Search

As a result of work performed at the Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory with respect to lasers, this manual was prepared in response to the increasing use of lasers in high schools and colleges. It is directed primarily toward the high school instructor who may use the text for a short course in laser fundamentals. The definition of the laser, laser operation, properties of laser light, biological effects of laser light, laser applications, safety in classroom laser use, and experiment section (equipment necessary for experiments) are included in this manual. This manual is written in a manner to give an intuitive understanding of the device and its inherent properties. The instructor is expected to be conversant with certain of the classical elementary theories of light. (Author/TS)

The third year of the Portland Project, a three-year secondary school curriculum in integrated science, consists of four parts, the first two of which are covered in this student guide. The reading assignments for part one, "Waves and Particles," are listed in the student guide and are to be read in the Harvard Project Physics textbook. The assignments relate to these topics: waves, light, electricity and magnetic fields, Faraday and the electrical age, electromagnetic radiation, the chemical basis of atomic theory, electrons and quanta, the Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom, and some ideas from modern physical theories. Topics for part two, "The Orbital Atom," are read from the Chemical Educational Materials Study (CHEMS) textbook and include: many-electron atoms, ionization energy and the periodic table, molecules in the gas phase, and the bonding in solids and liquids. In addition to the reading assignment lists, the student guide contains two major entries: an experiment on optics dealing with reflection, refraction, images and related factors; and an extensive discussion of the electron structure and related quantum properties of the orbital model of the atom. A review of the development of the three-year program, a discussion of its rationale and the content of each of the three courses, and a three-year course subject outline are included. (For more information on the Portland Project see SE 013 702, SE 013 703, SE 013 704, and SE 013 706.) (PR)

The United States Training and Employment Service General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB), first published in 1947, has been included in a continuing program of research to validate the tests against success in many different occupations. The GATB consists of 12 tests which measure nine aptitudes: General Learning Ability; Verbal Aptitude; Numerical Aptitude; Spatial Aptitude; Form Perception; Clerical Perception; Motor Coordination; Finger Dexterity; and Manual Dexterity. The aptitude scores are standard scores with 100 as the average for the general working population, and a standard deviation of 20. Occupational norms are established in terms of minimum qualifying scores for each of the significant aptitude measures which, when combined, predict job performance. Cutting scores are set only for those aptitudes which aid in predicting the performance of the job duties of the experimental sample. The GATB norms described are appropriate only for jobs with content similar to that shown in the job description presented in this report. A description of the validation sample is included. (AG)

Theories and practical skills for use in optical shops are presented in this rate training manual, prepared for regular navy and naval reserve personnel. Light theories are analyzed in connection with mirrors, prisms, lenses, and basic optical systems. Following fundamentals of mechanical design and construction, maintenance procedures are studied to give a general knowledge of optical repair. Special descriptions are made of such instruments as spyglasses, telescopes, magnetic compasses, azimuth and bearing circles, sextants, stadimeters, telescopic alidades, binoculars, submarine periscopes, and night vision sights. To give enough background for readers, operations of lathes, grinders, milling machines, and drill presses are also discussed. Besides illustrations for explanation purposes, information on the opticalman rating structure is also provided. (CC)

The technical subject matter of this rate training manual is written for regular navy and naval reserve personnel. Responsibilities for optical shop administration, supervision, and training are discussed in detail. Metals are studied in connection with heat treating processes. Characteristics of light are analyzed to familiarize students with interference, polarization, and double refraction phenomena. Following discussions of basic theories in construction, step-by-step procedures are described for the disassembly, reassembly, maintenance, and repair of submarine periscopes, ship-mounted binocular Mark 3 Mod 2, turret periscope Mark 20 Mod 6, tilting-prism telescope gunsights, and rangefinders including stereoscopic rangefinder Mark 42 Mod 27. Besides illustrations for explanation use, information on advancement and a training film list are also provided. (CC)

Two new designs for microfilm viewers are described. Both viewers are front projection viewers utilizing matte surface display screens. One viewer with an adjustable horizontal screen has a normal magnification rate and is mounted on a desk top. The other viewer has a high (4x) magnification rate in a mini-theater configuration with remote microfiche positioning controls. The matte surface screen is believed to be an improvement over conventional screens. Both viewers utilize conventional projection optics to maintain image contrast in controlled lighting environments. Interference between the user and the projected light is virtually eliminated by oblique projection achieved by simple, practical techniques. A survey of users shows a marked preference for the mini-theater viewer over conventional near projection viewers. Two control modes for positioning microfiche were developed for the mini-theater viewer: a velocity-control system and a position-control system. A comparison of these two modes shows that users prefer the position-control system. A survey of fiber optics, photochromic materials, and conventional optics for possible use in a small portable, and self-powered viewer shows that conventional optics with clever packaging will best meet the design needs. (JY)

The films described in this catalog were produced by schools or school-related organizations and were designed to meet the "relevant needs expressed by a broad spectrum of media personnel, students, and educators across the country." The catalog describes seventeen series and eight single films. For each of the series a description is presented delineating the overall aim of the series; in addition, a brief annotation for each of the films that make up the series is also given, along with information about its running time, rental/sales price, etc. The series cover a variety of topics. Of interest to teachers are such titles as "The American Community College,""Enrichment Programs for Intellectually Gifted Students," and "Success in Supervision." Series intended for high school students treat such topics as drug abuse, career planning, Black history, optics, and driver education. The single titles are generally designed to demonstrate the proper way to use television in schools. The catalog gives complete ordering information and also describes the conditions under which a single film of a series may be previewed. (JY)

In this revised edition of an earlier publication (ED 070 574), fundamentals of optical instruments on board ships are presented in this rate training manual for regular navy and naval reserve personnel. The manual includes nine chapters: Introduction; Administration and Supervision; Nature of Light; Optical Alignment Instruments; Night Vision Sights; Synchros, Servos, and Control Transformers; Tilting Prism Gunsight Telescopes; Rangefinders; and Submarine Periscopes. Step-by-step procedures for disassembling, reassembling, and maintaining optical systems are the major concern of this manual. Included are information about the opticalman rating structure and a reading reference list. (CC)

The standards have been established and registered to advance the science of ophthalmic optics and assure the continuance of skilled and ethical practices in the optical processing and dispensing service by providing a recognized and formalized method of developing skilled craftsmen. Standards cover apprenticeship qualifications, agreement, terms, probationary period, supervision, evaluation, certification, and wages. They also consider related concerns: credit for previous employment, continuity of employment, ratio of apprentices to journeymen, hours of employment, technical instruction, policy, safety regulations, schedules, and related instruction. The appendix lists 21 textbooks for related instruction, 32 State apprenticeship agencies, and the 10 regional offices of the Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training. A sample certificate form and apprenticeship agreement form are illustrated. (AG)

This monograph was written for the Conference on the New Instructional Materials in Physics, held at the University of Washington in summer, 1965. The measurement of very small distances and sizes, and the concept of models are discussed in the introduction. The optics of slits is dealt with in chapter 2. Chapter 3 presents the optics of holes. The phenomena of interference and diffraction are included in chapter 4. The author discusses the experimental determination of interatomic distances in a gas molecule for observation of interference effects in electron scattering in chapter 5. The monograph concludes with a number of references to physical optics. (LC)

This booklet is one of the "Understanding the Atom" Series. The science of spectroscopy is presented by a number of topics dealing with (1) the uses of spectroscopy, (2) its origin and background, (3) the basic optical systems of spectroscopes, spectrometers, and spectrophotometers, (4) the characteristics of wave motion, (5) the electromagnetic spectrum, (6) types of spectra, (7) line spectra, and (8) interpretations of spectra information. In addition, there is a discussion of the fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics, the origin of spectra, and of the different kinds of spectroscopic techniques including x-ray spectrography, mass spectrometry and infrared, fluerescence, magnetic, Raman, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. References to popular books, technical books, and journal articles are provided. (LC)

Teaching procedures of Project Physics Unit 4 are presented to help teachers make effective use of learning materials. Unit contents are discussed in connection with teaching aid lists, multi-media schedules, schedule blocks, and resources charts. Brief summaries are made for transparencies, 16mm films, and reader articles. Included is information about the background and development of each unit chapter, procedures used in demonstrations, apparatus operations, notes on the student handbook, and explanation of film loops. Additional articles are concerned with electromagnetic spectra, field concepts, Oersted's own account of his discovery, Romer's work, and "lectron" series. Current balances and microwave apparatus are analyzed, and a bibliography of references including that of photographic instrumentation is given. Solutions to study guides are provided in detail, and answers to test items are suggested. The fourth unit of the text, along with marginal comments on each section, is also compiled in the manual. The work of Harvard Project Physics has been financially supported by: the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Ford Foundation, the National Science Foundation, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the United States Office of Education, and Harvard University. (CC)

Optical and electromagnetic fundamentals are presented in this fourth unit of the Project Physics text for use by senior high students. Development of the wave theory in the first half of the 19th Century is described to deal with optical problems at the early stage. Following explanations of electric charges and forces, field concepts are introduced in connection with electrons, currents, potential differences, Oersted's discovery, Ampere's work, and moving charges in magnetic fields. Faraday's lines of force are used to analyze electromagnetic induction and its applications as well as modern civilization under the influence of scientific discoveries. Further discussions of field theories are made for electromagnetic radiation, taking into account Maxwell's theories, Hertz's experiment, wave propagation, electromagnetic spectra, and ether concept. Historical developments are stressed in the overall explanation. Problems with their answers are provided in two categories: study guide and end of section questions. Also included are related illustrations for explanation purposes and a chart of renowned people's life spans between 1700 and 1900. The work of Harvard Project Physics has been financially supported by: the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Ford Foundation, the National Science Foundation, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the United States Office of Education, and Harvard University. (CC)

Discusses fundamentals of rainbow formation, including the reflection and dispersion theories underlying primary, secondary and high-order bows. Included is a series of further analytical problems. (CC)

Presents a summary of the state of the field in instrumentation as it existed in 1940-1941 as described in articles written at that time by R. H. Muller. (SLH)

Several short articles describe programs utilizing laser/electro-optics technology curriculum materials developed by Technical Education Research Centers (TERC): at undergraduate and graduate levels in universities; in a city college; in continuing education; and in industry. Modules, independent units based on booklets or films, include laboratory exercises. (AJ)

An electronic device is described which can be used for demonstrations and laboratory work in Fourier synthesis, phase and group speeds, beats and modulation, and Lissajous figures. The hardware required is inexpensive and simple. (Author/RH)

Reports on the physical origins of spherical aberrations in axially symmetric electrostatic lenses to convey the essentials of electon optics to those who must think critically about the resolution of the electron microscope. (GS)

Describes how astrophysics can be a do-it-yourself project within a school boy's budget and background, by giving detailed instruction on equipment construction. In addition, this article describes many experiments to undertake, with the equipment, such as determining color temperature, star spectra, chemical composition and others. (BR)

Describes the offering of a physics course where a mixture of teaching techniques and a wide variety of phenomena associated with light are used to attract students majoring in art, art history, psychology, photography etc. Indicates that the course is characterized by its in-depth and non-mathematical nature. (CC)

Discusses the production and structure of a sequence of optical crystals which can serve as one-, two-, and three-dimensional diffraction plates to illustrate diffraction patterns by using light rather than x-rays or particles. Applications to qualitative presentations of Laue theory at the secondary and college levels are recommended. (CC)

Describes a simplified diffraction experiment offered in a workshop with the purpose of illustrating to high school students the relation of science to society. The radii determined for cigarette smoke particles range from 0.2 to 0.5 micrometer in this experiment. Included is a description of the diffraction theory. (CC)

Discusses experience of teaching optical experiments with emphasis upon the student's design and construction of refracting and reflecting telescopes. Concludes that the student's interest and acquired knowledge are greatly enhanced through the use of realistic experiments. (CC)

The core portion of this trial unit developed by the Australian Science Education Project provides activities from which students gain experience in the formation of images by water and glass lenses. Additional optional sections of the unit contain suggested activities and questions which lead to a study of mirrors, refraction, eyes and spectacles, the nature of color, microscopy, photography, and the production of apparently continuous images from discrete points. The teachers' guide lists objectives for the core and each option, suggests suitable teacher and student references, and lists the apparatus required. Hints on classroom management, including topic introduction and consolidation, are included. The students' book also provides instructions for the production of simple apparatus and suggestions for out-of-school follow-up activities. A question book containing a diagnostic test to be used at the completion of the core, a booklet containing annotated answers to these questions, and a set of posters are also included in the package. (AL)

The construction and validation of a test to assess the concepts of light and shadows contained in the New York City Board of Education bulletin "Science K-2" are described. The final form of the Non-Reading Concept Test is a filmstrip with 32 color drawings. The first two items are trial questions to familiarize students with the test format. The test directions are given orally, and students select the best of three answers. A KR-20 reliability of 0.69 was obtained when the final form was administered to a random sample of 160 English-speaking grade two students. The correlations of the test results with Metropolitan Primary Reading Test, Form B and mental age determined by the individual Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test were 0.279 and 0.267 respectively. (Author/AL)

Nuffield Secondary Science is a set of tested materials from which teachers can prepare courses for students in grades 9-11 (approximately) who do not intend to major in science. The materials are designed for British secondary schools but are adaptable for other countries. The Teachers' Guide to the entire set of Themes is described in SE 015 440 and the nature of each Theme summarized in SE 015 441. Theme 5 contains the following fields of study (with subsidiary sections indicated in parentheses): Human Limitations--Extending the Range of Sense Perception; Hearing and the Nature of Sound (introductory experiences, characteristics of sound, transmission of sound, speed of sound, sound as the raw material of music, noise and acoustics, sound recording and reproduction); Seeing and the Behavior of Light (the camera, illumination, using lenses and mirrors--optical instruments, color and its effects, nature of light); and Artificial Aids to Communication and Recording (telephone, radio, transistor as a switch, simple switching circuits, cathode ray oscilloscope, radar, television). See also SE 015 442 to SE 015 448. (AL)

Holography is a process which numbers among its many applications the creation of holograms--unique three dimensional photographs that show spatial relations and shifts just as they exist in reality. This book recounts the history of holography, tracing its development from Euclid's theory of light rays through Huygens' theory of wave motion to Grimaldi's discovery of diffraction. It describes the discoveries of Dr. Thomas Young and Augustin Fresnel which established the existence of the property of light known as "interference." The work of Dennis Gabor, who more than any other man was the discoverer of holography, is examined in detail, and the classic experiments of G. L. Rogers, Paul Kirkpatrick, and Albert Baez are described. An explanation of the role of side looking radar and lasers in producing a hologram completes the historical review. The book also describes the techniques currently used to produce holograms, and it explores the ways in which the holographic process is used in industry to detect subtle motion and distance changes. Concluding chapters detail the most current experiments with the holographic process and discuss future applications of the technique. (JY)

In this textbook, which was written for the professional photography student, both photographic theory and practice are thoroughly explained. The author examines the principles of light and the properties of lenses and gives a detailed evaluation of camera movement, camera shutters, and the camera as a whole. He outlines the manufacture and properties of light-sensitive materials and discusses individually the multiplicity of effects possible with variations in filters, lighting, and exposure. Complete explanations are provided for the various techniques used in developing, printing, and finishing the photograph. In the final chapter, the visual analysis and interpretation of a subject is discussed in relation to the demands of professional photography and practical experiments are suggested to illustrate some basic concepts. Each chapter is sectionalized with subheadings and includes a brief summary and suggested examination questions. A large number of diagrams and photographs illustrate the text. (JY)

The author describes the many techniques used to produce cinematic effects that would be too costly, too difficult, too time-consuming, too dangerous, or simply impossible to achieve with conventional photographic techniques. He points out that these techniques are available not only for 35 millimeter work but also to the 16 mm. photographer who may find them of special interest for economic, practical, and creative reasons. He divides special effects into (1) in-the-camera effects, (2) laboratory processes, and (3) combinations of the two. In-the-camera techniques described include changes in object speed, position, or direction, image distortions, optical transitions, superimpositions, day-for-night photography, split screen photography, in-the-camera matte shots, glass shots, mirror shots, and miniatures. Laboratory processes covered include bi-pack printing, optical printing, traveling mattes, and aerial-image printing. Combination techniques include front and rear projection. An extensive bibliography is presented which covers periodical articles, books, and research papers from 1909 to 1968. (JY)

Television, with its special need for movement and continuous shooting, often demands different special effects techniques from those used in films. This book covers the techniques used to create special effects for television which meet these requirements and which also require less time and money than many film techniques. Included are descriptions of: the preparation and use of special props; dry ice equipment; fire and smoke simulation; pyrotechnics and explosives; bullet and bomb effects; trick guns, knives, and arrows; breakable props and fixtures; chemicals and chemical effects; wind, rain, snow, and fog effects; special lighting effects; optical devices and mirrors; inlay and overlay; scenic projection; high- and low-speed cameras; models and matte shots; demonstration aids; animation and captions; scoreboards and signalling devices; and materials and fabrication methods. The treatment of each subject is detailed and includes full descriptions of equipment, working principles, and type of effect obtained. Special attention is given both to safety measures that are necessary when working with dangerous equipment and to cost control. Many illustrations and diagrams are provided. (JY)

Information about hand lenses and their use in the classroom and out-of-doors for curriculum enrichment is presented in this paper. Some basic attributes of the hand lens, including shape, focal length, and magnification power, are described. Directions for making holders for the lenses in the classroom are given. Two classroom activities and 14 activities which may be carried out on school grounds are suggested as representative of the many kinds of observations that can be made with a hand lens. It was noted that, to the classroom teacher, the world of the hand lens can open up unlimited opportunities for curriculum enrichment. (PS)