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Eye contact by monkeys toward a staring observer is a quantifiable reliable and sensitive behavioural measure. Early social deprivation, an increase in age, a new cage, and an increase in distance all decreased the frequency of eye contact. Young female rhesus monkeys made more contact than young males. Large differences in eye contact occurred between species of non-human primates. The results are considered in relation to both an arousal theory and an attention theory.

The study of non-human primate herpesviruses has become increasingly important in recent years as these agents have been used as models for studies of human disease caused by herpesviruses. This report is a compilation of information thus far accumulated on these viral agents, and includes material on isolation, cultural characteristics, host range and serological properties, some of which lends to subgrouping of the viruses.

Após uma revisão da toxoplasmose experimental em primatas não humanos, são relatadas as tentativas, sem êxito, para provocar toxoplasmose aguda e fatal em dois rhesus (Macacca mulatta), um infante e outro jovem, por inoculação e reinoculação de uma amostra humana, usando diferentes vias e doses maciças e ainda com a ministração de decametasona. Do mesmo modo, não teve sucesso a tentativa para induzir a doença fatal em um Cebus apella adulto, pela via peritoneal. Porém a toxoplasmose-infecção nesses 3 animais, foi comprovada pela elevação da temperatura (39 a 41ºC), pela positividade da reação de Sabin-Feldman (1:64 - 1:256) e pelo isolamento de toxoplasmas em camundongos inoculados com material do Cebus. Por outro lado, em um Callithrix jacchus pela inoculação peritoneal, foi provocada doença grave e fatal com focos necróticos e abundãncia de toxoplasmas no baço e fígado, e isolamento dos parasitas em camundongo. De 54 símios do Nõvo Mundo, submetidos a RSF, todos foram negativos, com exceção de um Saimiri que se mostrou positivo a 1:16 (18%). Uma análise do problema Toxoplasmose-Primatas não humanos, com o apoio na revisão da literatura e nas nossas próprias observações (ver também o trabalho anterior) permite as seguintes conclusões: em seu habitat natural os primatas não humanos não são expostos ao Toxoplasma. Isso deve estar relacionado aos hábitos arborícolas e à sua alimentação vegetariana e insetívora; b) os casos descritos de toxoplasmose natural nos símios se referem a animais de cativeiro; e, mesmo nestas condições, é excepcional a infecção espontânea dos catarrinos; c) os catarrinos apresentam, além disso uma grande resistência à indução da toxoplasmose experimental, a qual não é devida à presença de anticorpos circulantes. Essa resistência parece não ser rompida pela administração de corticosteróides; embora às vêzes o seja pela inoculação de doses maciças de toxoplasmas, e geralmente nos animais jovens; d) essa resistência é menor nos platirrinos e parece não existir nos platirrinos inferiores e nos Prosimii. À la suite d'une revision de la toxoplasmose expérimentale chez les primates non humains on décrit les tentatives, sans succès, pour provoquer une maladie aigüe et fatale en deux rhesus (Macacca mulatta) l'un petit et l'autre jeune, par inoculation e réinoculation d'une souche humaine, utilisant des voies diverses et des doses massives insi que l'administration de decamétasone. De même, la tentative de mener à une maladie fatale un Cebus apella adulte por voie du péritoine n'eut aucume succès. Cependant la toxoplasmose-infection chez ces 3 animaux fut confirmée par l'elevation de la temperature (39 a 40ºC) par la positivité de la reaciton du Sabin-Feldman (RSF) (1:64 et 1:256) et par l'isolement de toxoplasmes chez ler souris inoculés avec le material du Cebrus. Par contre chez un Callithrix jacchus une grave et fatale maladie a été provoquée, par l'inoculation péritoneale, avec des foyers necrotiques et d'abondants toxoplasmes dans la rate et le foie. Des 54 singes du Nouveau Monde, soumís au RSF, tous ont été négatifs sauf un Saimiri sciureus qui s'est montré positif a 1:16 (1,8%). Une analyse du problème Toxoplasme-Primates non humainsi soutenue par une revision de la litterature et de nos propes observations (consulter aussi le travail antérieur) permet les conclusions suivantes: a) dans leur habitat naturel les primates non humaines ne sont pas exposés au Toxoplasme, et cela se doit sans doute aux habitudes arboricoles ainsi qu'à leur alimentation végétarienne et insectivore; b) les cas décrits de toxoplasmose naturel chez les singes se rapportant aux animaux en captivité et même dans ces conditions-là l'induction de la toxoplasmose expérimentale. Cette résistance ne parait pas être rompue par l'administration de corticosteroides malgré qu'elle le soit parfois par l'inoculation de doses massives de toxoplasmes généralement sur de jeunes animaux; d) cette résistance est moins grande chez les plathirrins et semble ne pas exister parmis les plathirrins inférieurs et les Prosimii. After a review of the experimental toxoplasmosis in non human primates we have reported our unsuccessful tentatives to provoke acute and fatal disease in 2 Macacca mulatta, an infant male and an young female, by inoculation and reinoculation of a human strain from congenital toxoplasmosis, using several routse and massive dosis and with the ministration of corticosteroids. We did not succeed in inducing fatal disease in an adult female Cebus apella by peritoneal and subcutaneous routes. However, the toxoplasmosis infection in these 3 monkeys was comproved by fever (39 to 41ºC), by the positivity of the Sabin-Feldman reaction (1:64 and 1:256) and by the isolation of the toxoplasmes from mice inoculated with material of the Cebus. On the other hand, in a Callithrix jacchus by peritoneal route, we have provoked severe and fatal disease with necrotic foci in the lever and spleen both plenty of parasites, and isolation of toxoplasmes from mice inoculated with material of this monkey. From 54 New World monkeys submeted to the dye test, with the exception of a Saimiri sciureu that reacted at 1:16 title, all of them were negative. An analysis of the problem toxoplasmosis-non human primates, based in the bibliography and in our observation (see the anterior paper too) agree with the following conclusions: a) in its natural habitat the non human primates are not exposed to Toxoplasma infection. This fact must be related to its arboreal habits and vegetarian and insectivorous feeding; b) the described cases of spontaneous toxoplasmosis in monkeys are related to animals in cages; and at this very condition the natural infection of the catharrhinus monkeys presented a great resistence to the experimental toxoplasmosis and these resistence is not due to circulating antibodies. These resistence seems to be not broken by the ministration of corticosteroids. However these resistence is broken sometimes by massive dosis of parasites and generally in the young animals; d) these resistence is smaller in the platyrrhinus monkeys and it seems to be absent in the inferior platyrrhinus and in the Prosimii. Nach einer experimentellen Toxoplasmose bei nicht menschlichen Primaten, werden in dieser Arbeit die meisslungenden Versuche beschrieben eine akute und fatale Toxoplasmose hervorzubringen an zwei jungen Rhesusaffen (Macacca mulatta). Es wurden mehrere Inokulationen mit einem Stamm von menschlicher Herkunft gemacht, wofür verschiedene Verabreichugsarten und grosse Dosen benutzt wurden. Heirzu wurde auch noch decametasona verabreicht. Ebenfall lscheiterte der Versuch eine fatale Krankheit hervorzurufen an einem erwachsenen Cebus apella durch intraperitonealer Injektion Die Infektion konnte aber bei diesen 3 Tieren nachgewiesen werden: a) Durch die Temperatur erhöung (39 bis 41). b) Durch die Positivität der Sabin-Feldman Reaktion (1:64-1:256). c) Durch die Isolierung von Toxoplasmen aus Mäusen die man mit Material vom Cebus inokulierte. anderseits gelang es an einem Callithrix jacchus durch intraperitonealer Inokulation eine ernsthafte Krankheit zu provozieren, mit nekrotischen foci und grosse mengen Toxoplasmen in der Milz und in der Leber. Weiter konnte man nach Übertrangung auf Mäuse, die Parasiten isolieren. Von 54 Affen der Neuen Welt, die auf der Sabin-Feldman Reaktion untersucht wurden, ergaben alle negativ mit Ausnahme eines Saimiri Affen, der positiv anzeigte mit 1:16 (1,8%). Auf Grund der nachgeforschten Literatur und unseren eigenen Beobahtungen, dürfen wir, was eine Analyse der Toxoplasmose beinicht menschlichen Primaten Problematik anbelangt, die folgenden Folgerungen ziehen: a) in ihren natürlichen Habitat sind die nicht menschlichen Primaten den Toxoplasmen nicht ausgesetzt. Dies soll irgendwie zusammen hängen mit ihrer Nahrung, die hauptsächlich aus Pflanzen und Insekten besteht, und mit ihren Lebensgewohnheiten; b) die beschriebenen Fälle von Spontaner Toxoplasmose in Affen beziehen sich auf Tiere in Gefangenschaft; und selbst in diesen Umständen ist die spontane Infektion der Catharrynus eine Ausnahme; c) ausserdem zeigen die Catharrynus eine grosse Resistenz gegen die Induktion der experimentellen Toxoplasmose. Diese Resistenz ist nicht die Anwesendheitvon Antikörpern zuzuschreiben. Anscheinend wird sie nicht gebrochen durch die Verabreichung von Corticosteroides, obwohl dies passieren kann durch Inokulierung von grossen Dosen Toxoplasmen und dennoch bei jüngeren Tieren; d) diese Resistenz zeigt sich geringer bei den Platyrrhynus und ist anscheinend nicht anwesen bei den niedrigen Platyrrhinus und bei den Prosimii.

The first step in the evolution of technologically driven visual art genres was taken with the application of controlling spray guns and electrical brushes by David Alvaro Siqueiros 1920. The decisive break occurs again in contemporary fashion designs and installations (Savage Beauty 2011). Hence we have to emphasize upon the growing insularity and autonomy of technologically rebellious art – in the reduced human intention in patterns on dresses exhibited by the fashion maverick Alexander McQueen. We shall be able to appreciate the fact that the form of representation is most likely to be similar to a mechanics of accidence and autonomy, rather than control, and reflective of the independence of the machine itself, now called the machine being. El primer paso en la evolución de las artes visuales impulsados por la tecnología se dió con la aplicación de pistolas de aire y aerografos utilizados por David Alvaro Siqueiros en 1920, unque una ruptura decisiva se produjo nuevamente en los diseños e instalaciones de moda contemporánea (Savage Beauty 2011). Por lo tanto, debemos enfatizar la creciente insularidad y autonomía del arte tecnológicamente rebelde por la intención humana enfocada en los patrones de diseño exhibidos por el inconformista de la moda Alexander McQueen. Apreciaremos el hecho de que es más probable que la forma de representación sea similar a una mecánica de accidentalidad y autonomía, en lugar de su control, y que refleje la independencia de la máquina misma, ahora llamada ser máquina. O primeiro passo na evolução das artes visuais impulsionadas pela tecnologia foi dado com a aplicação das pistolas de ar e aerógrafos utilizadas por David Alvaro Siqueiros em 1920, embora uma ruptura decisiva tenha ocorrido novamente nos designs e instalações da moda contemporânea (Savage Beauty 2011). Portanto, devemos enfatizar a crescente insularidade e autonomia da arte tecnologicamente rebelde por intenção humana focada nos padrões de design exibidos pelo inconformista da moda Alexander McQueen. Apreciaremos o fato de que a forma de representação tem mais probabilidade de ser semelhante a uma mecânica da acidentalidade e da autonomia, do que ao seu controle, e que reflete a independência da própria máquina, agora chamada de máquina.

163) 1964. Report of the preliminary survey on the orang-utan in North Borneo. Primates 5(1-2): 11-26 164) WADA, K. 1960. Japanese monkeys in the snowy districts. ;Faen 12: 21-23(J) 165) , Y. SUGIYAMA, & S. AZUMA 1960. Ecological study of Japanese monkeys in snowy districts. Yaen 7 : 9-16(J) 166) 1964. Some observations on the life of Japanese monkeys in snowy district in Japan. Physiol. & Ecol. 12(1-2): 151-174(JE)

THE International Primatological Society1 and several recent publications2–8 have pointed out the urgent need for conservation of non-human primates. The capture of live primates for exportation is a major drain on natural populations and breeding programmes are a vital need which has been emphasised by two recent events. First, the Institute for Development of Renewable Natural Resources in Colombia has established limits and standards for the hunting of non-human primates9. Second, a large scale, international research project has been launched through a grant from the US National Institutes of Health to the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources of the US National Academy of Sciences, which will tackle critical questions of supply and demand, and seek to identify primates which must be bred to meet research requirements10. (In 1969, 16,295 New World primates and 42,514 Old World primates were sold in the United States solely for research3.) We report here preliminary results of the first attempt at large scale, controlled breeding of New World primates in the natural habitat of an exporting country, and discuss the feasibility of future projects.

With the purpose of improving the health status of primates available for laboratory work in the future, WHO has drafted recommendations dealing with the capture, export, import, and handling of these animals. The essentials of the document, which is only in draft form, may be summarised as follows: 1. The animals should only be caught in areas and at times of the year likely to yield healthy specimens and they should be given a permanent identification mark as soon as caught. Ordinarily, they should be quarantined under suitable circumstances for three weeks before export, but exceptions may be made when there are special requirements and the animals may then be taken straight from the trap to the airport. The intention is to avoid holding numbers of animals under conditions of poor hygiene, as often happens at present. 2. Transportation from exporting to importing country should be as rapid as possible, preferably by jet aircraft without intermediate stops. During transport each animal should be kept separate in a suitable container. 3. The importing country should quarantine the animals for 6 weeks under suitable conditions, caged singly or in pairs. Different shipments and different species should not be kept in the same room. Special mention is made of TB tests and X-rays, and certain other precautionary measures concerning communicable diseases. Personnel should wear protective clothing, be examined regularly for TB and should observe appropriate precautions. 4. After the animals have been released from quarantine, all personnel associated with either them or tissues derived from them should be warned of possible dangers and take appropriate precautions. 5. It is recommended that national veterinary authorities in the country of origin should supervise capture, quarantine, and export; also in the importing country the national veterinary authorities should supervise import and quarantine. National public health authorities should ensure that adequate precautions are taken in laboratories where primates or their tissues are used.

THE Gm factors are a group of genetically determined antigens located on the heavy chains of γG globulin1. Their presence in non-human primates1–7 has permitted a comparative immunological study giving information about the antiquity of the various Gm characters.

The classic studies of Kluever and Bucy (1939), which by now have been reproduced repeatedly by many experimenters, have called attention to a syndrome of behavioral changes that occurs in the monkey after bilateral temporal lobectomy, or with lesion restricted to the amygdaloid nuclei. These changes can be briefly characterized as: 1) a decrease in belligerence and a reduction of fear toward normally fear-inducing objects including man; 2) a tendency to investigate orally and generally contact orally inedible objects including coprophagia and uriposia; 3) increased and inappropriate sexual behavior; 4) “hypermetamorphosis.”

This explorative study highlights the different strands of interactive learning technologies available to museums and educational institutions, and analyzes their function as non-human actants from a perspective of power and discipline. Through a generalized symmetry I describe a specific technology – the interactive display – as an actant exercising the same autonomy as the other actants. This raises the non-human actant to the same level as the human actants and emphasizes how it controls an equal part of the communication. In this way I try to map out how an exchange is manifested through a network of actants where the technologies conserve the inquiring actant’s knowledge space rather than broaden it. Despite being offered as a technology to make the visitor heard, the result is as curated as the classic exhibition. I conclude that by themselves, interactive displays do not challenge authority at museums but instead reinforce it.