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Focuses on the sociological treatises of philosopher Max Weber. His views on Marxism; Contribution to the notion about the influence of religious factors to economic development; Concept of Wertfreiheit.

Examines the thesis "Constituents and Causes of Emotion and Action," by philosopher Irving Thalberg. Evaluation of relationship between emotion and thought; Conditions for a bodily movement to be an action; Explanation of the concept of free will in terms of neurophysiology.

Focuses on the defense made by philosopher Robert Paul Wolff on philosophical anarchism. Criticism against the claim of the right of a government to back up their laws with force and employ this force against lawbreakers; Pomotion of individual autonomy; Citation of the unlikelihood of unanimous direct democracy.

Presents arguments on seeing after-images as physical objects. Citation of the concept advocated by philosopher Norman Malcolm on after-images; Inapplicability of the concept of numerical identity to the after-images of different people; Difference of logical status in the discourse about after-images from the discourse about physical objects.

Focuses on the use of words pertaining to greatness in the text of "Proslogion," by philosopher Anselm. Argument on the nature of God; Sources of the theology advocated by Anselm; Notions on the existence of God.

The article discusses various interpretations of the works of thinker Nicolo Machiavelli. German writer Friedrich Meinecke treated Machiavelli more as a contemplative philosopher than as a process-oriented scientist, which Machiavelli to some extent was. This failure to completely extrapolate Machiavelli's thought has serious consequences, for it tends Meinecke toward an overly narrow, monistic interpretation of state behavior. This article demonstrates that Machiavelli's writings contain the elements of a dynamic, general theory of international politics, specifically a balance of power theory. The history of contemporary American balance of power thinking suggests that the limits respected by Machiavelli are the consequence not of his primitiveness but rather his sophistication in dealing with the concept of balance of power. The research work The Theory of Economic Progress is a treatment of the forces which have shaped the development of the economy. It is a theoretical work in which a bold and sweeping explanation is given of the economic development of the Western World isolating those factors which accelerate development and those which impede it.

Presents the letter of philosopher Josiah Royce for 'The Boston Evening Transcript' regarding philosopher William James.

Focuses on the views of philosopher Charles Peirce on synthetic inference, published in his 1867 article 'On the Natural Classification of Arguments.' Information on the formulas of inference called formal induction and formal hypothesis; Characteristics of synthetic inference; Rules for valid induction and hypothesis.

Proposes a correction to certain misunderstandings which surround the theory of individuals by philosopher Charles Peirce. Failure of Peirce to produce the systematic philosophy for which he aimed; Notion that universals are contracted to the mode of individuality in singulars; Theory of knowledge if it is correct to interpret as either denying the existence of individuals or minimizing their importance.

Focuses on the principle of tolerance and physicalism according to philosopher Rudolf Carnap. Influence of Carnap on the field of philosophy in the U.S.; Discussion on the concept of anti-metaphysical tough-mindedness; Overview of his book 'Logische Syntax der Sprache.'

Focuses on the view of philosopher and mathematician Bertrand Russell on the mathematical problem in the paradox of Achilles and the Tortoise. Computational formula for the problem; Principles of mathematics relevant to the paradox; Application of the theory of infinite collections in analyzing the problem.

Focuses on the relation between scientist-philosopher Charles Peirce and quantum mechanics. Basic ideas of quantum mechanics; Interplay of continuous and discrete aspects of nature.

The focus of this paper is to examine to what extent Henri De Saint-Simon, social philosopher's ideas are in fact a living force in contemporary economic life, particularly in French-style economic planning. In many respects the dominant mood of Saint-Simon's era was similar to that which characterized France after the World War II. Saint-Simon shared with many of his contemporaries a great fear of further revolutionary upheavals. However, unlike the traditionalists, he advocated the establishment of a new society based on the emerging forces of industry and science, not a revival of institutions based on concepts lacking relevance to a new age. In a well-known parable he maintained that the loss of princes, military leaders, bishops, idle land-owners, and others who held social prominence would have only a negligible effect on society, while the disappearance of the nation's merchants, industrial leaders, scientists, and workers would cripple the community. The task of the nation, therefore, should be to replace the stagnant forms of the past with social and economic organizations conducive to efficient production and distribution.

The article attempts to measure, and indicate the trend of, contemporary expert opinion on the relationship of ethics to economics. It offers the results obtained from a questionnaire study conducted on the subject. Two groups were chosen as being most directly concerned: the economists themselves, and the philosophers, who have special interests in the field of ethics. All the answers from this group were from university teachers. Questionnaires were sent to seventy-five economists and to fifty philosophers. Of these, forty-nine economists responded, giving a 65-percent return, and twenty philosophers, giving a 40-percent return. One question asked whether or not the respondent thought that the subject was so well settled that it renders the making of normative statements an unprofessional act on the part of the economist. It is repetitive, to some extent, of questions already asked on the form, but this was done purposely to be certain that the checked answers would reliably measure the individual's belief. There were some interesting written comments.

The article discusses the notion that persons endowed with exceptional talents do not live long. Upon superficial observation this belief appears to have some foundation as several famous musicians, poets, actors and writers did not live as long on an average as the general population. A study of the literature on longevity reveals that there are several propositions which have received considerable attention. Among the leading theories found, the following are probably the most outstanding. Longevity depends to some extent upon; family traits or inheritance; the occupation a person follows; the century in which a person lived; the standard of living within which an individual spends his life. As a preliminary experiment to test the validity of the hypothesis the writers computed the mean longevity of several hundred musicians and found little to support it. This did not, of course, produce conclusive results, since other averages were needed for further comparisons. For this purpose, a tabulation was made of the lengths of life of several hundred philosophers and they were found to have slightly greater average longevity than musicians. The difference between the means, however, could not be judged as significant without a more extensive investigation.

It is argued in this paper that regionalization is a similar process to classification. The terminology and procedures of the two are compared and it is concluded that there is a close similarity except that there is no direct analogy in regionalization with the individual of classification, it is suggested that operationally defined individuals partially overcome this problem. The histories of ideas about the nature and purpose of regional systems and classification systems are briefly compared and again found to be similar. Ten principles of classification derived from the work of logicians and taxonomists are then stated and the methods of constructing regional systems are examined in the light of these principles. It is shown that most of the points revealed by such an examination have been previously discussed by geographers, although they are arguing from different premises. Some of the principles, however, do raise problems which have hitherto received little attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflects on the process of individuation of philosopherBlaise Pascal. Discoveries of Pascal; Method of approach suggestedby analytical psychology to overcome the complexities of the wordheart; Discussion of the doctrine of the whole and of the part.

Examines the early works of the philosopher and psychologist Carl G. Jung. Recognition of the difference between Jung's early works and his latter research; Revelation of a sequential growth of knowledge based on experience; Focus on studies accumulated during period at Burgholzli Hospital; Belief on the influence of the hospital in Jung's works on simulation, hysteria, chronic mania, and word associations.

This section reprints the article The World of Arthur Schnitzler, by George S. Viereck, which was originally published in Glimpses of the Great in 1930. The article presents a conversation that took place between Viereck and Schnitzler. Among the questions addressed by Schnitzler in this article are: What would you do if you were God? and Do you want to live as long as Methuselah? Schnitzler does not accept the notion that he is a philosopher and he says he is never bored when he is alone.

This article profiles several neo-idealists from Austria during 1870-1938. As an historian of philosophy, Johannes Volkelt postulated transsubjective propositions which enjoy the extra-mental existence of Bernard Bolzano's propositions-in-themselves. He enjoyed greatest success as a taxonomist of aesthetic theories. Meanwhile, Robert Reininger defined metaphysics as the discipline which formulates the ultimate principles which underlie realms of experience. Hungarian Melchor Palagyi offered an analysis of perception. Touch alone provides the grasp-sense which enables people to decide that an image in a mirror is a mere image.

Judicial review of administrative action should be presumptively available, the author argues. Through an analysis of the role of review in the governmental process and a discussion of historical origins, Professor Jaffe develops the thesis that only the clearest statement of intent should be allowed to preclude judicial review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects on the development of fractional approaches in special education in the U.S. The author points out that there were several criticisms on fractional practices in special education, but some of the criticisms rely on particular psychometric position regarding the nature of man's abilities. Several philosophers and pioneer practitioners of fractional approach were J. Itard, E. Seguin, and O. Declory, whose training approaches emphasized more on sensory and motor training, which then translated into modern day special education practices.

This article presents critical notes on writer Norbert Elias's Developmental Paradigm. In his two articles published in "Sociology," Elias mounts what looks like a formidable attack on sociologists and philosophers for offering theories of knowledge in terms of static models. The main purpose in this note is to show that Elias has not been quite fair to philosophers and that his own model does not and cannot do the task that he assigns to it. In criticizing what he regards as communist Karl Marx's static and dualistic model, Elias seems to imply that real advance in knowledge consists in a transition from a dogmatic philosophical to an undogmatic scientific stage. This gives the impression that in his eyes all philosophy is dogmatic and all science undogmatic. Undertaking any defence of Marxism would require much space and, therefore, lies beyond the scope of this Note. But it may be argued that Elias's own model contains some unexamined philosophy and that his exposition of it is not free from the unscientific habit of reification if one takes literally his remark that scientific knowledge, in some areas, is more or less self-perpetuating.

This article examines the institutional roles of the church as viewed by the pastor, by the administrators of the denomination, by interdenominational executives, interfaith councils, and similar groups. It is interesting that the majority of definitions of the relationship of the church to the community have come in threes. Parish philosophers tend to come in terms of: the church as center of the community; the church as segment of the community; and the church as circumference. When on engages in self-examination about the way in which the parish structure is viewed as it relates itself to the total community, it is quite interesting to see that each has a viewpoint about the relationship of the church to its community. The prominent location of Catholic and Anglican edifices atop the hills of the world suggest that these denominations are well aware of the importance of making the church the center of the community. This was certainly true in early New England when the community was legally, as well as geographically, gathered around the parish church.

The article discusses some factors in self-judgments. Problems confronting the aged have been discussed since the time of our earliest philosophers. Because of this concern many psychological studies have been reported dealing with the decline in mental abilities; others have dealt with levels of adjustment. Many authors found when they interviewed institutionalized and non-institutionalized adults from 60 to 80 years of age that as individuals become less able to function they subscribe more and more to the erroneous beliefs and ideas about the older worker. A study of self-judgments, then, should provide useful information concerning adjustment patterns in later maturity. It was hypothesized that living conditions, economic status and age are factors significantly related to attitudes of self-worth.

The article discusses on the shift of balance of interests of the medieval science during the fourteenth century. Science has developed through the speculative reasoning of the philosopher, scientist, or mathematician is in closest touch with the manual skill of the craftsman, and this has become the most important factor in ancient and medieval science when technology was the part of science. There has been a long separation of surgery and medicine which indicated how cultural ideals of the past. It continued to exert the prestige of tradition on the development of medicine.

This article presents the author's views on the legal career of Justice Holmes. Justice Holmes did not invent the external standard of prudence or discover the "Reasonable Man." They may be traced through our medieval sages and the canonists to the classical Roman lawyers, back to the Greek philosophers, especially the Stoics, and the doctrine was enounced in a practical form by English judges of the nineteenth century, to whom due honor is rendered in The Common Law. But Holmes was the first to perceive the far-reaching importance of the doctrine and to set it forth in an orderly and convincing exposition. The like observation might be made on several other matters discussed in The Common Law.

This article presents information related to the judicial doctrine of philosopher G.W.F. Hegel. To understand Hegel's philosophy of right and of the State, it is necessary to understand the fundamental principles of his philosophical system as a whole, to which it is closely related. It is not a simple matter to explain it, in as much as it is singularly obscure. All historians of philosophy agree in believing that what especially characterizes Hegel's philosophy is the absolute identification of the intelligible and of the real, of logic and of metaphysics, of the forms of thought and of the laws of nature.

Discusses an interpretation of philosopher John Dewey's concept of warranted assertibility and the uniformity of nature. Information on his book 'Logic: The Theory of Inquiry'; Views on inquiry; Solutions to problems related to warranted assertibility and the uniformity of nature.

Discusses the metaphysics of philosopher John Dewey regarding the ambiguities in his analysis of quality. Details of the parallel ambiguities in Dewey's analysis; Strategies to restructure Dewey's metaphysics to avoid ambiguity; Problems regarding the interpretation of Dewey's theory of quality.

Discusses the views of philosopher Charles Peirce on the philosophy of absolute space. Reasons of Peirce for believing in absolute space; Details of the development of the concept of absolute space; Reactions of Peirce to the criticisms of philosopher Ernst Mach to the concept of absolute space.

Examines the features of the synechistic philosophy according to philosopher Charles Peirce. Views of Peirce on synechism; Relation of synechism to socialism; Details of the development of the synechistic philosophy.

Presents information on the final report of the Committee on the Peirce Homestead presented to the Charles S. Peirce Society during its annual meeting in Boston, Massachusetts on December 28, 1972. Resolutions adopted by the committee regarding the homestead of philosopher Charles Peirce in Milford, Pennsylvania; Suggestions concerning the use of arisbe; Recommendations regarding the foundation officers, sources of funds and uses of income.

Examines the non-Humean views of philosopher Sterling Lamprecht on the philosophy of causality. Comparison of the Humean arguments with the concepts of Lamprecht; Use of the views of Lamprecht to provide an answer to the in-principle argument; Claims of Lamprecht regarding the direct realization of casual power.

Discusses the concept of habit and meaning based on philosopher Charles Peirce's philosophy of pragmatism. Description of Peirce on habit; Details of the pragmatic principle of Peirce; Analysis of Peirce's use of habit in the meta-physical and pragmatic context.

Discusses the plan of preserving the house of philosopher Charles Peirce in Milford, Pennsylvania in 1887. Actions taken by the National Park Service in preserving the house; Role of the Peirce Society in preserving the original structure of the house.

Focuses on the criticisms made by philosopher Philip P. Wiener on the article 'Peirce on the Use of History.' Discussion of Wiener's historical studies only in relation to his evolutionistic metaphysics; Importance of learning from history for the conception of Peirce on the method in scientific inquiry; Views of Wiener on the scientific method of Peirce.

Focuses on the arguments of philosopher Charles Pailthorp on the article 'C. I. Lewis and the Certainty of Commonplace Judgments.' Fallibilism of Pailthorp; Use of perceptual judgment; Internal structure of a perceptual judgment.

Describes the influence of Greeks in the philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce. Periods in Pierce's philosophic activity; Episodes of his passage from necessitarianism to tychism; Preliminary observations of his manuscript 'The Laws on Nature,' published in 1901.

Explores some aspects of the views of philosopher C.I. Lewis on epistemology. Assertions that are associated in his epistemology; Aspect of Cartesian epistemology that Lewis rejected; Role of the reality thesis in his rejection; Introduction of the philosophy of fallibilism.

Interviews Professor Paul Weiss regarding his career in editing the technical papers of philosopher Charles Peirce. Reason behind his interest in the works of Peirce; Possibility for the papers to be published; Rumors that the portion of the papers were destroyed.

Interviews Professor Charles Hartshorne regarding his career in editing the technical papers of philosopher Charles Peirce. Reason behind his interest in the works of Peirce; Source of the papers he edited; Rumors that the portion of the papers were given away as souvenirs for graduate students at Harvard University.

Discusses the attitude of philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce toward the positivistic view of human knowledge, sensation and hypothesis. History of the philosophy of positivism; Information on his paper 'Questions Concerning Certain Faculties Claimed for Man'; Criticisms of Peirce regarding positivism.

Examines philosopher Charles Peirce's theory of perception. Details on his contradictory assertions on the ontic status of percepts; Background of the nature of perception; Relation between knowledge and perception.

Examines philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce's conception of science and the objectives of science. Details of Peirce's characterization of the taxonomy of science; Views of Peirce on the systems concept and the systems approach; Information on Peirce's notion of the economy of research.

Discusses the views of philosopher Charles Peirce on realism and nominalism. Information on nominalism and realism; Influence of philosopher Chauncey Wright on the philosophy of Peirce; Arguments presented by professor Max H. Fisch regarding the views of Peirce.

Explores some aspects of the views of philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce on chance. Conceptions of chance according to Pierce; Explanation for the existence of tychism; Influences to Pierce's philosophical thought.

Presents a contextual analysis of the works of philosopher Josiah Royce. Views on idealism; Emphasis of his doctrines; Basis of Royce's philosophy.