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The author obtains analytical expressions for the collisional losses of electrons and their energy from an adiabatic trap when the plasma has a high positive potential. The expressions are derived on the basis of an approximate solution of the Fokker-Planck equation, which yields more reliable results than those obtained with the estimative formulas used in a number of other works. In addition, an expression is obtained for the mean energy of the electrons escaping from the trap.

A. T. Gretchaninoff's work as a composer embraces all branches of music. In opera, in symphony, in chamber music and in liturgical music, Gretchaninoff has created inspired and profound works which have enriched Russian musical literature. But perhaps the most deeply felt and original of his compositions are in the field of song. His subtle knowledge of the potentialities of the human voice, and the extraordinarily beautiful piano accompaniment, which never intrudes but always gives expressive illustration to the text, make his romances and songs unsurpassed in the vocal literature of Russia and, indeed, of the rest of the world. Many of his songs long ago became popular both in Russia and in other countries. Thus, at the beginning of this century there was no important singer in Russia whose repertory did not include Gretchaninoff's songs. More than that, they spread among the mass of the people and became a part of its heritage. In every home where there was an interest in music or song, one heard the famous Berceuse (Op. 1, No. 5), Quand la hache tombe (Op. 1, No. 2), Triste est la steppe (Op. 5, No. 1), and many Other songs written by Gretchaninoff in his youth. It may be said that Gretchaninoff's songs were as popular in Russia at that time as Schubert's or Schumann's are in Germany. Subsequently these songs spread to Western Europe and America as well. The songs of Gretchaninoff's early period gained wide popularity, being most easily understood by the wide public. But the most musically valuable and the most mature and inspired of his songs remained relatively less well-known. And yet it is precisely in these songs that the composer's individuality and musical inspiration attained their full stature.

This article discusses the theoretical features of calculating the quality of technological operations. The quality of the technological process is influenced by a large number factors that are not taken into account today, therefore the concept of “quality factor” is introduced. According to the results of scientific studies of the operation of machine units in the field, it was found that when the machine unit is operating, there is a certain way in which the quality is at a low level. This is the path of acceleration and braking, it has not been previously taken into account. Along with these studies, it was found that the density of the soil, automated systems for controlling the quality of the technological process, regulating the machine, moisture and porosity of the soil have a significant impact on the efficiency of the unit. To develop a controlled process, an algorithm for growing crops was developed, which takes into account the main periods and combines groups of factors affecting the growth and development of plants.

1. In fissured media, the stress field is less intense than in monolithic media and there is a high degree of attenuation of the stresses as we go further from the explosive charge. 2. More efficient utilization of the energy stored in the stress field due to the explosion is possible if we can create conditions which hinder the opening-up of fissures and if the rock does not move as a rigid whole. 3. Studies based on models revealed that the presence of fissures markedly affects the mode of fragmentation of the models and the stress distribution in the medium due to blasting. The decrease in stress on passage through a fissure is due to refraction at the rock-filler interface and to high inelastic losses in the filler material.