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Protein composition of human pancreatic juice and pancreatic juice from men with chronic calcifying pancreatitis are compared using immunotechniques. An additional protein is characterized in pancreatic juice of men with chronic calcifying pancreatitis. This additional protein is demonstrated to be lactoferrin, a protein present in various external secretions. Its concentration in pancreatic juice is very low (0.03–0.34%). Its presence is discussed.

Protein from samples of mucous saliva was degraded more readily by rumen micro- OIganisms from the cow supplying the saliva than by micro-organisms from other cows, suggesting there may be protein composition differences in the salivas of individual animals. Gel electrophoresis of the proteins of mucous saliva of cows of high (HS) and low (LS) susceptibility to bloat reveale,d a group of three proteins (band 4) present as a major component in only HS cows. Investigation of the suitability of band 4 protein as a genetic “marker” for a breeding programme to reduce bloat susceptibility in cattle is warranted.

Spontaneous colicin A-resistant and -tolerant mutants were isolated fromCitrobacter freundii and classified in five different groups on basis of their sensitivity to bacteriocin S6 produced byKlebsiella pneumoniae. One group of colicin A-resistant mutants was extremely sensitive to ampicillin and desoxycholate; one group of colicin-A-tolerant mutants was extremely sensitive to ampicillin, desoxycholate and EDTA. One of the bacteriocin-S6-insensitive mutants showed filament formation in liquid medium.

A marked but transient proteinuria was detected in all foals that received colostrum in the first 24 h. of life. Initially there were rising levels of urinary protein which reached a peak by 6 to 12 h., followed by sharply declining levels to 24 to 28 h. of life. Feeding high protein colostrum during and after the time of intestinal closure did not prolong the period of proteinuria. Analysis of the urinary protein by CAM electrophoresis showed that it was devoid of obvious serum components. It more closely resembled the protein composition of milk and colostrum, but contained no evidence of γ-globulin. On gel filtration it was found to consist almost exclusively of low molecular weight protein. It was concluded that the small molecular weight milk proteins were absorbed by the intestine along with the larger molecules, but were selectively excreted in the urine by virtue of their small size. The cessation of proteinuria was judged therefore to be a reflection of cessation of absorption of macromolecules by the foal's intestine.

A modified technique of agar electrophoresis is suggested; this method is applicable to the study of microquantities of solutions with low protein content. The technique allows the analysis to be made of the fraction protein composition of such biological fluids as aqueous humor of the eye and internal ear perilymph. The findings relating to the fluids under normal and pathological conditions are presented.

As a continuation of previous investigations, a comparative study of the protein composition in the normal and cataractous lens was made using a thin-layer gel filtration technique (Sephadex G-200). This technique permits a good separation of proteins with high molecular weight. The remarkable persistence of α-crystallin, and the diminution in concentration of some proteins with low molecular weight, are discussed.

— Of the total protein in an adult mouse brain, 35 per cent is water-soluble and 65 per cent water-insoluble. Using an extraction scheme of sequential treatment with water, Triton X-100, and sodium lauryl sulphate, it was possible to solubilize at least 90 per cent of this total in distinct groups. Qualitative analysis of the extracts was achieved by electro-phoresis in porosity gradient polyacrylamide gels. In this way, each fraction was resolved into 20-50 protein bands. This sequential extraction-fractionation procedure was employed in a study of the onto-genetic changes in mouse brain proteins. The most pronounced accumulation of protein and alteration of protein composition occurred during the first few weeks after birth. Beyond that period, both quantitative and qualitative changes were much less dramatic, except in the 1 % SLS fraction, which continued to increase in size throughout the mouse's lifespan. Whereas the aqueous-soluble proteins predominated during the very early stages of development, the detergent-soluble constituents accounted subsequently for a steadily increasing proportion of the total protein.

The existence of bristles, the hair-like appendages in several species of the genus Scenedesmus has been confirmed. The ultrastructure of bristles in Scenedesmus helveticus Arlet, Sc. acutus Meyen and Sc. acuminatus/Lagerh./Chodat has been studied by negative staining. While bristles of Sc. helveticus are composed of several microstrands with a regular pattern of cross-striation, the bristles of spineless species Sc. aculus and Sc. acuminatus seem to be composed only of individual microstrands. These investigations of bristles suggest their protein composition.

Myelin was purified from control and multiple sclerosis (MS) white matter. Purity of samples was checked with electron microscopy and biochemical analyses, and protein composition of myelin samples was evaluated with horizontal gel electrophoresis. Results showed a typical and consistent pattern in electropherograms with major protein constituents and some minor ones. All other proteins were similar in control and MS myelin samples except the encephalitogenic (basic) protein which showed decreased values in MS myelin. The role of encephalitogenic protein in the pathogenesis of MS is discussed on the basis of these findings.

Determinations have been made of the amino-acid composition of protein extracts from the dried green tissues of two perennial tropical grasses—Brachiaria ruziziensis and Setaria sphacelata, harvested at various growth stages. The relative contributions of the isolated protein N, soluble N, and residual or unextracted N to the total organic nitrogen have also been investigated. The results show general similarities of protein composition and pattern of nitrogen distribution throughout the development of the plants.

Monosomes were prepared from free, deoxycholate-treated free and membrane-bound rat liver ribosomes and the pattern of their ribosomal proteins was determined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results revealed no major differences between these patterns except for the presence of an additional protein in the case of free monosomes not treated with deoxycholate. It is concluded that free and membrane-bound ribosomes in rat liver have identical protein composition.

Studies are presented describing some physiological responses of rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) to diurnal hypoxia. Diurnal hypoxia altered the levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit and total plasma protein, gill ventilation rates, and growth. Electrophoretic analyses established that plasma, myogen, and hemogen fractions also were altered significantly. However, the biological significance of changes in protein composition remains uncertain.

The most accurate method known to data for estimating age of wild vertebrates involves biochemical assay of eye lens proteins. Laboratory procedures that may be unfamiliar to many ecologists are described in detail. The method is based on precise changes in the amount of insoluble lens protein, and consists of two procedures: obtaining the appropriate lens fraction, and quantitatively analyzing its protein composition. Lenses are homogenized, and the insoluble fraction isolated by centrifugation. Protein content is measured colorimetrically by using the Lowry test. Instructions are given for single and double-beam spectrophotometers.

There are three general categories of procedures employed for the quantitative determination of the gamma globulin content of biological fluids. These are (1) electrophoretic methods, (2) chemical procedures, usually based on salt or organic solvent precipitation, and (3) immunochemical methods. A fourth class of procedures which are qualitative or semi-quantitative in nature, are the "protein flocculation reactions." These flocculation procedures are widely used in clinical work to determine changes in protein composition of disease sera, especially in gamma globulin, as compared to normal sera (1). The application of the electrophoretic technique of Tiselius to biological and medical problems has been fully discussed in recent review articles by Stern and Reiner (2), Luetscher (3) and Gutman (4). From a clinical viewpoint electrophoretic methods have the disadvantages of requiring relatively large amounts of protein material, expensive equipment, and skilled technical help and then permit only a few individual determinations to be per

Foram analisados os perfis eletroforéticos das proteínas dos líquidos contidos em cistos de astrocitoma (13 casos) e de glioblastoma multiforme (10 casos), sendo os resultados comparados àqueles obtidos nos líquidos de cistos de craniofariogeoma (7 casos) e de coleções subdurais de origem inflamatória (12 casos). Considerando a participação da albumina no perfil protêico eqüivalente à unidade, foi calculada a participação de cada globulina segundo os grupos de casos. Em relação aos dados obtidos para as coleções subdurais, foi verificado que nos LCT de glioblastomas multiformes era maior a participação da globulina gama, comparável à encontrada no LCT de craniofaringeomas e que, nos LCT de astrocitomas, era menor a participação das globulinas alfa-1 e alfa-2. Esta última verificação se mostrou altamente significativa quando comparada à participação dessas globulinas no LCT de astrocitomas e de glioblastomas. Os dados obtidos foram discutidos, permitindo atribuir as diferenças encontradas especialmente a fatôres locais, relacionados à diferente constituição das paredes dos cistos nos astrocitomas e nos glioblastomas multiformes. The differences in the protein composition of cyst fluids from tumors of the central nervous system have been explained by the conditions in which the exchanges between the blood and the cyst fluid occur as well by metabolic aspects related to the malignancy of the tumor cells. In order to explore the influence of these factors the protein fractions from cyst fluids of astrocytoma (13 cases) and from glioblastoma multiforme (10 cases) were studied and the results were compared to those obtained for the protein fractions of two other series of cases: the first was represented by the results obtained for protein fractions of cyst fluids from craneopharyngeoma (7 cases) and, the second, by those concerning to the fluids from inflammatory subdural collections (12 cases). The protein fractions were studied by paper electrophoresis and the results are presented in table 1. The participation of each globulin fraction was calculated and the unit for comparison was the percent value of the albumin fraction for each given case and the mean values and their standard deviations are presented in table 2. The data were discussed and it was possible to show that the differences found are more able to be explained on the basis of the conditions in which the protein exchanges between blood and cyst fluid occur possibly related to the structural characteristics of the wall of the cysts.

In order to better formulate an artificial shrimp diet, the protein composition of shrimp was assessed and the essential amino acids determined. Penaeus aztecus were treated to remove lipids, carbohydrates and other interfering substances, and the protein was hydrolyzed to its constituent amino acids. The amino acids were then quantitatively analyzed by gasliquid chromatography as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. The essential amino acids were then determined. Shrimp were injected with 14C-labeled glucose and analyses performed to determine which amino acids then exhibited radioactivity, i.e., were synthesized from the labeled glucose. Those amino acids which were not manufactured from the glucose were categorized as “essential”.

Changes in the wheat protein system, particularly endosperm proteins, during the life cycle of the plant have been followed using a starch gel electrophoresis technique. Fractions of low electrophoretic mobility were progressively degraded during germination and progressively synthesised towards the end of the ripening period, indicating their probable role as storage proteins of the endosperm. In contrast, fractions of higher mobility were less affected during germination and were utilised at a later stage. Similarly, these components were synthesised first during ripening and remained at a relatively constant level during the build-up of apparently high molecular weight material. On the information available it was not possible to determine whether the fast-moving fractions represented the enzymes of the system or were precursors of the larger components.

INVESTIGATIONS of the vitreous body are beset with numerous technical difficulties. Its large water content and the instability of its structure make it difficult to obtain unchanged vitreous body in large amounts. Through the slit lamp and in fixed histological preparations (Lauber, 1936; Baurmann, 1926; Comberg, 1924; Duke-Elder, 1930), the human vitreous body appears as a structured mass. In order to circumvent the criticism that such structures are caused artificially, new methods of investigation had to be evolved. Through the ordinary microscope fresh vitreous body demonstrates no structural elements. On the other hand, investigations with the ultramicroscope (Friedenwald and Stiehler, 1935), darkfield microscope, and phase-contrast microscope (Redslob, 1932; Matoltsy and others, 1951; Grignolo, 1952) have not led to any single conclusion, but have given rise to the present view of the vitreous body as a gel, permeated by a net of submicroscopic fibrils. As Morner (1893) has shown, this structural part can be split off by filtration. The chemical and physical analysis of the filter remains (Pirie and others, 1948) resulted in a collagen-type protein and a polysaccharide acid which could be identified as hyaluronic acid (Meyer and Palmer, 1936). The further structural analysis of these elements by means of the electron microscope and x-ray diagrams (Pirie and others, 1948; Schwarz and Schuchardt, 1950; Schwarz, 1951; Matoltsy and others, 1951) led to the discovery of three main types of fibrils: (i) long unbranched threads with an indication of fine axon periods; (ii) delicate, unbranched, entangled threads with a distinct axon period of 500-850A; (iii) broad, striated fibrils with an axon period of 500-800A, which demonstrated the typical relationship of collagen. This structural residual protein consists of various components which can be separated and demonstrated by electrophoresis. To Hesselvik (1939), we owe the thorough electrophoretic analysis of the proteins of the vitreous body. Since the introduction and development of paper-electrophoresis, it has become possible to investigate the protein composition of single

1. 1. Protein from the nucleus of the eye lens in ocean whitefish was analyzed by a modified method of cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Distilled water and physiological saline were used to extract the protein. 2. 2. Fifty fish were caught at Cedros Island, Baja California, and nine at the Coronados Islands, near southern California. Fish of both regions produced two protein patterns in common, while fish from Cedros Island produced two additional patterns. 3. 3. The uniformity of the patterns in fish living 500 miles apart clearly demonstrates the reliability of the electrophoretic method. The presence of extra protein patterns in fish from Cedros Island indicates that electrophoresis of nuclear lens protein can be used to identify separate breeding populations. 4. 4. This method (electrophoresis of nuclear lens protein) effectively identifies molecular differences that reflect genetic variation between individuals of the same species.

1. 1. Proteins of myelin, synaptosomes and mitochondria from mouse, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit and cat brain were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate. 2. 2. Synaptosomes from the five species gave very similar protein patterns; mitochondria behaved similarly, while myelin from different species showed a different protein composition. 3. 3. Several protein bands were common to myelin, synaptosomes and mitochondria owing to the cross-contaminations; by densitometry of the electrophoretic patterns eight protein components characteristic of the synaptosomal fractions were identified.

Protein composition of myelin and white matter was analysed in 8 multiple sclerosis (MS), 2 sub- acute sclerosing panencephalitis and 1 postvaccinal leucoencephalitis autopsy samples. Special attentio

Differentiation of cultivated plants is remarkably complex on complicated geographical, historical, as well as economical background. The precise systematics of these plants have not yet been established so far in spite of prevailing demand for the progress of breeding, and the existing classification systems can not offer in turn, necessarily reliable criteria. On the other hand it has been recently known in the biochemical investigations that the protein structure is controled by the gene,l) and the genetic differences can be studied through the comparison of protein constituents among different genetic lines. In this point of view serological analyses of proteins have been utilized to the advantage of phylogenetic investigations in cultivated plants.2*3*4*5) This paper deals with the comparison of leaf proteins in several Bras&a species by means of serological method. These plants are all regarded as distinct species on the cytogenetical ground, of which the genome analyses have been performed already, so that they are taken as the convenient materials to study relationships between the genome constitution and protein composition. It may be duly expected to obtain certain criteria to be applicable to phylogenetic investigation of the cultivated plants, of which genome analyses have not yet been fully performed, and also expected to analyze certain minor differentiations in those plants, which can be studied no more in advance by the usual cytogenctical methods.

The following conclusions may be drawn from the results obtained in this study. 1. In the minor surgical cases (considered normal) the chemical composition of the blood serum agrees, as far as its proteins are concerned, with the usual standard values. When examined at different times, the serum of such cases shows no variation in the total protein content or in its individual fractions. The incoagulable nitrogen, however, varies considerably in the total amount in the different cases, as well as in its percentage relations to the other constituents of the serum. 2. The cases of prostatic hypertrophy, with or without chronic interstitial nephritis, show no change from the normal in the character of the protein composition of the serum, nor in the ratio which the individual fractions bear to each other. On the other hand, the incoagulable and non-protein nitrogen of the serum show marked fluctuations, some of which correspond to the degree of functional deficiency of the kidneys. 3. In cases of localized infections of the kidneys, the changes in the blood serum are twofold. One concerns the proteins, and is traceable to the infection; and the other concerns the non-protein nitrogen, results from functional impairment, and varies with the amount of destruction of the kidney substance. Thus an increase in the globulins is observed in these sera similar to that occurring in infections in other localities; the non-protein content increases apparently in direct proportion to the degree of deficiency of the kidney, and becomes diminished when the function of the kidneys improves.

1) The distribution pattern of squid muscle proteins was studied by the method of DYER et al. as well as by a similar method which was modified in some points so as to fit the properties of squid muscle proteins. 2) Squid muscle proteins were found to consist of 12 ?? 20% of non-myosins, 77 ?? 85% of myosins and 2 ?? 3% of stroma. Subdivision of non-myosins into myogen, myoalbumin and globulin X did not give a uniform pattern from analysis to analysis. As far as the gross distribution pattern of muscle proteins is concerned, squid seems to resemble fishes, although properties of its myosins are distinct from those of fishes as shown in the previous reports.

Buffer-soluble proteins extracted from six morphologically different isolates of Verticillium were separated by polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis. Protein patterns from the six isolates were different from one another whether extracts were prepared from conidia, from young colonies composed of mycelium and conidia, or from 6-day-old mycelium. However, the nature of the patterns, and therefore the degree of differences among species patterns, was influenced by the types of cells from which the extracts were prepared.Patterns of proteins from V. tricorpus, V. nigrescens, and an isolate of uncertain identity (isolate 2) which produced chlamydospores and dark mycelium were clearly different from one another whether extracts were prepared from conidia or mycelium. In contrast, conidia of V. albo-atrum, of V. dahliae, and of an isolate which did not produce pigmented structures produced very similar patterns which differed by only a few protein bands. This close similarity of patterns supports the view that V. albo-atrum and V. dahliae are genetically closely related.The protein composition of conidia differed from that of mycelium. In V. albo-atrum, spore extracts contained at least three proteins not detected in mycelium extracts. Differences between spores and mycelium were even greater in V. nigrescens and isolate 2. Analysis of V. dahliae showed differences between spores, 3-day-old mycelium, and 6-day-old mycelium.Our results support the view that gel-electrophoresis of proteins is useful as a taxonomic tool provided attention is given to the degree of morphological differentiation of the materials to be compared.

In 4 cases of MS, in which the progression of disease differed, and in one case of infantile OLD the proteins of a homogenate and a myelin fraction with and without plaques were separated electrophoretically with polyacrylamide gels in a buffer system of phenol/formic acid/water. The relation of proteolipid protein to basic protein was estimated planimetrically and compared with control cases. In myelin from plaque material of chronic running MS cases an average decrease of 41% in basic protein was observed, while in an acute progressing case no obvious alterations could be discerned. Myelin from apparently normal MS white matter showed an average decrease of 13% in basic protein. The results of the OLD case were similar to those obtained from the chronic MS cases. The decrease of basic protein (chronic MS, OLD) was markedly more in the homogenate fraction than in the purified myelin. In a control case with autolytic alterations (autopsy after 24 hours) the content of basic protein was also diminished. Our findings indicate that the reduction of basic protein in myelin is a non-specific effect in demyelinating diseases.

1. 1. The proteinaceous cement of non-calcified sabellariid worm tubes consists primarily of glycine and serine. 2. 2. Calcified protein from serpulid worm tubes consists of about 30 per cent acidic amino acids. 3. 3. The protein composition of serpulid tubes is similar to that of some mollusk shells.

Protein composition of the blood serum was examined in 7 dogs prior to and after the development of hypertension caused by a partial constriction of the portial vein lumen and ischemization of the liver. A total of 48 experiments were carried out; 15 of these were control and 33 with hypertension. As established, an increase in the blood serum globulins and a reduction of albumins were seen in all the animals with hypertension. A rise of the β-and γ-globulin fractions was noted; there was also a change in the direction of increase or reduction of α1-globulins. On the basis of literature data and personal experiments, a conclusion is drawn that the change in the serum α2-globulins content is not specific for the hypertensive states.

Summary The protein composition of a number of samples of bovine saliva has been studied by electrophoretic analysis. The major component in most samples is a mucoprotein containing sialic acid. This mucoprotein has been isolated by fractionation of saliva, and some of its physical properties have been studied.

Latex samples, collected from the same papaya fruit at fixed time intervals until the fruit ripened, were freeze-dried. The yield of latex, total nitrogen and protein composition, as well as proteolytic activities, were determined. The latex samples, tapped from fruit during its development, were chromatographed on hydroxylapatite: the resulting chromatograms show the change in proteinase content with fruit development. The overall proteolytic activity in the latex of young fruit is noticeably less than in more mature fruit.

Stained sections of developing ovaries and hand-isolated oocyte nuclei and lampbrush chromosomes of domestic fowl were studied. The observations suggest a synchronous transformation from the diplotene chromosomes to the lampbrush stage of chromosomal development and an asynchronous breakdown of recognizable chromosomes in larger oocytes.Before the appearance of lampbrush chromosomes a series of nucleo-cytoplasmic changes were observed in the developing oocytes. Formation and dispersal of the Balbiani-body complex in the cytoplasm appears to be associated with the movement of chromosomes and the initiation of lampbrush formation.The lampbrush chromosomes are developed early in life, in about 18-day chicks, and continue to be observed in active oocytes (above 150 μ diam) of mature birds. The lateral loops of lampbrush chromosomes appear to contain nucleoprotein chromatic granules in linear array. Using enzyme treatment it is conceived that the protein composition of the lampbrush chromosome is relatively higher than is observed in other species and that nucleoprotein synthesis can take place in several segments of a single loop of the avian lampbrush chromosome.

Both nucleic acids and proteins absorb strongly at 195 mμ. It has been demonstrated elsewhere that protein absorbancy at this wavelength is linear with concentration and independent of the protein composition. The present work demonstrates the same for nucleic acids and establishes a working procedure for spectrophotometric determination of nucleoproteins such as ribosomes and viruses.

By an addition of lipase in the preparation of flour dough, the dough decreased its hardness and elasticity, and the gluten prepared from this dough was remarkably extensible and soft. In chemical analysis of the gluten, it was proved that the ratio of lipid and protein was not influenced by the lipase addition, but the glutenin content in the treated gluten was distinctly smaller. As for the protein composition of the dough with lipase addition, the contents of 70% EtOH-soluble N, probably gliadin, and 5% K2SO4-soluble N were both, increased, while glutenin content was decreased.It was suggested that a part of glutenin in gluten changed into gliadin by the addition of lipase in the dough.

The soluble protein content of Pallagrellus silusiae, Aphelenchoides fragariae and three rhabditid species was investigated by means of agar electrophoresis. The highly reproduceable patterns of all species were entirely different in number, concentration and mobility of the fractions and seem to be specific. Deviation from the fresh homogenate pattern caused by different ways of preservation of the extract is discussed. Among the fifteen components that were observed in the Panagrellus pherogram, two were characterized as glycoproteins and one as a lipoprotein. While proteases of all species showed different mobilities, amylases were similar; the taxonomic usefulness of proteins with enzymatic activity is discussed.

In comparing protein composition of cardiac muscle of normal dogs and dogs with experimental valvular lesions and chronic heart failure, it was found that the concentration of actomyosin was lower in the experimental than in normal dogs. Furthermore, cardiac actomyosin in the experimental animals showed decreased viscosity, decreased viscosity response to ATP, and sedimentation patterns that differed from the normal.

Comparing techniques already tested with helminths, and some as yet untested, for light and electron microscope histochemistry, it was found that: 1. 1. The epicuticle of Hymenolepis citelli, Haematoloechus medioplexus and Moniliformis dubius is composed of acid mucosubstance. The epicuticle of M. dubius is a strongly acidic, sulfated acid mucosubstance, whereas the nature of the epicuticle mucosubstance of the other two worms is uncertain. 2. 2. The protein composition of the epicuticle of the three worms ranges from acid to neutral. 3. 3. No acid mucosubstance was found in the trematode gut mucosa which is composed of weakly basic protein, and probably regions of neutral mucosubstance.