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This paper extends the capitalization approach of Wallace E. Oates to consider supply adjustment in a local public goods market of the sort hypothesized by Charles M. Tiebout. It is shown that Oates's singleperiod cross-section analysis-demonstrated demand conditions approximated Tiebout's hypotheses in a situation in which supply was not in long-run equilibrium. Analysis of capitalization of taxes, school expenditures, and road maintenance expenditures over five successive census periods in the Boston area indicates a move toward equilibrium in the market for schooling, but not in all other markets for local public goods.

A case study is used to demonstrate a methodology for measuring the residential property value benefit of water pollution abatement. Increases in the value of single-family homes attributable to improvement in the water quality of the nearby Willamette River (Clackamas County, Oregon) were measured using a regression analysis technique. Sales prices and tax assessment data were used to estimate the change in property values coincident with the changes in water quality. The percentage increase in property value due to pollution abatement is expressed as a function of the distance between properties and the river bank.

Floor-space ratios and bonus floor-space regulations are widely used for controlling the form of buildings and activity concentrations in central business districts of cities. This paper contains estimates of the likely effects these types of regulations would have on rates of return for a case study, the city of Sydney, where new regulations were introduced in 1971. The purpose of the study is to question changes in property values, arising from the introduction of these regulations, which are outside the context of a rational land-use policy.

Dams and reservoirs are often partially justified on the basis of an intangible benefit related to the property value changes that they allegedly induce. This assumption is tested by using the G. Ross Lord Dam and parkland on the west Don River in Toronto. The project had virtually no impact on residential property values in the summer of 1972 while the dam was under construction. The magnitude of the social benefit related to the residential land value changes induced by such a project is considered.

The σ - π separation of energies and one-electron properties of the four lowestlying Π states of the hydrogen molecule considered in the preceding paper [1] is presented. The calculations are based on separate exponent optimization for all four states. The values of the σ electron properties of the four states are much closer than those of the π electrons. The degree of uniformity of the π electron property values increases when a lesser level of approximation based on a single-state (1 Π u) exponent set is used. The assumption of equal parameter values for different states in semiempirical π electron methods is valid only on this level. Conclusions based on this assumption cannot lead us to a representative description of the antibonding character of molecular states.

A new equation of state for steam was formulated for the range of temperatures from 0 to 800°C and of pressures from 0 to 1000 bar. This new equation, in which the specific volume is expressed as the function of temperature and pressure, has a relatively simple form of polynomials and is suitable for computer calculations. This equation was transformed into a nondimensional canonical form (the equation of Gibbs function) from which various derived quantities such as the specific enthalpy, the specific entropy and the specific heat can be obtained by differentiation only. Calculated values of the specific volume and the specific enthalpy agree with the values of the new Skeleton Tables (1963) established by the Sixth International Conference on the Properties of Steam held in New York. The new equation of state and derived functions as well as tables of calculated property values are shown in this report.

Six thermal properties of a charring carbon-phenolic material are measured in a single experiment. The experiment, performed in two hyperthermal plasma-arc facilities, is described and a heat-transfer model is presented, an extension of the classical fusion model of Stefan. The model is solved using a method of finite differences which has several unique features. The properties are calculated from the experimental measurements using the model and nonlinear regression analysis. The calculated property values are shown to be in good agreement with values from conventional tests. It is demonstrated by comparative calculations that the modified Stefan model with nonlinear-regression properties predicts the transient thermal behavior equally as well as a more sophisticated ablation model with conventionally measured properties.

Recent patterns of rural land use in Georgia have stressed urban aggrandizement and the transformation of a significant portion of the available rural land into forests. The area covered by commercial forests in Georgia has increased 21 percent over the past quarter century to the point where two out of every three acres in Georgia are presently growing tree crops. During the 1958-68 decade the proportion of land in farms in Georgia fell from 31.3 percent to 27.0 percent, representing a withdrawal of approximately 1.6 million acres from farm use. As a partial consequence of this shift in rural land use patterns, the price of farm land over the past ten years has increased more rapidly in Georgia than in any other state but one.

Hot wires have been calibrated in the regime 0 400, 0.02 < Re < 20 and with property values taken for the mean gas temperature. The importance of an accurate knowledge of thermal accommodation coefficient at larger values of Kn is discussed.

In this report equations of viscosity, thermal conductivity and Prandtl number for water and steam were correlated as a function of temperature and pressure, while most of equation is previous investigations had been expressed as a function of temperature and density. Directly from values of temperature and pressure without knowing the value of density, property values can be calculated using equations in this report. Whole regions of up to 1000°C, 3500 bar for viscosity, up to 700°C, 500 bar for thermal conductivity and up to 600°C, 500 bar for Prandtl number are covered by three equations each, namely equations for the water, the steam and the critical regions. In the water and the steam regions those for the water, the steam and the critical regions. In the water and the steam regions those properties are expressed as the polynomials of pressure in two or three terms, while the narrow region near the critical point is expressed in a slightly more complicated form. Values calculated by the correlated equations were compared with the recent experimental values.

The punched-card method is illustrated, with a description of the procedures used in analyzing the data on single cotton fibers. The samples were tested for 7 properties, from which 5 more were derived by computation. For each of these 12 properties there were prepared a histogram showing the distribution of the property values within variety groups, means and standard devi ations for 6 subgroups within each variety, and a three-factor analysis of variance of the means for all varieties and subgroups. The steps in obtaining these results from the punched cards are outlined. Some advantages of this method over the desk-calculator approach are discussed.

Measuring flood control benefits from estimated property damage in prior floods omits losses in the form of depressed values of land put to less valuable uses because of annual flooding. Covariance analysis of real property values in three urban areas differently situated around Lake Cumberland, Kentucky shows a much larger rate of increase, over a 15-year period, for the area receiving flood protection. This suggests that the economic benefits from a flood protection facility include these additional property value increases as well as the prevented property damage.

Two methods of estimating the value of the presence of water frontage to a typical residential property are presented. Data from the Kissimmee River Basin, Florida, are used in the analyses.The fir...

THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE MAJOR CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED IN THE ISSUE OF URBAN GROUND TRANSPORTATION NOISE. IT PRESENTS A SPECTRUM OF PROBLEMS, ALTERNATIVE POLICIES AND SUGGESTED MEANS OF IMPLEMENTING HIGHER STANDARDS FOR EXISTING AND FUTURE VEHICLES AND GROUND ACCESS CORRIDORS. AN EXPLANATION IS GIVEN OF NOISE MEASUREMENT, AND THE SOURCES OF GROUND TRANSPORT NOISE IN URBAN ARE REVIEWED. THE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON MAN AND ON PROPERTY VALUES ARE OUTLINED, AND THE COSTS OF NOISE AND NOISE CONTROLS ARE DISCUSSED. VARIOUS MEANS, BOTH TECHNICAL AND LEGAL, OF REDUCING NOISE FROM GROUND TRANSPORT ARE DESCRIBED. /TRRL/

Public investment in water-based recreation facilities is made to increase the recreation potential of an area and to improve the economic resource base of the area. Estimates of the impact of one such investment on the structure of the land market and on property values were made for a rural area in Pennsylvania. The findings of the study support the general hypothesis that investment in water-based recreation facilities does significantly influence the value of rural property and the structure of the rural land market. Property characteristics and subdivision activity on surrounding properties had to be considered in addition to distance from the recreational development to measure the impact of this public investment.

This case study of Plainfield, New Jersey, considered the hypothesis thitt the continuing entry of Negroes into a suburban community, surrounded by municipalities without Negro populations, will bring a decline in property values. Examination of price changes since 1955 turned up no evidence of either an absolute or relative adverse racial effect on home prices.

THIS PAPER is the result of a three year study conducted in Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas, to determine the impact of parks of various types upon the values of residential properties.1 The proxy for value which was used was assessed value for properties in both cities as developed by the two City Assessors. The study of the situation in Dallas was undertaken first with the study in Ft. Worth a kind of followup on the results in Dallas to see if these results were applicable to another community. The analysis in the present study was limited to the impact that the individual park might have on property values of properties near or within the use area of the park. Thus, the park may be an external value determining factor on the values of properties near or adjacent to it. Parks might cause either an increase or a decrease in the values of such properties. The limitations to the property analysis include the fact that data was collected only on properties quite near the park (within about 5 blocks) and included only about 700 properties around each of the parks analyzed. This meant that the property analysis did not extend as far as did the zone of park use (service area). Thus the relations measured may not be taken as a complete analysis of the functional relationship between park proximity and property value. It is known that a segment of relationship was measured, but there were not sufficient means nor sufficient data collected to determine the extent of the total dimension or geographic area around each park in which property values are affected. Another limitation to the analysis was that there appeared to be no logical way to relate the study of property values to areas which were not primarily residential. Assessment data on housing in most communities is of considerably higher quality than assessment data on commercial properties. An additional problem was that logically, commercial properties themselves can be a significant determinant of the value of nearby residences; thus, the zone of use of a given park might well extend into a mixed residential and commercial area. In trying to eliminate all the value factors of an external nature except the influence of the park, the segment around each park was necessarily small, homogeneously residential in character.

W HEN a city arrives at rapid transit size, that is, when its requirements in mass transportation outgrow the capacity of facilities operating on the surface of its streets, the planning of its rapid transit system should receive the most deliberate consideration, for the reason that no other project for the public service has such a direct and important bearing on property values and future living conditions.

Herein are reported experimental values and semi-theoretical formulae for the rates of solution of drops and bubbles under forced convection conditions. The effect of surface active agents on the mass transfer rate is discussed and pertinent experimental data are presented. The following data obtained incidentally to the main study are also given: (1) velocity profiles in the entrance regions of pipes, and (2) diffusivities and other property value data for four water-organic systems.

The Shift Technique is an efficacious statistical method to measure population changes on a national scale. In this article it is illustrated together with a variety of other variables on an intra-urban basis to identify differential growth of urban subsystems. Area of plots, property values, land-use, condition and height of buildings are treated as attributes in the technique in order to visualise the unbalanced growth of Kimberley between 1924 and 1968.

A study of lakeshore property values in which land and improvement values were regressed against attributes of the site and lake to determine the importance of the various characteristics in predicting property values indicates that swampy or steeply sloped banks are negatively correlated with value, whereas water quality, proximity to population centers, and the presence of many other lakes in the area are positively related to value. No significant relationships were discovered between land values and the amount of public land in the vicinity or the degree of fluctuation in the lake level. Property values approximately doubled in the ten-year period of the study. By suggesting characteristics that seem to be in greater demand, the study provides information to guide some of the decisions about where to spend the limited public budget for waterfront recreational facilities.

For a group of cottons selected to show a wide range in fiber perimeter, differences in perime ter as calculated from arealometer specific surface and D, for ginned lint samples, were similar to differences in primary-wall perimeter; and the actual perimeter values differed little from those calculated from specific surface and array weight per inch. Moreover, calculated weight per inch differed little from values obtained by the array method. It was shown for a second group of cottons that, with but few exceptions, D, and consequently perimeter, etc., calculated from specific surface and D, decreased from raw stock to picker lap and then increased succes sively for card sliver, first and second drawing sliver, and roving, the greatest changes in D occurring in the conversion of card sliver to first drawing sliver and second drawing sliver to roving. These results indicate that the fiber property values calculated from A and D will be valid for ginned lint samples, but will vary with processed samples and particularly will not be valid for samples that have been subjected to considerable mechanical drafting.

Dust, which is thought to have originated from a cement factory in California, was characterized and studied for its effect on trees, plants, and property values in the area. The effects on plants and trees were determined to be primarily mechanical; i.e., prevention of gas exchange due to clogging of stomata. Removal of the dust by rainfall was negligible due to seasonal drought; frequent fogs tended to set or fix the dust, forming a crust. Market values and salability of land has been influenced by the excess of dust and the market for otherwise fine table grapes limited.

One of the main difficulties encountered when an individual or group of individuals set out to attack the fire waste in a community is the diversity of the problem. Fire protection or fire prevention cannot be easily defined. There are many ramifications which often lead to consideration of problems not really pertinent to the subject involved. It seems desirable, therefore, to discuss in this paper some concrete means of securing better fire protection to the end that the fire losses in any community may be decreased. In a survey which the National Fire Protection Association has been making in one of the large cities of the country, a careful study has been made of the national fire loss figures for the past twenty years. If the fluctuating value of the dollar is taken into consideration and the fire loss curve is deflated accordingly we find that instead of a heavy increase in fire losses year by year, as shown by actual fire loss figures, there is really a slight decline. In the campaign against fire waste we have been a little more than holding our own when increased property values are taken into consideration. Steady improvements in water supplies for fire protection and in fire departments undoubtedly have had a substantial effect upon keeping the level of losses from increasing rapidly. Progress in the art of building construction and the gradual replacement of old buildings with modern fire resistive structures also have their effect on fire records, in spite of the fact that the building codes of a great many of our cities and towns are still entirely inadequate. It is only comparatively recently that we have come to realize that there is a good deal more to municipal fire prevention than simply providing the necessary fire fighting facilities to take care of fires when they occur. In many of the cities visited in the interest of fire prevention work the fire record kept by the fire department is

In the spring of 1920 a movement was started which as sure as the sun rises and sets is going over the top and extend to country wide proportions. This movement is to enable neighboring communities to help one another in effectively combating large spreading fires through the standardization of fire hose threads. Of all fire fighting facilities there is none upon which life and property values are more dependent than the threaded fire hose connections. That such vitally important connections should be universally interchangeable or, in other words, in conformity with the adopted National American Standard 2^-inch fire hose thread is the only sane conclusion. In the protected cities and towns of Kentucky a great variety of widely different hose threads exist, the great majority of which cannot be directly interconnected with one another. Experience has shown that the providing of adapters to bridge over these misfits has proven costly as well as most unsatisfactory. From the available records we find that of 54 protected cities and towns in the state of Kentucky the existing threads in 9 are already standard, 1 standard in part, 24 are readily convertible to the standard, 11 convertible in part and 10 are such as to necessitate complete replacement. This would indicate that fully three-quarters of all the existing threads can be standardized at little or no expense, other than the cost of labor in operating the special tools perfected for the purpose under the direction of the National Board. With the remaining 25 per cent the cost of replacement is negligible as compared with the additional protection thereby afforded. Starting in Michigan and New Jersey seven years ago this movement has gained rapid headway, until we now have it organized and under effective headway in 30 of our 48 states. Of your neighboring states those of Ohio, Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas and Tennessee

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the importance of development of residential parking in a city. Where urban sprawl has occurred on city outskirts, parking is satisfactory because a garage has been provided for each residence. If streets are narrow, cars that might be parked on both sides reduce traffic flow to one lane. This makes two-way traffic almost impossible. One solution to the problem of narrow streets is to widen them. This is easier said than done. Trees might be growing along the curb. Residents protest their removal. If the homes are on terraces, cutting back might make the remaining terraces even steeper and give cause for further opposition. Indiscriminate parking on both streets and driveways in residential areas can influence property values. Sound planning that means a careful recognition of certain standards can eliminate some of the adverse effects that bad parking procedures can cause.

At one time, years ago, it was possible for a single organization to undertake the compilation of all existing numerical data for the physical sciences. The International Critical Tables completed such an endeavor. The Landolt-Bornstein Tabellen (2.1) through the sixth edition aimed at covering all of the physical sciences. The Tables Annuelles des Constantes Selectionees (2.2) also originally had wide coverage. But today no single organization can dream of tackling the evaluation and publication of data for all major areas of science. However, some current publication efforts do cover numerical property values in several, or many, areas of science. The organizations with such programs are described in this section. Their individual publications are discussed in detail under the pertinent sections of this volume.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of tearing down in the planning of a city. Few people think of “tearing down” as a way of planning or progress. It is building up that symbolizes progress in most people's minds. Ground values are too high as sites for dilapidated buildings. Removal of such structures tends to increase adjacent property values. The buildings that are left standing might get more light and air with space opened up around them. Surveys have shown that shoppers and others are unwilling to walk more than a quarter mile from their cars to transact business. There are communities that have had the foresight to provide open spaces in their centers. These have not always been easy to arrange. Central park in New York City had many narrow escapes from being taken over by developers. The tearing down process demands consideration of the community value of each structure. The program should not call for indiscriminate destruction. Some buildings possess great historical value, and in certain instances where they have been allowed to deteriorate, they should be restored rather than removed.

Most important shortcoming in urban development is inadequacy of rapid mass transit; suggestion for implementation of modern system. or parts of system in urban area, by means of financial arrangement of high first cost of transit facility being shared by property value benefits generated thereby, through planned development of areas benfited.

Chemical reactions in aqueous solutions sometimes yield products whose total concentrative property values differ from those of the reactants. The actual span of these differences compared with the theoretical span for a completed reaction reflects the degree of reaction progress and may be measured in terms of several of such properties as osmotic pressure, refractive index, specific gravity, electrical conductivity and viscosity. Owing to the non-additive nature of the concentrative properties in certain chemical reactions it is observed that in the face of “challenge” by acids, bases and some salts, a variety of solutions, including body fluids, manifest the power to buffer the concentrative properties. Buffering systems of this sort can be described quantitatively by means of “β coefficients” and buffer capacities, and they are frequently found to be more effective stabilizers than systems for pH, in vivo and in vitro. It is suggested that concentrative property buffering is a relatively ubiquitous characteristic among body fluids and certain other aqueous solutions, constituting an inertial or elastic component of body fluids which facilitates homeostasis and adds to the physiologic fitness of the internal environment.

The design of present and future aerospace systems demands that every advantage in a material’s capability be utilized in meeting the weight-strength requirement, Some of the advantages that can be utilized with great benefit are (1) proper choice of materials for the intended use, (2) use of biaxial strength increases when compared to uniaxial strengths, and (3) use of material property values that reflect increases due to the low operating temperature environment, The use of these three basic design advantages will, of course, result in more effective structures with lighter weights and lower cost. However, in order to utilize these advantages with confidence, design test data must be obtained and evaluated. It was the object of this research to evaluate the uniaxial, 1:1 biaxial, and 2:1 biaxial properties of three prospective materials over the temperature range of ambient temperature to — 423°F to obtain the desired design data.

By E. R. G. Eckert and Robert M. Drake London : McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. Pp. xiv + 530. Price 97s. To start the review on a lighter note, the difference between the English and American languages is illustrated by the fact that Part A of this Book (contributed by the second author) deals with Heat Conduction and has an Appendix of Property Values. In 1950 Professor Eckert published his "Introduction to the Transfer of Heat and Mass" and in this second edition he has rewritten most of the old material as well as adding new material-a mighty achievement for a consecutive textbook of over 500 pages.

NE consequence of rapid inflation of the prices of land and property in cities is factor substitution. At higher land prices, the intensity of use will increase and, for any given use, less land will be purchased (Figs. 1 and 2). One of the more interesting questions in urban geography relates to this trade-off: exactly what are the consequences of increasing intensity, particularly, what changes in urban land use are likely to result? In this paper an unusual set of data, made available to me in my role as consultant to the city of Melbourne as part of an international planning group (INTERPLAN) that prepared the city's "strategy plan" (goals and policies for future development), is used to shed some light on the question. Specifically, land prices, property values, land-use intensities, and net annual returns (rents) of all properties in the city of Melbourne are analyzed and interrelated, and the economies and/or diseconomies of more intense developments are measured.

The diagnosis of disease is universally and justly regarded as the foundation stone upon which rests the entire superstructure of practical medicine. The question concerns the health, life or death of the individual affected, his family and friends, the public in so far as he may be a useful and influential member of society, and the physician as affording a basis for his prognosis and treatment. But there are occasions when far more momentous interests are involved in the correct diagnosis of prevailing diseases: a complete paralysis of commerce, the wheels of industry arrested, enforced idleness with consequent poverty and suffering of thousands, enormous depreciation in property values of every kind, universal fear and panic, and the possibility of wide-spread death and desolation. To the physician himself an error in diagnosis ordinarily involves results which are comparatively inconsequential; on the other hand, there are times when such an error means