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The article presents a survey of epilepsy among a large number of mongols in subnormality hospitals around London and the south-east of England. The present study shows that there is an only slightly later age of onset among mongols than among epileptics in general medical practice. A greater difference might have appeared if the given age ranges had been narrower. The survey suggests that both the microscopic changes of Alzheimer's and the clinical epilepsy are the result of the underlying unknown pathology of the mongol brain, but are usually not otherwise related.

This article cites a study containing several experiments that investigated the effects of proximal and distal proactive interference on recall by mentally subnormals, or mongols. The main aim of the first experiment was to determine to what extent irrelevant auditory stimulation preceding a learning task affected recall in subnormals. Eight mongol, eight epileptic and eight undifferentiated subnormals took part in the first experiment. The aim of the second experiment, reportedly, was to determine the effects of varying the loudness of proximal proactive interference on recall. Eight mongol and eight epileptic subnormals took part in this experiment. Because there was no difference in the performance of the non-mongol subjects in the first experiment, the undifferentiated subnormals were excluded. Mongols and non-mongols matched on chronological age, mental age and digit span took part in four experiments in which a 1,000 cps tone immediately preceded the presentation of a digit message or was separated from it by a one and a half second silent delay.

The article presents the study that aims to compare the personality in psychomotor epilepsy and explosive and aggressive personality. The diagnostic problem of differentiating the explosive aggressivity provoked by chronic alcoholism from the personality of certain epileptics was illustrated by comparing the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profile of a sub-group of psychomotor epileptics with bitemporal independent electroencephalograph spike foci, which may present the major epileptogenic correlate of personality disturbances among psychomotor epileptics, with the MMPI profile for a patient with explosive aggressivity caused by chronic alcoholism. The indication of the results concerning the MMPI test was stressed.

The article presents a study which examines serum concentrations of anticonvulsant agents, such as diphenylhydantoin (DPH), phenobarbitone and primidone, in epileptic patients. Subjects of the study were 118 epileptic patients attending the seizure clinics of Yale New Haven Hospital and West Haven V. A. Hospital in Connecticut. In measuring concentrations of anticonsulvants, certain items were documented including the type and frequency of seizure, duration of anticonvulsant, presence or absence of psychomotor slowing, intellectual deterioration, psychiatric illness or marked change in personality, and presence or absence of nystagmus, dysarthria or ataxia. Result shows that patients who exhibit mental changes have significantly higher serum DPH and phenobarbitone concentrations.

The article attempts to explain the higher prevalence using an interview study of a representative sample of epileptic prisoners together with a similar study of non-epileptic prisoners matched for institution and date of reception into prison in Great Britain. The differences in prevalence of epileptic type are expected in terms of a previous conclusion that partial epilepsy may have been under-represented in the survey and the known interest in temporal lobe problems at the Maudsley Hospital. They concluded on a causal relationship between conduct disorders and disturbed social background in epileptic children.

Focuses on the identification of various objects during the period of induced dysnomia in epileptic patients undergoing the carotid amytal test for determination of the side of cerebral speech dominance. Incidence of the initial and final phonemes of the names of the objects; Difficulty in naming objects; Damage to the hemisphere.

The study investigates the factorial dimensions of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale using epileptic subjects. Attempts have been made to determine characteristic patterns of cognitive deficit in epileptics by pattern analysis on Wechsler subtests. Although some suggestive trends were noted, in general very little agreement can be found among the results. It was felt that factorially defined cognitive functions might provide more stable dimensions for clinical and research purposes than the individual subtests or the verbal and nonverbal grouping now used.

The article cites a study regarding age, intelligence, aphasia and the spiral after-effect in an epileptic population. In this study, the spiral aftereffect was administered to 65 epileptic patients. Poorer spiral performance seemed associated with lower Wechsler scores, anomia, the number of different sensory avenues impaired, visual and auditory impairment and right-sided sensory impairment. The data suggest that the test is most sensitive to temporal lobe involvement and may be most sensitive to left cerebral hemisphere involvement. The question is raised as to whether lowered performance on the spiral arises from inability to perceive the after-effect or inability to verbalize changes in an ambiguous stimulus.

The article focuses on educational problems of college age persons with brain disorders. Of a million population with epilepsy is made up of young person of college age who face discriminatory practices in both the job and academic world. The serious implication of epileptics in their late teens and early twenties is their academic achievement. Of 51 students with idiopathic epilepsy, 16 were graduated and 35 were not. Of the 16 who graduated, eleven follow-up replies indicated that all were gainfully employed.

The article presents several abstracts related to exceptional children. They include "A Study of the Intelligence of Institutionalized Epileptics of the Idiopathic Type," "The Physically Handicapped Worker in Industry," and "Nystagmoid Movements and Visual Perception; Their Relation to Monocular Diplopia."

The article discusses the psychiatric principles in educational methodology and in relation to epileptics. According to studies, an epileptic individual has to learn to live effectively with himself whether attacks are present or not. Thus, the child learns to accept seizures as part of a personality disorder, and that without morbid reflection or preoccupation.

The article focuses on the education of retarded children in England. It is often found that the retarded children, who by their defects are able to evade the law of compulsory school attendance, live under such conditions of pure animalism as constituted a grave menace to the social system. In a research conducted on the retarded children in England it has been found that, often the children are admitted to the special schools without any attempt at classification. Students who are merely mentally backward, are often associated with epileptics and idiots. The teachers in these schools have to be endlessly active, and many bear permanent marks of the violence of their students. As the curricula of the special schools is based upon the requirements of the common schools, the work of the special schools is carried on under almost impossible conditions. After leaving the special schools, it is found that the students are unable to do work which called for effort of a sustained character.

The article discusses the increase in plasma viscosity that was observed in an examination of plasma samples taken from cases of severe mental subnormality in the U.S. There were no differences in the plasma proteins found between epileptic patients and normal people. Also, the drugs used in treating the patients did not reveal any effect on plasma viscosity. Rapid estimation of plasma viscosity can potentially detect the presence of diseases which alter plasma proteins. The plasma viscosity test is proven to be more advantageous than the measurement of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

The article discusses a study concerned with timing differences in the associative processes of schizophrenics and epileptics. The study applied a relatively new technique to examine the temporal characteristics of production under conditions of restricted association and of recall. It employed a recall situation and a more general condition of restricted association to elicit verbal sequences which were analyzed in terms of efficiency of the production. The study results suggests that as increased restrictions were imposed on the association process, disturbances in the thinking of the pathological groups became more apparent.

The article focuses on the study on patients who underwent group psychotherapy with some epileptic mentally deficient adults. The study was conducted. Study patients were chosen from the non-working population at Sonoma State Hospital of the California Department of Mental Hygiene. The group met for one hour interviews twice weekly over a period of 22 weeks for a total of 36 sessions. Results did not show any improvement in all patients during or after treatment nor were there any changes apparent in the ward population not in the group.

The article discusses the use of the marbleboard test in order to measure psychopathology in epileptics in the U.S. It has found out that there is no difference in the visou-motor performance of idiopathic epileptic and non-epileptic subjects. Researchers who conducted the experiment were able to distinguish the basic types of performances of the marbleboard test. It was characterized chiefly by the incoherent of performance.

The article discusses the legal and social aspects of sterilization of mentally deficient and epileptic persons in Sweden. The author stated that the law was designed to be mainly eugenic which aimed the prevalence of sterilization of the mentally retarded persons. It was indicated that because of some changes made in the law, the developments of social-prophylactic sterilization was beginning to add in the original eugenic quality of the law.

The article focuses on the psychological findings and the general conclusions taken therefrom on high-grade epileptics at Lynchburg State Colony in Virginia. It provides the steps followed by the researchers and their basis which are intelligence and accessibility. The findings show paranoid and borderline schizophrenia and psychoneurosis. It suggests that the findings gained is not to be generalized to include all the cases of epilepsy for the study was only restricted and of small group.

The article discusses the characteristics of electroencephalography of institutionalized epileptics. It is said that the epileptic problem within the institution is associated with mental deficiency. Three hundred epileptic patients were used for the study of the electroencaphalograph and all were found to have Grand Mal seizures. The author concludes that electrocephalograms of the group show greater degree of irregularity, and Psychomotor Epilepsy seems to be the basis for difficult behavior problems.

The article discusses the effects of barbituric acid and its derivatives on the skin of mentally deficient epileptic patients. Two main types of skin reactions are observed with barbituric acid, the idiosyncratic and cumulative reactions. Individuals who are sensitive to or have an idiosyncrasy to the drug may have a toxic reaction. The following are the signs of toxic reaction: chills, high grade fever, vomiting, diarrhea and erythematous eruptions which terminate in exfoliation. In cumulative reaction, the systematic phase is mild and manifests itself with low grade fever. The skin eruption is an accessory mode of elimination of the drug.

The article examines the social competence of institutionalized female epileptics at the New Jersey State Village for Epileptics. The study used the Vineland Social Maturity Scale. The results showed that the institutionalized epileptic is socially incompetent, in some cases due to the epilepsy, in others due to epilepsy and some degree of mental deficiency operating as concomitant factors. The greatest deficiency is under the category of self-direction. The best performances are under the self-help groups.

The article discusses hemispherical response to fine touch in normal and mentally subnormal epileptic subjects. The significance of having two cerebral hemispheres connected through a callosal body has interested workers in the field of mental handicap for some time. Two researchers measured the cross-sectional area of the corpus callosum and attempted to relate size to intelligence; they found a significant correlation between area and mental age though they concluded that, since mental age is related to body size, then callosal size must similarly be affected by body size rather than intelligence.

The article investigates the screening of bicarbonate, chloride, sodium and pH levels in the serum of epileptic oligophrenics, and examines the influence of induced shifts in them on the effects of diphenylhydantoin. Carbon dioxide or bicarbonate is of special interest and importance in the brain because it is one of the principal end products of metabolism and capable of affecting the activity of the central nervous system. Since epilepsy has a correlation with cortical electrical activity there are sound reasons for believing that Carbon dioxide interferes with seizures by its ionization of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions and its influence on the ionization of calcium, amino acids, and proteins.

The article focuses on the effects of diphenylhydantoin, pH and total carbon dioxide on the cerebrospinal fluid during sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride intake in forty mentally subnormal epileptics. It is a commonplace experience in the management of seizures that seizure activity may be potentiated by hyperventilation. However, it can be suppressed by breathing carbon dioxide, and by ketogenic diet or acidifying procedures. Acid-base shifts influence the course of epilepsy. It is important to know, for the management of seizures, whether usual dietary factors will induce any shifts in the acid-base or electrolyte balance leading to seizures or whether endogenous metabolic fluctuations have the major role.

The article presents a study, which evaluates the possible abnormalities of electrolytes, especially those of sodium, among mentally subnormal epileptics. The study sample consists of forty epileptic oligophrenics who were under constant diphenylhydantoin treatment as the sole anticonvulsant. Clinically it is possible to attempt to change the energy barrier as an electrochemical gradient for the metabolic sodium pump. For this trial 4.0-gram of sodium bicarbonate and 7.5-9.0 gram ammonium chloride were in turn administered for a period of one week each to every patient to induce shifts in the acid-base and bicarbonate-chloride-sodium balance.

Presents the results of a case study on diphenylhydantoin treatment in mentally subnormal epileptics. Methods used to determine the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of diphenylhydantoin; Diphenylhydantoin concentrations in serum and CSF; Correlation between the daily oral dosage of diphenylhydantoin and the achieved serum and CSF levels.

Investigates the disturbances of calcium metabolism induced by anticonvulsant therapy in adult epileptics. Information on the patients and methods; Relationship between biochemical changes and radiologic findings in epileptics; Discussion of findings.

This study is based upon data acquired in the assessment of public school attitudes toward epileptics in the United States. A questionnaire, utilizing the semantic differential technique, was mailed to 510 administrators in public elementary and secondary schools in the United States. A total of 375 of the 417 returned instruments were usable in the statistical analyses. The factor structure for each of the ten concepts was determined and Coma pared to the factor structure for the total group. The factor structure for the juvenile delinquent and the generally negative ratings are reported here. Factor analysis of the responses to the juvenile delinquent concept revealed the dominant dimension of administrator? attitudes to be fear-provoking. The usually dominant factor of evaluation found in most other studies utilizing the semantic differential technique was found to be relatively minor in the factor structure of the attitudes toward juvenile delinquents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on development and application of a Work Suitability Scale for Epileptics. The first version of the Work Suitability Scale for Epileptics began with the definition of six levels of job risk. Job risk refers to the features, which make a work situation either physically or socially risky for the employment of people who may suffer unexpected spells of unconsciousness, possibly with convulsions. For example, a very low job-risk condition is working at home or under sheltered workshop conditions; a high job risk involves the operation of fast-moving heavy equipment with the possibility of fatal injury to others. Social factors, such as the presence of people on the job who would be disturbed by witnessing a seizure, were incorporated in the scale. Alongside each described job-risk level were printed two sample case histories of epileptic individuals whose seizure pattern was considered compatible with work under the corresponding risk conditions. These cases represented the statistical consensus of a panel of 20 qualified medical, psychological and vocational workers. The scale was used by matching the seizure history of the case to be rated with the most similar model history, with special attention to the current frequency of seizures and the character of the seizure.

The article presents a study conducted to 20 penal establishments in Great Britain to examine the criminality and violent behaviors of epileptic and non-epileptic prisoners. The subjects were matched for sex, institution, and length of time in an institution, as well as their degree of violence. Results reveal no differences between the groups. However, while the overall epileptic cases were found to possess a higher previous conviction rate, it has been found out that the idiopathic cases were especially possible to have received a previous conviction due to violence.

The article discusses the religious hallucinations associated with epilepsy and presents six case of religious conversions associated with temporal lobe epilepsy. According to the author, experts infer that the occurrence of mystical delusional hallucinations on epileptic patients are common and patients are firm on their belief on the reality and validity of their religious experiences. Moreover, the article discusses the possibility of religious conversion of mystics who appear to have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy, including St. Paul, St. Teresa of Avila, Joseph Amith, and Hieronymous Jaegen. Furthermore, a study involving religious conversion cases of 22 men who had treatment history for some form of mental disorder is presented.

The article presents a study that re-assesses the relationship between serum folate and vitamin B12 in epileptic patients with and without mental illness. The patients were referred for hematological examination as well as psychiatric consultation and assessment for nine months. Findings reveal that epileptics with mental illness have low levels of serum folate than epileptics without mental illness, however, no psychiatric syndrome is expressed. Thus, the relationship of serum folate to vitamin B12 is not significant.

The article focuses on the study on the different phases of electronically-induced therapeutic epilepsy with or without anesthesia. Different kinds of epilepsies also have various marches such as that of idiopathic epilepsies which has a march through aura, tonus, clonus and recovery. The study reveals that there was a relatively large delay period between the stimulus and clonus onset in most patients. In the 532 patients who were treated with electroconvulsive therapy of which the additive anesthetic used was thiopentone, 40 percent occur in the class interval of 10 to 15 seconds from the stimulus time. In addition there was not an event where the convulsion occur earlier than five seconds.

The article focuses on the study about the prevalence of psychosis in cases of epilepsy without gross lesional basis at the culture setting in Nigeria. The occurrence of psychotic episodes identical to schizophrenia in epileptic patients has long been recognized. All cases in the study were drawn from the in-patient and out-patient departments of Aro Hospital, Abeokuta in western Nigeria. The present report refers to the other 42 cases where each case was seen and evaluated by a senior author who belongs to the same cultural group as the patients.

The article discusses the study which investigates the anticonvulsant properties of Tegretol (Carbamazepine). The subjects were 45 epileptics from Cranage Hall Hospital. They were divided into two groups, the Tegreto group for Tegretol medication and the control group for standard treatment. A data that identify the reduction of attack rates and show the effectiveness of two therapeutic processes is presented. The study found that Tegretol has an equivalent anticonvulsant reaction to phonabarbitone, sodium phenytoin, and mysoline.

The article focuses on a clinical trial with Sulthiame anticonvulsant drug that was undertaken in 45 long-standing epileptic subnormal patients with behavior and psychotic disorders who failed to respond satisfactorily to conventional anticonvulsants. Results indicate that 64 percent demonstrated overall clinical improvement, as well as a reduction in frequency of seizures in 71 percent and complete relief in 38 percent. The trial concludes that Sulthiame is a valuable drug and worthy of trial when the more usual anticonvulsants have failed.

The article focuses on the clinical trial of a new anticonvulsant tetrahydro-2-p-sulphamoylphenyl-I, 2 thiazine I, I-dioxide or Ospolot. The colorless crystalline powder has been tested on a group of mentally subnormal epileptics at St. Lawrence's Hospital in Surrey, England. A total of 23 adult patients were chosen from over 2,000 since they have the highest frequency of major fits. They were given with a dosage of 1 Ospolot tablet each, which was increased in number after a few days. Their number of fits, behavior and electroencephalogram pattern were measured. Key information regarding the pathological details are also presented.

The article analyzes the institutionalization of mentally normal epileptics with the mentally retarded epileptics. The epileptic may be defined as one who is subject to periodic loss or impairment of consciousness often accompanied by convulsions. There are two traditional etiological categories of epilepsy, symptomatic and idiopathic. Only some one third of epileptics can be classified as mentally retarded, and the majority of those are only slightly subnormal. The five main causes of mental impairment among epileptics are primary congenital defect in which seizures are a secondary feature, brain injury, deterioration due to frequent and severe seizures, improper drug treatment and social-psychological insults productive of apparent sluggishness. The psychological needs of the institutionalized non-retarded epileptic are likely to be more crucial than his medical needs although uppermost among the needs are social and situational ones. Caring for the retarded and the normal epileptics together in one institution discourages rehabilitation and presents special problems, suggesting a direction for future corrective legislation.

The article focuses on the pH of saliva. The authors state that few comparisons of the pH of saliva during health and disease have been made. Saunders studied the saliva of eight epileptic patients and two controls every 15 minutes from five to seven hours. A chart is also presented which gives the pH range of saliva.

This article tests the hypothesis that the relationship between severity of organicity and the Verbal-Performance (V-P) discrepancy should increase as the discrepancy between verbal and performance IQ increases in an epileptic population. V-P discrepancies on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children for 87 children and on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale for 83 adults were classified as normal (1-7 points), moderately abnormal (8-17), and severely abnormal (18+). Electroencephalography (EEGs) for these epileptic patients were classified as normal, moderately abnormal, and abnormal. Contingency coefficients relating these two measures yielded non-significance. Determination of laterality of EEG dysfunctioning from the verbal-performance discrepancy was also non-significant. The study suggests that the usage of the V-P discrepancy to predict laterality is presently limited to acute-specific disorders.

The article reports on the progress in special education for the epileptics in the U.S. Definite progress has been achieve in the diagnosis and treatment by medication and diet. The use of dilatin was discovered to help epileptic patients bring mental and emotional functions to their norm. Opportunity for a satisfactory social adjustment is given to children with epilepsy due to the development of educational, medical and rehabilitation.

The article presents a study on a controlled trial of imipramine (Tofranil) in treating nocturnal enuresis in mentally subnormal persons. Accordingly, the number of "wet nights" has been calculated for every group of patients in which there were slight differences except for epileptic patients having fewer episodes of enuresis while taking ipramine than placebo. Tables have been offered in light to the details of the result of this study.

The article focuses on the link of supervision and activity of epileptics with the behavior and frequency of convulsive seizures. The former management of epileptics such as general regimentation, restraint and seclusion produced feelings of insecurity, frustration and embarrassment has a delirious effect on behavior and frequency of seizures. The behavior of children improved and the frequency of seizures decreased due to the lifting of restrictions.

The article examines the incidence and control of pulmonary tuberculosis in schools for the mentally deficient and in the institute for epileptics in Ohio. These institutions have established a program of tuberculosis control which composed of routine x-ray examination of all new admissions and new employees and segregation and observation of all tuberculosis cases. However, there are several factors which hindered the operation of this program. These are the lack of money; over-crowded facilities and limited number of personnel. Some suggestions are given to eliminate the disease in these institutions.

This article presents the results of psychiatric research into the intellectual deterioration of epileptics. The subjects are patients at the Ontario Hospital whose ages range from 23 to 63 years. They were given the Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test three times over a period of nine years. Method of regression was used to compute the rate of change in the intelligence quotient.

This article presents the results of psychiatric research into the accuracy of abbreviated forms of the revised Stanford-Binet intelligence test with male and female epileptics with mental disabilities. Subjects are residents of the Louisiana State Colony and Training School mental retardation facility. Ages range from 16 to 49 years.