal saw the last electricity crisis of the last millennium in 1999 and with the commissioning of Khimti Hydroelectric Project in 2000, there was no load shedding until 2005. Earlier, the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) used to attribute load shedding to "no water in rivers." Since the last wet season, however, Nepal has suffered from load shedding even while struggling with "food" problem. With no electricity for 16 hours a day, the last dry season was the worst so far. Nepal's macro economy is suffering heavily due to this phenomenon. It is anomalous, however, that even at the time of load shedding the NEA has been spilling energy due to mismatch of system as well as transmission congestion. The NEA has promised respite from the problem in next five years, but the facts and figures do not corroborate the claim. The government of Nepal’s (GoN) defective vision and short sighted policy is at the root of the problem, one that can be mitigated by setting the vision right and making the policy more forward looking and based on the principle of self-reliance. Key words: Electricity crisis; Load shedding; NEA; IPPs; Adverse impact; Anomaly; Respite; GoN Policy; Tariff; Nepal DOI: 10.3126/hn.v6i0.4187 Hydro Nepal Vol 6, January 2010 Page : 7-17 Uploaded Date: 23 January, 2011

OF what importance is the relation of morbidity to economic levels? Why should we address attention to this problem? If we hope to convert the cycle of poverty, ignorance, malnutrition, and sickness to one of education, improved nutrition, improved health, and economic development, we must gain understanding of the interactions of these variables. Leona Baumgartner, in a recent editorial in this Journal, quoted from Kimball's book "Tropical Africa": "It is bad enough that a man should be ignorant, for this cuts him off from the commerce of other men's minds; it is perhaps worse that a man should be poor, for this condemns him to a life of stint and scheming, in which there is no time for dreams and no respite from weariness. But what surely is worse, is that a man should be unwell, for this prevents him from doing anything much about either his poverty or his ignorance."17 The problems of ignorance, sickness, and poverty are not restricted to tropical Africa. One finds these problems even in the cities of the United States. Some economists tell us that economic development per se will lead to better health. Educators claim that education will lead to both better health and economic development, while we as health workers often claim that without health, neither education nor economic development can succeed. To plan logically for improvement in all of these areas one must be able to evaluate effects of each, in order to establish priorities. This paper does not attempt to assess and evaluate the priorities of these factors. The difficulties and shortcomings of use of interview data in lieu of complete, standardized history and physical are not discussed.28 29'34 Discussion is limited to problems and pitfalls in the study of the interrelationships of economic level and morbidity as measured by household interview. Examples are drawn mainly from a year-long, nationwide study in Taiwan.

Although a show of hands at the 1959 Photonuclear Conference held at Meridan, New Hampshire, indicated that most participants preferred a respite until 1961, enthusiasm for a “small” meeting in 1960 was evident, and by early spring the organization of what proved to be the largest meeting yet held was initiated by K. H. Lindenberger and J. H. D. Jensen, of the University of Heidelberg, Germany. The conference met from August 18 to 22, and was sponsored jointly by the Karlsruhe Nuclear Reactor Company and the Heidelberg Academy of Science. The site was the Sportschule Schoneck, a school supported by the athletic clubs of the state of Baden, scenically situated on a hill overlooking Karlsruhe. Lecture halls, meals, and recreational facilities were available here for the attendees, as well as accommodations for about 50 (the remainder obtaining rooms in hotels and “Weinstuben” in the suburb of Durlach).

STRUGGLED more than two years, along with many of my colleagues in the Society, for a solution to the problems raised in the report of the Committee for the 1970's, and having worked manfully during the past year with representatives of our own and kindred societies toward the realization of the proposed National Historic Records Program, and wishing to give you some respite from your own hard labors of thinking and drinking, panel discussions, workshops, business meetings, committee meetings, and receptions, I should like to remind you and myself that the life of an archivist is not entirely trouble and toil. Indeed, it carries with it many fringe benefits, many satisfactions. So I want to talk to you about some of these tonight, using as my title, "Persons, Places, and Papers: The Joys of Being an Archivist." One of my children once described his father's profession as "messing around with old papers." At the time I thought it an accurate description. Thus it comes as something of a surprise to me that when I start thinking about what it means to be an archivist, persons rather than papers take preeminence. And first among these persons are you, my colleagues. What a joy you have been to me, and continue to be; and how true this has been from the very first! When unexpectedly, almost twelve years ago, out of a background of college teaching and book publishing, I was appointed Director of the South Carolina Archives Department, everyone in the Society of American Archivists gave me a far better welcome than I deserved; but four of its members made me their special charge. First and foremost among these was Philip Hamer. Perhaps because he was a fellow South Carolinian, perhaps because of his friendship with R.

Farndale (1961) quoted doubts as to whether the relatively costly Geriatric Day Hospitals with their skilled staffs have a role very different from community Day Centres for old people. An attempt is made to answer his questions in this account of 3 years' work in a Psychogeriatric Day Hospital in the East End of London. The advantages of the Day Hospital's setting within a psychiatric hospital situated in the heart of the area it serves, and the mutual benefits deriving from its close association with a Psychogeriatric Ward, are emphasized. Nearly 88 per cent. of patients referred to the Day Hospital were in need of the skilled care it could afford, and 62 per cent. of discharged patients had received specialized psychiatric treatment (drugs and/or E. C. T.). While social stress (especially isolation) was an important factor in the illnesses of many patients, there were relatively few referrals on purely social grounds. Barely a quarter of the patients admitted were discharged home improved. However, the value of the Day Hospital in affording prompt relief of crises in the community until admission to hospital could be arranged, in maintaining demented and other chronic patients and in giving respite to relatives is explained. It is concluded that although the Day Hospital has yet to be used to the full by the community it has already shown its worth. It seems very likely that Day Hospitals have an important place in the expanding field of geriatric psychiatry.

It is bad enough that a man should be ignorant for it cuts him off from the commerce of other men's minds. It is perhaps worse that a man should be poor for this condemns him to a life of stint and scheming in which there is no time for dreams and no respite from weariness. But what is surely the worst is that a man should be ill for this prevents his doing anything much about either his poverty or his ignorance. (Nash, R. M., Amer. J. Public Health 58: 167, 1968, from George Kimble, Tropical Africa.)

If the United Nations system is to outlaw the unilateral use of force, except in cases of self-defense, it is clear that some provision must be made for the peaceful settlement of disputes and for peaceful change. In the past, peacekeeping operations have often succeeded in restoring a fragile peace. Yet collective actionall too frequently has been limited to a restoration of the status quo ante. Indeed, states have usuallyfailed to accept any collective responsibility to deal with the grievances that initially led to the outbreak of hostilities. If peace is to be maintained over any extended period of time, peacekeeping operations must not, asAmbassador Arthur J. Goldberg recently warned, “be a sofa to provide a comfortable respite from efforts atpeaceful settlement” but instead should “be a springboard for accelerated efforts to eliminate the root causes of conflict.”

To the Editor:— For this Journal reader seeking respite from a current tide of medical literature, perusing a copy of Household Words , a weekly journal conducted by Charles Dickens, proved to be an adventure of contemporary interest. With the hope of eliminating profession-linked problems of academic and practicing medicine, W. C. Wescoe in aJournalSpecial Communication, "The Town-Gown Syndrome: Pathology" ( 186 :785 [Nov 23] 1963), examined the "symptomcomplex" of the titled syndrome, outlining etiological factors, course, prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment. Dickens, in an 1852 contribution to Household Words titled "Town and Gown," 1 with the same intent approached the controversies of university students and citizens of another century, the fictitious gowned members of the University of Bulferry and the tradesmen of the town of Bulferry. In keeping with the Journal comparison of conflict of "town and gown" to a clinical syndrome, the English novelist also draws such an analogy

Aretaeus the Cappadocian was one of the great physicians of antiquity. Excerpts are quoted from his descriptions of various acute and chronic diseases, especially in relation to old age. Two of his aphorisms are particularly pertinent: 1) “One must be fertile in expedients and not be satisfied to apply his mind entirely to the writings of others.” 2) “It is impossible to make all the sick well … but the physician can secure respite from pain, intervals in disease, and can render disease latent.”

The purposes of ante-natal care are to observe the general health and condition of the pregnant woman, to detect at an early stage any deviations from the normal, to make whatsoever provision is necessary to bring the patient to the end of her pregnancy in the best possible condition and to ensure that the place of her delivery offers the greatest safety for mother and baby. Little ante-natal care was undertaken before the beginning of the present century, but since then and particularly since 1945, there has been such a great increase in facilities that few women do not receive more or less adequate supervison during pregnancy.

This chapter summarises the limitations of Soviet power, discussed in detail in the preceding chapters, and how they generate incentives for a Thermidor in the superpower conflict in the developing world. A respite, if extended, could conceivably moderate the inclinations of the superpowers to intervene militarily abroad and lead to a redefinition of their struggle from one characterized principally by force and threats to one driven primarily by political and soci-econo-mic competition.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the parliamentary debates. The recording of debates in Parliament is a very demanding task, and one which requires special skills. Reporters work in short spells of about ten minutes each. At the end of a spell the reporter dictates his shorthand notes to a typist, and this continuous process of transcription goes on until the end of the day's business. There are a few moments of respite; at Question Time, for instance, both the Questions and the Answers are available in advance: the Questions from the Order Paper and Answers from the departments concerned. Against this, the reporting of Supplementary Questions can be particularly difficult, but reporters are free to consult with Members involved in the interest of accurate reporting. In addition to reporting debates, which in themselves are an important source of data, Hansard contains authoritative information on an extremely wide range of subjects in the form of answers to parliamentary questions. Ministers have very substantial departmental facilities which they use in framing their replies to questions, and they may also include references to other sources of information.

As the New Year began, Pomponne hoped at last for a respite from his ambassadorial career—”unless His Majesty orders otherwise,” he told Lionne, “for as soon as I know his will, all other reasons become silent.” His mission at The Hague had become burdensome and “useless.” Even his friends no longer came to see him, “as if it were suspicious to converse with me.” He put himself at Lionne’s command, “to determine, if you please, my fate.”1

At Nuremberg on 12 September 1938, Hitler advised the Sudeten Germans living in Czechoslovakia to insist on return of their territories to the Reich, and promised them the support of the German Army. Since France and the Soviet Union were pledged to support the Czechs, war seemed imminent. For over two weeks the diplomatic situation was tense, but on 29 September Chamberlain, Daladier, Mussolini and Hitler agreed at Munich that the areas of Czechoslovakia inhabited by the Sudeten Germans, as well as the Polish and Hungarian minorities, should be given to their respective kin States. No Czech or Russian was present at the dismemberment of one of the chief creations of the Versailles Settlement. Peace had been maintained, but although the crisis had blown over, it was clear that the respite was only temporary.

In my selection of a subject for this Presidential Address, I must confess to the influence of a long-standing interest concerning the outstanding achievements of physicians in nonmedical pursuits. Also, I thought a respite from scientific papers might be welcome. I had thought too, that my choice had some originality but I was quickly disillusioned of this idea on visiting the reference libraries. Various aspects of the subject I planned to cover had been dealt with in numerous articles and books. This fact somewhat discouraged me and I entertained the idea of discussing a clinical matter but found myself reverting to my original intention. The predicament seemed similar to that of the Australian who wished to purchase a new boomerang but went crazy trying to rid himself of the old one. I have proceeded, however, in the hope that my efforts might provide some consolidation of the widely dispersed information.

ONE of the important problems involved in the efficient running of a telephone exchange is to decide on the number of operators required to deal with the expected volume of traffic. Calls arrive at an exchange at approximately random time intervals, so that the longer subscribers wait for their calls to be answered, the less respite will there be for the operators. To provide a service where subscribers rarely wait would require so many operators or trunks that they would be idle for a very large proportion of their time. In practice, a balance is struck between subscriber waiting and operator/equipment waiting.

THE Lister Institute has sustained a severe loss to its active strength by the sudden death on June 18 of the head of its Biochemical Department, Prof. Robert Robison. He was in his fifty–eighth year. On the previous day he was at work as usual in the Institute and was looking forward eagerly to spending a brief respite from duty at his home in Putney and tending his beautiful garden. Thus has been cut short a career of strenuous endeavour and high accomplishment in biochemistry, which is the poorer for his loss.