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Several years ago Wong Lin Ken noted that, as yet, no general economic history of Malaysia had been written. Since then a considerable number of studies in both article and bookform have appeared; too many for a comprehensive listing here. These range from specialised works on particular industries, or aspects such as immigration, to more wide-ranging analyses of the political, social and administrative structure. The periods surveyed also vary considerably, but the tendency is towards relatively short time-spans of some twenty to forty years in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Only one recent book, Economic Development of Modern Malaya by an economist, Lim Chong Yah, seeks to cover the economy as a whole over a longer period, roughly 1874–1963. But from the historian's viewpoint, much primary research still remains to be done before the pattern of changes in this period can be explained in full detail. However, the work done to date makes it possible to re-examine certain broad aspects such as the effects which can be directly attributed to the introduction of British administration. This is facilitated if some account is also taken of the very extensive literature on economic development, and colonialism, as well as on the situation in other countries with a similar historical experience. It must be emphasised that the following survey is necessarily selective in terms of the topics included and the published materials referred to.

This study was undertaken to determine current patterns of drug usage and related behavior of college, university, and junior college students in the University System of Georgia. A maximum saturation survey technique, utilizing a 112-item questionnaire as the primary research tool, resulted in a usable sample of 24,609 student respondents. The focus of attention was on student usage patterns of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, LSD, glue, narcotics, stimulants, hallucinogens and depressants. An attempt is made to determine patterns of drug use (estimates of current use, history of use, and plans for future use); attitudes, beliefs, and drug use (attitudes toward drug use, and legal controls, and informed sources about drugs); and demographic variables and drug use (sex, age, religion, marital status, spending money, race, parental drug use and attitudes, student living group, and class standing). If one were inclined to construct a profile of a typical university system drug user from the relative frequencies...

After some 300 years during which the primary research literature kept step with the demands made on it there is now growing awareness that changes will need to be made in order that the primary information system continues to fulfil its several functions and that adequate and economic relations are forged with secondary information services. The problems that now confront the research journals arise from the inflexibility and expense of the traditional publishing process compared with the need for infinite capability for selection from the resulting package we call a journal. Research is being conducted here and abroad to determine the methods of overcoming these problems. Primarily, this research follows two lines, the first to determine the desirable physical or reprographic form of the journal, and the second to establish the essential information content of the research paper and the most efficient and economic method of presenting that information. Finally, a forward view will be attempted of the new primary journal, of its place in the information system, and of its economics.

Accelerated skills development and an unconditional pursuit to enhance competencies on numerous levels are two key physiognomies of the post-recession phase of 2008 in South Africa. The research was informed by a contextual perspective, and relied on interpretive, constructivist epistemology to reveal these phenomena. The primary research question driving this qualitative study was to analysis the concept of innovation adoption within a HE context, factors impacting on the adoption process, and the relationships between the identified phenomena, without explaining the reasons behind these relationships. This study could serve to inform and focus such policies and paradigms or direct further research. Recognizing and rewarding innovation adoption in the institution could be extended and enhanced.Case Study و

The late Farrington Daniels dncc defined physical chemistry as "the study of interesting things." While this is perhaps a slight overstatement of the eclectic interests of physical chemists, it is fair to say that no other group of scientists has a stronger tradition of ignoring rigid disciplinary boundaries. Thus, the term "physical chemical data" must be interpreted very broadly; it is difficult to think of measurable properties that are not of interest to some physical chemists. In this review we use the word "data" to mean quantitative values' of well­ defined properties (in the context of accepted physical theories) of well­ characterized systems. Thus, we include all the customary physical and chemical properties of pure substances and mixtures of known composition. We exclude from consideration poorly characterized natural products (coal, petroleum), large natural systems (earth, solar system), and living organisms. Whatever the motivation of a particular experimental research effort in physical chemistry, one of the outputs is usually a set of numerical data. When the results of the research are published, the most immediate impact of the paper may derive from a new physical insight, test of a theory, or suggestion for further experiments. In the long term, however, the experimental data contained in the paper are likely to find uses that could not have been antici­ pated by the original research workers. Such data, if carefully measured and documented, form a reservoir of great value to the progress of science. The retrieval, organization, and screening of these data from the primary research literature has been recognized as an important task since the beginning' of modern science. The exponential growth of the literature during the last 25 years has accentuated a problem that was already apparent a century ago.

The recognition of the growing interdependence between vocational training and higher technical education and industry is a major feature of the educational history of our times. Modern industry relies upon a level of skill and competence which is supplied through technical education at various levels; and educational systems need the active support of industry if they are to supply these levels of skills and competence. This interdependence is related to the research topic reviewed in this paper: namely, the kind of occupational training and technical education the American school system should supply, and the constant renewal and development of that education by changes in knowledge and in the manpower needs of industry. Given today's relationship between manpower problems and technological changes, it is rather alarming that technological developments have not become an area of primary research concern within colleges and schools of education, nor is there a consensus regarding the impact of technological change on curriculum. Unfortunately there seems to be little agreement on the interpretation of the term "technological change." "Technological change" is defined here in its more technically precise form; it considers two dimensions of change: (a) the technical dimension, and (b) the economic-social dimension.

COMMUNICATION of research results outside a corporation may serve varied and broad purposes. Let us consider, by way of illustration of this fact, four major advantages to be obtained by the external communication of research results. ( 1 ) Commercialization of Products or Processes. The most widespread use of applied research information is the supplying of customers with the knowledge which they need to utilize efficiently the product sold to them. The physical properties of the product are usually involved and the technical information supplied often represents a great deal of research on the application of the product to the customer's problems. Generally, information of this sort comes from sales development research rather than the primary research. ( 2 ) Public Service. There is a growing tendency for companies to publish research results as a service to science and to the public. The debt of present-day industrial research to earlier academic researchers is universally recognized. ...

Race came into the orbit of scientific discourse late in the history of social thought.2 In its begining the study of race was weighted heavily with biological doctrines, and was approached from the viewpoint of taxonomy, the influence of which has continued well into the present day. This viewpoint has been popular because it was and still is, a fascinating undertaking; its technique is simple and its result immediate and obvious. It was, however, around the turn of the present century, when "man's effort to classify himself" really captured the attention of students of biology, anthropology, sociology and psychology. In their hands mankind was assorted into three, four, to as many as sixty or more races.3 Despite the fact that the grouping of "races" was executed by students according to the spirit of science, the findings were utilized not so much by men of science as by the men of "action." The latter used them to foster their ulterior ends: to affirm prejudices already in vogue or to substitute new prejudice for the old prejudices. Recently sober efforts have been made to bring about changes in the prevailing racial folklore by means of scientific facts. The result, on the whole, has been negligible.4 The character of the taxonomic approach tended to commit its adherents to a research procedure wherein the concept of "race" was narrowed down until it could be treated statistically. A race became purely and simply a statistical norm. The questions raised were on the whole irrelevant to the study of race relations but they were, however, pertinent to the understanding of race itself.6 Whatever its accomplishments, taxonomy with its emphasis on race per se and not on the sodal process, contributed little toward the development of a sound theory of race relations. Its contribution lies, however, in the fact that it challenged the students of sociology to study race problems and their related phenomena. This shift from the taxonomic to the dynamic marks the beginning of a sociological study of race relations. The primary research effort has been one of isolating, describing, and analyzing

Discrimination analysis has been used to assess the value of a Patient Classification Questionnaire in assigning patients to an appropriate level of chronic disease care. A multihierarchical centroid clustering program has been used to group patients into clusters, according to similarities in their Classification Questionnaires. The structure of the clustering is investigated and related to the discriminant analysis findings. DATA GATHERED under a project entitled "Development of a Patient Classification"** is analyzed in this report. The project involved a collaborative effort to develop a classification questionnaire for patients with chronic disease which would be useful for a wide range of research and evaluation applications. The groups involved with primary research interests were as shown in Table 1. The classification instrument, which developed, is patient oriented, rather than process or service oriented; the items of information are descriptors of patient characteristics. Questions relate to what the patient's characteristics are rather than

Previous qualitative studies of urban agriculture (UA) in neighbourhood contexts suggest that UA projects do have the potential to contribute positively to community sustainability. Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario expresses a commitment to sustainability. This qualitative study is concerned with the capacity of UA at a university campus scale to fulfill Queen’s commitment to sustainability. Is UA possible here and will it contribute significantly to sustainability? A thorough literature review of urban agriculture, community sustainability, and institutional land use planning is a major component of the research. A review of food and sustainability policy in Kingston and at Queen’s is another component. As the study progresses it will also include 7-10 semi structured interviews. Each participant will be involved with either campus UA at another university, the management of Queen’s land use, or Queen’s food and sustainability projects. Due to the length of the Queen’s ethics approval procedure, primary research for this study has not yet been conducted. The Queen's Sustainability website suggests that Queen’s campus has one community garden and it "consistently has a waiting list". Meanwhile, the Physical Plant Services website states that Queen's has over 140 acres of green space. There is plenty of opportunity for UA at Queen's. This thesis draws on literature review to explain the potential opportunities and barriers for UA in general, while policy analysis will expose opportunities and barriers for UA at Queen’s in particular. Going forward, informational interviews will also be necessary to understand opportunities and barriers for UA at Queen’s.

Herrin, a small coal mining town in southern Illinois, has earned an infamous reputation because of its bloody family feuds, KKK presence, and perhaps most famously, for being the site of the “Herrin Massacre.” After union mineworkers went on strike over wage disputes in 1922, the owner of Lester Mine replaced them with non-union employees. This led to a deadly, violent exchange between the union and non-union mineworkers. My primary research interest in this massacre is to understand the historical trauma and present-day impacts this tragedy has had on the community. Through interviews with relatives and friends of those who took part in the Herrin Massacre, I have discovered the beginnings of a healing process taking place in Herrin, Illinois. The memories of the massacre are still foremost in the community’s minds; nevertheless there is some indication that the intensity of the conflict is lessening as a communal memory.

The evaluation of numerical data can be done better if raw data and derived property values reported in primary journals are expressed in precise language. The term language is broadly defined here to include all symbols, constants, units, nomenclature and so on required to transfer scientific knowledge from one individual to another by the printed page. Since science has no national boundaries, it is highly desirable that primary research results and compilations of data derived from the world literature be based on internationally approved nomenclature, symbols for quantities and units, fundamental physical constants including relative atomic masses, temperature scales, and all other factors required in the accurate transmittal of data from one individual to another, from one discipline to another and from one language to another. It is also important that primary articles contain a sufficient revelation of experiment design, of calibration, and of experimental observations so that an independent reader may draw conclusions about the quality of property values presented. In this chapter are listed sources of the foregoing types of information. Their use is commended.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS DISSERTATION was to make an economic analysis of commercial banking in Nevada from the time of its first bank in 1859 until 1950. The basic pattern of analysis used in approaching this study involved an integration of (1) institutional aspects of the problem, (2) the general economic environment in which the institutions existed, and (3) banking legislation. Due to the nature of the problem and the absence of secondary sources of information relating to it, much of the data used was the result of primary research. Three main periods of analysis composed the main body of the dissertation: (1) the early period, 1859-1907, (2) the intermediate period, 1908-33, and (3) the modern period, 1934-50. The early period of banking in Nevada was characterized by a highly unstable and immature economic environment based almost entirely on early mining ventures. The record of institutional changes for the early period reflects accurately the degree of risk to which the Nevada banking system was subjected. Contributing to the instability manifested from that cause was the complete lack, during the entire early period, of legislation pertaining to the operation and regulation of state banks. The Nevada economy during the intermediate period became more balanced with the development of the agricultural and service trade industries. This factor, in addition to the enactment of the first significant bodies of state banking legislation, provided a much more favorable basis of operation for Nevada banks. While it responded to the demands of an expanding economy during the intermediate period, the Nevada banking system was reduced, in 1932, from a field of thirty-one institutions to eleven. The modern period of banking was introduced by a change in hands of monopoly control from the George Wingfield group to the First National Bank of Nevada, a subsidiary of the Trans-America Corporation. Commensurate with this change came new state banking legislation and the positive influence of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

* The main trouble with this book1 is well described by the blurb on the back, which says "Nader's Raiders Strike Again!" Indeed they do, and in some ways very effectively. But, in spite of their generous comments about economists, their obviously careful reading of recognized books on the economics of transportation, and the ample space they give to the views of the economics profession, their level of economic analysis is at times what one would expect of Nathan Bedford Forrest. Part of the trouble is the adoption of an approach more appropriate to an adversary proceeding than to the investigation of a regulatory body. Part of the trouble is expressed by the old Forrest maxim: Get there first with the most. (As a first draft, the book is excellent.) And perhaps a small part of the trouble is that even Ralph Nader is not exempt from that curse of organized humankinddiseconomies of scale. He remains the most distinguished ombudsman this country has ever produced. As the sponsor of this and other research projects, he has become one of the country's outstanding educators. But Ralph Nader, Incorporated, is by no means as consistent or as cogent as Ralph Nader, Sole Proprietor. There is a certain aura of the committee about part of the text, and of the sub-sub-committee about some of the inconsistencies. But let us start with some of the book's virtues. The first is that it is obviously based in large part on a method which is either beneath the dignity or beyond the capacity of most economists-direct interviewing and reliance in other ways on primary research. Here the Nader influence is at its very best, in establishing for yet another time the right of members of the public to have access to types of government information which were succesfully hidden away in the pre-Nader era, and the Study Group has browsed and burrowed most intelligently. Some of the reports of interviews are almost uncannily revealing, although details are chastely buried in the text so as not to reveal the identity of individual informants. Occasionally statistics are wildly inaccurate (e.g., as with the statement that the I.C.C. is "a group responsible for the regulation of almost one-fifth of the nation's GNP," which is an order of magnitude too big [p. 19], or with

It is my intention to summarize the investigations in childhood schizophrenia carried on over the past ten years at the Ittleson Center for Child Research. These investigations have not constituted a very rigidly organized and totally preplanned program of research. However, primary research objectives were carefully enunciated and each of the studies did emerge naturally out of previous ones. In this sense, they did add up to an interrelated chain of explorations. The investigations were ordered by an evolving set of concepts and derivative hypothetical propositions. Ordinarily, when in the midst of an investigative task, the investigator is likely to dissociate the scientific undertaking from its philosophical implications. I particularly welcome the opportunity to describe the major findings of the Ittleson studies, therefore, since a distillation of the data and trends as they emerged sequentially might illuminate the scientific logic and