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FROM the standpoint of avian pathology, some recent observations indicate that the condition of infection and inflammation of the navel of baby chicks (omphalitis) has not been accorded the importance it warrants. This situation seems particularly obvious in view of the recent report by Volkmar (1929) on omphalitis in baby chicks and turkeys, which includes references to omphalitis in chicks described by Antoine and Hebrant (1913), and by Rasberger (1928), and in recognition of several outbreaks from different sources encountered quite recently at the Kansas Station. Perhaps many cases of the disease have gone unrecognized although its occurrence in incubator hatched chicks may mean that it is of significance only under certain environmental conditions which prevail during incubation, hatching, and brooding by the more modern methods. H istory The first serious outbreak of omphalitis in chicks, recognized at the Kansas Station, occurred in February, 1929, and since that time another serious . . .

OMPHALITIS, or navel infection in baby chicks and poults, has been an increasing problem over the years. Volkmar (1929) described the syndrome of omphalitis and concluded that the increased bacterial content of the air in the incubator at hatching time was the major factor in the production of the disease. Diagnostic laboratories throughout the country have isolated from chicks with omphalitis or sometimes termed “mushy chick,” “filth” organisms such as Escherichia coli, staphylococci spp., streptococci spp. pseudomonasspp., and proteolytic anaerobic bacteria. Williams and Daines (1942) found that within 72 hours after hatching, losses ran as high as 30 percent and the causative agent was Staphylococcus aureus. Recent work by Pathak et al. (1960) indicated that from 146 chicks with unabsorbed egg yolks they isolated Escherichia, Aerobacter, Klebsiella and Proteus. They stressed the importance of disinfection of eggs, incubators, brooders and other equipment concerned with chick raising. Very little work has…

Vaginal cultures from 118 consecutive term pregnant women revealed that 14% of these symptom-free women had group B streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae) in their genital tract Of the 17 children born to those women carrying group B streptococci, none developed severe infection. 15 were thoroughly examined, 5 of whom had bacterial colonization and 1 developed omphalitis. However, the risk cannot be neglected, as more than 100 cases of severe neonatal infection have been published. The mothers were examined at varying intervals after delivery and many showed persistence of these bacteria in their genital tracts.

Colonization of infants in a newborn nursery was suspected when S. marcescens was grown in cultures from six newborns with urinary tract infection, omphalitis, and balanitis. Umbilical culture of newborns in the nursery revealed S. marcescens in 20 of 31 (64.5%) infants. Extensive culture of personnel and equipment in the delivery room and the general and premature nurseries, however, failed to reveal the organism, with two exceptions. One was the presence of a pure, heavy growth of S. marcescens in 4 of 5 plastic bottles employed to apply saline to umbilical cords and a mixed growth of this and other organisms in suction tubing in the nursery. Within 6 days after removal of the plastic bottles, only 2 of 22 newborns were colonized and no new cases were found after 2 weeks. Almost all those colonized lost the organism within 4 weeks after discharge from the hospital. No familial spread occurred except for colonization of the breast of 2 of 9 nursing mothers. These data are presented as an example of a single source, readily controlled epidemic due to a saprophytic organism associated with disease in a small number of infants. The importance of environmental contamination in nursery epidemics due to gram-negative bacilli, many of which are particularly virulent in the newborn, is discussed.

An epidemic of group A, type 1 streptococcal infection occurring in newborn infants is described. Uncomplicated omphalitis constituted the majority of infections; three patients developed a deep tissue infection of the extremities as a secondary complication. Investigation revealed an upper respiratory infection due to a group A, type 1 streptococcus in a pediatrician as the probable source of the epidemic. Therapy and recurrences of infection after inadequate treatment are discussed. A review of the pertinent literature indicates the rarity of such an epidemic.

Normal 0 MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} The study was conducted to determine the occurrence of infectious diseases in broiler chickens at kapasia in Gazipur district during the period from 16 th October to 16 th December 2008. Detection was made on the basis of history, clinical findings and post-mortem lesions. A total of 199 broiler chickens were examined during the study where Colibacillosis 104 (52.26%), Mycoplasmosis 25 (12.56%), Salmonellosis 02 (1.01%), Omphalitis 23 (11.56%), Coccidiosis 09 (4.52%), Gumboro 22 (11.06%), Mycotoxicosis 11 (5.53%) and mixed infection of Gumboro & Coccidiosis 03 (1.51%) were recorded. In the conclusion it has been remarked that Collibacillosis is a major problem for broiler production and hence poultry farmers can not earn their profit perfectly due to adverse effect of those diseases. Further laboratory examination is needed to confirm the identified diseases.

This is the case of a 22-year-old pregnant woman with a 6-week history of ruptured fetal membranes who developed fever and abdominal cramps and then delivered a premature infant. The infant died 1½ hours after delivery. Pasteurella multocida was cultured from the infant’s cord blood, the endometrium of the mother, and a pet house cat. Histologic examination of the placenta showed severe acute chorioamnionitis and omphalitis. This is, to the authors’ knowledge, the first published case of chorioamnionitis and neonatal sepsis due to Pasteurella multocida .

Count of the numbdr of bacteria in the air of the incubator, isolation of bacteria from dead in shell chicks, pipped eggs, dead baby chicks and mushy baby chicks, and inoculation of the isolated bacteria into the egg yolk of baby chicks led to the following conclusions:1. The microbial flora in the air of the incubator consists mainly of Bacillus Spp. predominately B. cereus.2. B. cereus is the most frequently incriminated causative agent of omphalitis.3. Bacillus in the air of the incubator enter into pipped eggs and multiply in the egg shell cavity. Further, wheen the closing of navel of the germ in incomplete, is may invade the egg yolk via the navel, and multiply there, resulting in omphalitis in those baby chicks.4. In omphalitis due to Bacillus, pipped egg and baby chick frequently die following an acute disease course. However, some of these follow a chronic course instead and become mushy baby chicks.5. To prevent omphalitis, removal of the offending Bacillus from the incubator must be accomplished.

FOUR plane loads of baby chicks totalling 135,000 plus the usual extras have have been shipped from Idlewild Airport near New York City to Cairo, Egypt. These chicks were established in brooding plants for a three-week period before distribution to various poultry raisers. Day to day shifts in mortality rates during the brooding period made it desirable to make post mortem and bacteriological studies. The diagnosis of omphalitis and analysis of incidence data may be useful in planning for future air shipments. SHIPMENT CONDITIONS DURING FLIGHT All incubators from some dozen hatcheries were set to hatch approximately 24 hours before previously announced flight time from Idlewild Airport. The first load of 31,169 chicks in March took 33¼ hours from departure at Idlewild to arrival in Cairo, with four stops enroute. Temperature recordings, which were made a four points inside the plane, varied from 52° to 71°. Difficulty was encountered in …

Summary Bacteriological examinations of the umbilici, blood transfusion-sets and patients' blood were performed at 28 exchange transfusions via the umbilicus 0-7 days after delivery. Most of the umbilici were colonized with bacteria at the time of exchange. No case of septicemia or omphalitis occurred. Nebocetin as powder or lotion did not sterilize the cords but possibly protected sterile cords from becoming infected. Daily spray with Nobecutan did not protect the umbilici from becoming contaminated. The effect on the infection of Nobecutan was not better than that of Xeroform powder. No clinical colonization occurred. Contamination with S. albus may have protected against colonization with S. aureus. Most strains were sensitive to most of the common antibiotics.

An adult patient with omphalitis was treated successfully by conservative measures. Spontaneous extrusion of a mass of hair and sebum concretion was the final episode. The author stresses the rarity of the condition, its dissimilarity to the variety seen in infants, its resemblance to infected pilonidal cyst, and the advisability of nonexcisional treatment.

Por moda, por las caracteristicas de la vida actual, encuanto a estrechez de los domicilios y a falta de empleadosdomesticGs, o por cualquiera otra razon, la-s mujercs tien-den cada vez mas a preferir que la atencion de sus partcs sehaga en las Clinicas o Maternidades y no en sus domicilios.Caracteristicas de esta preferencia es —entre otras— la ciu-dad de Nueva York, en donde un 97 % de los partos ocurreen Maternidades,Experiencias y Estadisticas detalladas del extranjero(Conti) muestran, sin embargo que, mientras se trate departos ncrnrales, la mujer esta expuesta a muchos mas pe~ligros —sobre todo infecciones— cuando su parto se verifi-ca en la Maternidad.Entre nosotros parece que tambien es opinion dominan-te, entre los tocologos, que el parto en el domicilio ofrece mti-cho menos peligros para la parturienta de un parto normal.Las pesimas condiciones de la vivienda de nuestro proletaria-do no constituyen de ningun modo un argumento en contrade este modo de pensar, ya que a la luz de las experienciaslas infecciones de las puerperas son francamente mas rarascuando el parto se .produce en el domicilio.El parto normal, dice el Prof. Monckeberg, es un feno-meno natural y espontaneo, que se produce de dentro haciaafuera y los perjuicios que pueden aparecer en la madre o enel nifio, dependeran en gran parte de que quien lo atien'da,evite, en lo posible, la intervencion de fuera bacia adentro.No es nuestro proposito discutir en este trabajo las cau-sas que originan la mayor frecnenda de infecciones puerpera-les en las Maternidades. La frase recven transcrita aduce ra-zones suficientes para .pensar que

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Dermatologic disorders of the umbilicus are by no means rare. However, there recently came under my observation a patient with a condition which I had not previously seen. A search of the literature revealed only few reports concerning this entity, none of these being in the dermatologic literature. Its rarity prompted the publication of this article. Report of a Case The patient, a 35-year-old white man, was first seen on Nov. 30, 1956, with the chief complaint of a discharge from the navel. He stated that about five months previously he had become aware of a foul-smelling discharge from the affected area. He subsequently consulted his family physician, who prescribed a solution of methylrosaniline chloride (gentian violet), which proved to be of no value. Pain was never present. Physical examination revealed erythema and slight tenderness of the umbilicus without any definite induration. The umbilical cavity was much deeper

The micro-organism responsible for the majority of infections occurring during the newborn period is the Staphylococcus. While sporadic cases of minor skin infection or the occasional occurrence of septicemia 1 due to staphylococci are observed in most newborn nurseries, the more serious clinical forms of staphylococcal disease usually occur during epidemic outbreaks. A number of such epidemics have been reported recently,* and others are known to have occurred.f During these epidemics the most frequently observed clinical manifestations have been impetigo neonatorum, acute mastitis, deep subcutaneous abcesses, omphalitis, and conjunctivitis. More serious forms of infection reported as occurring during outbreaks of staphylococcal disease have included pneumonia,‡ with empyema,§ and pyopneumothorax ‖ and generalized sepsis.¶ With the exception of the report of Lyon and Rantz, 18 gastroenteritis has not been emphasized as a primary manifestation of epidemic staphylococcal infection in the newborn infant. Recently an outbreak of staphylococcal disease in the newborn

PRIMARY malignant tumor of the pancreas is extremely rare in infancy and childhood. An extensive review of the literature disclosed only two primary sarcomas 1 and six primary carcinomas 2 with histological diagnostic confirmation. In all reported cases the disease has been fatal. The lymphosarcomas were located only in the pancreas and occurred in a 4-year-old boy and a 9-day-old girl. In the latter the disease was discovered at autopsy, after death had resulted from peritonitis and liver abscess secondary to an omphalitis and phlebitis of the umbilical vein. Of the six adenocarcinomas, three were described as cylindrical-cell, one was medullary, and two were not further classified. Three originated in the head of the pancreas, one in the head and body, one in the tail, and one was not localized. The tumor mass was palpated in two instances, jaundice was evident in two cases, diarrhea was striking in two cases

It is not my intention to consider the clinical aspects of infections which affect the new-born infant through the umbilicus. The seriousness of such infections is well recognized. The more severe and fatal forms present clinical and post-mortem evidence which forces itself on the observer. The proof that milder types of infection originating in the umbilicus cause fever, jaundice, loss of weight and gastro-intestinal disturbances in the new-born infant is difficult to bring forward. It has been demonstrated that serious and fatal umbilical infections can exist and give no local ante-mortem evidence of their presence. It would not be unfair to conclude that milder forms could exist and the infant recover without local manifestations of umbilical disease. Such infections occur in isolated cases and in epidemic form in institutions. There may be the moist gangrene with the foul-smelling, putrefying cord, a simple omphalitis with a discharge of varying character, an

The eyes and the navel are the two principal infection atria in the new-born child and the conscientious obstetrician realizes his responsibility by attending to these parts personally, instead of leaving them to the care of a nurse. At least 10 per cent. of the blindness of the world is caused by ophthalmia neonatorum, which might be prevented by the use of Crede's method of disinfection of the eyes. After the eyes have been attended to, the physician cleanses the abdomen and cord as thoroughly as possible and covers them with an aseptic dressing. In thus scrupulously discharging his duties, the physician has the satisfaction of knowing that he is improving statistics with regard to the occurrence of omphalitis, tetanus and ophthalmia neonatorum. With the assistance of Messrs. Seabury & Johnson—whom I wish to thank for their faithful attention to the details furnished them—I have designed a packet of sterilized