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Hasenclever , H. F. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.) and William O. Mitchell . Acquired immunity to candidiasis in mice. J. Bacteriol. 86: 401–406. 1963.—Some protection to chronic candidiasis in mice was produced by sublethal intraperitoneal infection with Candida albicans and by the injection in incomplete Freund's adjuvant of nonviable Coccidioides immitis spherule fragments. Other pathogenic or nonpathogenic fungi produced little or no protection. Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide, known to protect mice against the acute toxic manifestations of C. albicans , had no effect upon chronic candidiasis. A factor active in vitro against the growth of C. albicans was shown to be in the serum of resistant mice.

Every author, editor, or compiler who has produced or contributed to an item included in the 1964 bibliography is listed in the index that follows. Each name listed is succeeded by the number of every item in which that name appears. Anonymous items have been excluded.

Hasenclever , H. F. (U. S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md.), and William O. Mitchell . Antigenic studies of Candida. I. Observations of two antigenic groups in Candida albicans . J. Bacteriol. 82: 570–573. 1961.—Two distinct antigenic groups, detected by tube agglutination, have been observed among strains of Candida albicans . Adsorption of an antiserum with a heterologous strain did not remove the agglutinating properties for the homologous strain. Homologous adsorption of the antiserum did remove its agglutinating properties. Seventy-one isolates of C. albicans have been screened with this adsorbed antiserum and 38 were agglutinated at a serum dilution of 1:240 to 1:480 (group A), whereas 33 were not agglutinated at a serum dilution of 1:30 (group B). Thirty-five of the strains were studied with rabbit antisera prepared against each of six strains (three from each group). Agglutination reactions of these strains with samples of each antiserum adsorbed individually with each immunizing strain verified the results of the screening agglutination reactions. All the agglutinating properties of antisera prepared against the three group B strains were removed by adsorption with suspensions of either group A or group B strains. The identity of all isolates used in this study was confirmed by chlamydospore formation, fermentation, and carbohydrate assimilation reactions.

The problems presented by the Communications Course are of great consequence. Through sheer weight of superior numbers the program might well be dominated by English‐trained instructors. However, the basic oral nature of communication may give us a powerful voice in the matter.

Summary Quantitative precipitin reactions have shown that: Antiserum to C. albicans Group B reacted strongly (80 to 120% of the homologous reaction) with polysaccharides from C. albicans group A, C. stellatoidea, C. tropicalis, H. capsulata and T. pinus; mannans from S. cerevisiae and S. pini precipitated approximately 55% of the antibody; and polysaccharides from H. minuta, H. holstii and C. laurentii var. flavescens less than 10%.Antiserum to C. stellatoidea reacted strongly with C. albicans group B and C. tropicalis mannans (80 to 100%); polysaccharides from C. albicans group A, S. cerevisiae, and H. minuta precipitated 36 to 44% of the antibody; S. pini and H. capsulata, 18% of the antibody; and those from C. laurentii var. flavescens, H. holstii and T. pinus, less than 10%.C. tropicalis antiserum reacted strongly with C. albicans group A and B (91 to 103%); phosphomannan from H. capsulata removed 74% of the antibody; mannan from S. pini, 45%, and all other polysaccharides, less than 10%. Double diffusion reactions in agar showed that all Candida mannans and C. albicans group B or C. stellatoidea antisera produced precipitin lines that fused. Using C. tropicalis antiserum, spur formation was observed between the homologous and group B and C. stellatoidea mannans. Of the other polysaccharides that formed precipitates in agar, all showed spur formation with the homologous mannan.

The training division of the Los Angeles Regional Family Planning Council conducted a seminar for minority members to discover attitudes toward birth control. Indian-Americans, Mexican-Americans, Asian-Americans, and Black-Americans participated. Some fears and misunderstandings relative to birth control were voiced. The timidity of recent Chinese immigrants was mentioned. Male reluctance to use birth control out of a sense of machismo was mentioned in relation to Black- and Mexican-Americans. The conclusion was that, when birth control methods are adequately explained, women of all ethnic groups are willing to use them. To allay fears, suspicions, and concerns, family planning should be presented to minority communities as a health service and not a social service. Family planning clinics would be more accepted in these communities if they expanded their work into other health areas.

A galactomannan-protein complex was extracted from defatted mycelium of Histoplasma capsulatum with 0.25 N alkali at 25 C. It accounted for 7.5% of the cell dry weight in nondialyzable form and had a galactose-mannose ratio of 2:5. The complex containing 68% protein was separated into polysaccharide and glycoprotein components by ion-exchange chromatography. The galactomannan formed a single precipitate in immunodiffusion, sharing a common antigen with the glycoprotein which contained two precipitating antigens. The glycoprotein elicited delayed-type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs as measured by skin-test and macrophage migration inhibitory factor assay, with 5 μg resulting in 86% specific inhibition. The galactomannan was skin-test negative, but 10 μg resulted in 80% specific inhibition of migration.

Inhibition of immune precipitation with oligosaccharides obtained from Candida stellatoidea mannan has been used to provide more information about the haptenic groups of this serologically active polysaccharide. The oligosaccharides di-, tri-, tetra-, and a mixture of penta- and hexasaccharides were studied. The inhibitory activity of these materials was tested with two immune sera. With one serum, 0.8 μmole of the mixture of penta- and hexasaccharides inhibited the reaction by 87%, and, with the other serum, 0.4 μmole of the mixture inhibited the reaction by 99%. Monosaccharides were also tested with each antiserum and found to be noninhibitory. It is apparent that the mixture of oligosaccharides containing 5 to 6 mannose units was the most effective inhibitor. Since it is known that these oligosaccharides contain a predominance of α 1-2 linkages and lesser numbers of α 1-3 linkages, it is likely that these are important in the structural configuration of the antigenic determinants.

Hasenclever , H. F. (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.) and William O. Mitchell . Production in mice of tolerance to the toxic manifestations of Candida albicans . J. Bacteriol. 84: 402–409. 1962. — Lethal toxic manifestations of Candida albicans in mice were demonstrated by the intravenous injection of 10 7 viable yeast cells. Untreated control animals had an average survival time of 4.5 to 10 hr after challenge. No multiplication of C. albicans could be demonstrated in the tissues of untreated infected controls 12 hr after challenge. Mice infected ip with C. albicans 6 days before iv challenge survived for periods three to four times longer than controls. Mice previously infected with other fungi also demonstrated tolerance to the toxicity of C. albicans. Coccidioides immitis and C. stellatoidea were especially effective. High-titer rabbit antiserum to viable C. albicans yeast cells was not protective. Studies of total and differential peripheral leukocytes indicated that mice in the tolerant state demonstrated a slight granulocytosis. Direct evidence of the protective effect of the granulocytic response was not shown

In his recent study of free inverse semigroups, Munn [2] introduced and used extensively the concept of a word-tree. In this note the number of such trees is found.